On the existence of a possible A2A-D2-β-Arrestin2 complex: A2A agonist modulation of D2 agonist-induced β-arrestin2 recruitment

Given that coactivation of adenosine A(2A) (A(2A)R) and dopamine D(2) (D(2)R) receptors results in the coaggregation, cointernalization, and codesensitization of the A(2A)R and D(2)R and the role of scaffolding protein β-arrestin2 in the desensitization, internalization, and signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors, in this study we explored the ability of the A(2A)R agonist CGS21680 in A(2A)R-D(2)R-coexpressing cells to modulate the D(2)R agonist-induced recruitment of β-arrestin2 to the D(2)R by means of proximity-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET(2)) and co-trafficking analysis. We found evidence that CGS21680 can increase the maximal BRET(2) signal between β-arrestin2(RLuc) and D(2L)R(GFP2) upon D(2)R activation, by increasing the potency of the D(2)R agonist to exert this action. In addition, this change was associated with an increased formation of cytoplasmic clusters containing β-arrestin2(GFP2) and D(2L)R(YFP) as seen from the co-trafficking analysis. Furthermore, the A(2A)R agonist advanced the time for the increase in Akt phosphorylation obtained with the D(2)R agonist. Finally, using a novel bioinformatics approach to predict the protein-protein interface, we have also found that amino acid pro-triplets TNY, LLS, RAF, and VSR may be crucial for the -induced β-arrestin2 recruitment by A(2A)R-D(2)R heteromers. Taken together, the results indicate that the antagonistic A(2A)R-D(2)R allosteric receptor-receptor interaction in A(2A)R-D(2)R heteromers favors β-arrestin2 recruitment to the D(2L)R protomer with subsequent cointernalization associated with a reduced time onset of Akt phosphorylation followed by a rapid dephosphorylation. Thus, β-arrestin2 action becomes more rapid and short-lasting and, in this way, mimics G-protein-mediated signaling.     

蜂毒过敏原磷脂酶A2

蜂毒 (ｂｅｅｖｅｎｏｍ)是由工蜂毒腺和副腺分泌的、具有芳香气味的一种透明液体 ,贮藏在毒囊中 ,在蜜蜂蛰刺时由蛰针排出[1] 。蜂毒具有抗菌、消炎、镇痛、降血压、抗辐射、预防癌症等药理作用 ,可用于治疗风湿性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、哮喘、神经痛等多种疑难杂症。目前世界上许多国家都已开展蜂针疗法 ,并有各种类型的蜂毒软膏和针剂生产。但由于蜂毒易使人产生过敏反应 ,致使蜂针疗法不能得到广泛推广。鉴于这一点 ,国内外许多学者对主要引起人类过敏的蜂毒组分———磷脂酶Ａ2 (ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＡ2 )进行了研究 ,并且取…     

磷脂酶A2的应用

磷脂酶Ａ2 (ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＡ2 ,ＰＬＡ2 ,ＥＣ 3 .1 .1 .4)即磷脂 2 酰基水解酶 ,是专一催化 3 Ｓｎ 磷酸甘油脂Ｃ 2位酯键的水解反应的酶 ,酶解产物为溶血磷脂和脂肪酸。ＰＬＡ2 不仅在生物体内具有很重要的生理功能 ,而且具有很高的应用价值 ,可广泛地应用在科学研究、磷脂改性、油脂精练、饲料添加剂、医疗等诸多方面。1 .用ＰＬＡ2 研究酶学、脂代谢和生物膜结构与功能ＰＬＡ2 (尤其是外分泌型的ＰＬＡ2 )的分子量较小 ,一般在 1 0～ 2 0ｋＤ之间 ,相对而言 ,结构较为简单。在蛇毒中 ,存在许多ＰＬＡ2 的同工酶 ,它们之…     

哺乳动物细胞液磷脂酶A2

哺乳动物细胞液磷脂酶Ａ_２杨在清,甘莉（华中农业大学,武汉４３００７０）关键词细胞液磷脂酶Ａ_２细胞液磷脂酶Ａ２（ｃｙｔｏｓｏｌｉｃｐｈｏｓｐｈｏ－ｌｉｐａｓｅＡ２,ｃＰＬＡ２）是动物非胰腺磷脂酶Ａ２的一种,存在于哺乳动物的细胞液中,在花生四烯酸的代谢...     

蛇血清磷脂酶A2抑制剂

PLA2抑制剂(PLA2 inhibitor,PLI)是存在于蛇、负鼠、刺猬等脊椎动物血液中的一类能够抑制蛇毒PLA2活性的天然解毒蛋白质。根据结构特征,蛇PLI可分为α、β和γ三型。一种蛇可能具有多种PLI,其中α和β型目前只在蝰科和游蛇科中发现,而γ型广泛分布于无毒蛇和毒蛇的血清中。每种类型的PLI都有自己的结构特征:PLIα的C端有一个与C-型凝集素同源的糖识别结构域(carbohydrate-recognition domain,CRD);PLIβ有9个富亮氨酸重复(leucine-rich repeat,LRR),两侧为富脯氨酸和富半胱氨酸区;PLIγ的每个亚基中都含有串联的2个三指模体(motif)结构,这些结构域介导着与PLA2的结合及使PLA2失去生物活性。另外,α和β型PLI的特异性高,只对同科的II型PLA2有抑制作用,而γ型PLI的特异性不高,可以结合并抑制三种类型的PLA2。本文主要就蛇PLI的发现、分类与结构、抑制机理等予以简要综述。     

Is hemoglobin A2 important?

There have been claims that the minor hemoglobin A₂ in some primates is functionally and adaptively less vital than hemoglobin A (Boyer et al., 1971). These claims are criticized on several grounds, and evidence suggesting that selection acts on hemoglobin A₂ is reviewed. An estimate is made of the proportion of mutations in the , , , and genes that could be expected to be selectively neutral. Evidence is presented that the gene is better buffered from the effects of mutation than is the gene and that is better buffered than , although quantitatively the latter difference is very small.     

2n-fatty acids from phosphatidylcholine label sphingolipids—A novel role of phospholipase A2?

In order to find out whether there is a phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂)-mediated link between glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, L929 cells were labeled with 1n-palmitoyl-2n-[1-¹⁴C]palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine for 16–18 h or 90 min. After labeling for 16–18 h, ¹⁴C-sphingomyelin (SM), ¹⁴C-ceramide and ¹⁴C-sphingosine were demonstrated on autoradiograms of thin layer chromatograms of untreated or mildly hydrolyzed lipid extracts in different chromatographic systems. Strong hydrolysis of labeled SM proved that both possible moieties of SM, sphingosine and acyl moiety, had been labeled. The identity of SM and its enzymatic degradation product, ceramide, was verified by mass spectrometry. The label in SM-derived ceramide was demonstrated on an autoradiogram after thin layer chromatography. The inhibitor of (dihydro)ceramide synthase fumonisin B1 suppressed the label in sphingolipids significantly during 16–18 h (ceramide and SM), as well as during 90-min labeling (SM). The presence of inhibitors of PLA₂ (bromoenol lactone, aristolochic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride) diminished the label in SM significantly during the 90-min labeling. These results demonstrate a close metabolic relationship between glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids and give evidence for a novel role of PLA₂.     

A Solid-Phase Synthesis of 2′,5′-Linked Oligoadenylates (2-5A)

Abstract

2′,5′-Oligoadenylate 5′-triphosphates (2-5A) as products of 2-5A synthetase and activators of ribonuclease L (RNase L), are mediators in one of the mechanisms of interferon′s antiviral action. Upon activation, RNase L inhibits protein synthesis due to the degradation of RNAs. This activity of 2-5A could possibly find an application in virus or cancer chemotherapy, but two major barriers prevent the use of 2′,5′-linked oligoadenylates as therapeutic agents. The 2-5A is readily degraded by a 2′,5′ phosphodiesterase and as a highly negatively charged molecule, is not readily taken up by cells. One possible solution to this latter limitation might be found in chemical modifications of the 2-5A structure. Many analogues of 2-5A have been already obtained with modified base, ribose or phosphate moieties. While these have provided some important information about the enzyme- activator interactions, the cell permeability problem still remains unsolved. One of the major obstacles in this study is lack of a convenient method of synthesis of 2′,5′ ribonucleotides of widely varying structure.     

A new D₂ dopamine receptor agonist allosterically modulates A(2A) adenosine receptor signalling by interacting with the A(2A)/D₂ receptor heteromer

The structural and functional interaction between D₂ dopamine receptor (DR) and A_2A adenosine receptor (AR) has suggested these two receptors as a pharmacological target in pathologies associated with dopamine dysfunction, such as Parkinson's disease. In transfected cell lines it has been demonstrated the activation of D₂DR induces a significant negative regulation of A_2AAR-mediated responses, whereas few data are at now available about the regulation of A_2AAR by D₂DR agonists at receptor recognition site. In this work we confirmed that in A_2AAR/D₂DR co-transfected cells, these receptors exist as homo- and hetero-dimers. The classical D₂DR agonists were able to negatively modulate both A_2AAR affinity and functionality. These effects occurred even if any significant changes in A_2AAR/D₂DR energy transfer interaction could be detected in BRET experiments.Since the development of new molecules able to target A_2A/D₂ dimers may represent an attractive tool for innovative pharmacological therapy, we also identified a new small molecule, 3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1-(2-piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)piperidine (compound 1), full agonist of D₂DR and modulator of A_2A-D₂ receptor dimer. This compound was able to negatively modulate A_2AAR binding properties and functional responsiveness in a manner comparable to classical D₂R agonists. In contrast to classical agonists, compound 1 led to conformational changes in the quaternary structure in D₂DR homomers and heteromers and induced A_2AAR/D₂DR co-internalization. These results suggest that compound 1 exerts a high control of the function of heteromers and could represent a starting point for the development of new drugs targeting A_2AAR/D₂ DR heteromers.     

HLA—A2分子生物学研究进展

ＨＬＡ－Ａ２是发现最早、在人群中携带频率最高、呈高度多态性的Ｉ类分子。目前已发现有３０个基因亚型。现已弄清了ＨＬＡ－Ａ２的立体结构,属于免疫球蛋白基因超家族成员,通过与抗原肽、ＴＣＲ、ＫＩＲ、ＣＤ８等多种分子相互作用,参与复杂的免疫应答及调控。本文就ＨＬＡ－Ａ２的多态性、分布、结构及功能等方面的最新研究进展加以综述。     

磷脂酶A2的生理机能新说

磷脂酶Ａ２的生理机能新说杜晓燕周元聪（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词磷脂酶Ａ２生理机能磷脂酶Ａ２（ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＡ２,ＥＣ３．１．１．４）,简称ＰＬＡ２。它能水解甘油磷脂的第二位酯酰键,生成溶血磷脂和脂肪酸,如下式...     

Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of 2-hydrazinyladenosine derivatives as A2A adenosine receptor ligands

A series of 2-hydrazinyladenosine derivatives was synthesized and investigated in radioligand binding studies for their affinity at the adenosine receptor subtypes with the goal to obtain potent and A_2AAR selective agonists and to explore the structure–activity relationships of this class of compounds at A_2AAR. Modifications included introduction of a second sugar moiety at position 2 of adenosine to form new bis-sugar nucleosides and/or modifications of the 2-position linker in different ways. The performed modifications were found to produce compounds with relatively high A_2AAR affinity and very high selectivity toward A_2AAR. The most potent bis-sugar nucleoside was obtained with the d-galactose derivative 16 which exhibited a K_i value of 329 nM at A_2AAR with marked selectivity against the other AR subtypes. In another set of compounds, compound 3 was modified via replacement of its cyclic structure with mono- and disubstituted phenyl moieties and the resulting hydrazones 10–14 were found to have low nanomolar affinity for A_2AAR. In addition to 3, compounds 10, 11 and 13 have been identified as the most potent compounds in the present series with K_i values of 16.1, 24.4, and 12.0 nM, respectively, at rat A_2AAR. Species differences were tested and found to exist in different rates. Functional properties of the most potent compounds 10, 11, 13 and 16 were assessed showing that the compounds acted as agonists at A_2AAR.     

基于组蛋白甲基化信息的H2A.Z和H2A核小体识别

组蛋白H2A的变体H2A.Z在基因的表达过程中发挥着重要的作用。根据H2A.Z和H2A核小体中组蛋白甲基化修饰方式的不同,作者应用多样性增量二次判别方法(increment of diversity with quadratic discriminant,IDQD)成功地对H2A.Z和H2A核小体进行了识别,说明了以组蛋白甲基化信息作为特征参数的IDQD模型对H2A.Z和H2A核小体识别的有效性。通过计算DNA序列的柔性,发现H2A.Z核小体对应的DNA序列的平均柔性比常规H2A核小体对应的DNA序列的平均柔性弱。     

胞内磷脂酶A2及其抑制剂

胞内的胞内磷脂酶 A2 ( phospholipase A2 ,PLA2 )是一组数量众多的酶。它们能将膜上的磷脂水解为脂肪酸和溶血磷脂。这些脂类的产物可以充当细胞内的第二信使 ,也可以进一步代谢成为有效的炎症反应介导物 ,诸如类二十烷酸和血小板刺激因子。最近几种非神经细胞的胞内 PL A2 的抑制剂已被发现。但它们在发生神经紊乱的人体和动物模型中的神经化学效应及作用机理还不清楚。在同炎症反应和氧化反应 ( oxidative stress)相关的神经疾病中 ,胞内 PLA2 的活性升高了。这种升高可以被专一、有效、无毒性、能够无伤害地通过血脑屏障的 PLA2 …     

蛋白磷酸酶2A的亚基功能

蛋白磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)是一种由催化亚基C、结构亚基A和多种功能特异的调节亚基B组成的全酶复合物,其在基因表达、细胞增殖分化和信号转导等方面有重要调控作用.各种不同亚基组成功能各异的PP2A全酶,调控不同的细胞功能.各亚基在PP2A功能调控中均起关键作用.本文重点介绍PP2A各个亚基在PP2A生物学功能实现中的作用.     

蛇毒磷脂酶A2的毒理作用

生物体内含有多种磷脂酶,按水解底物部位的不同,一般可分为五大类,即磷脂酶 A_1、A_2、B、C、D(图一).其中蛇毒中的磷脂酶蛇毒 PLA_2的共同化学特征是(4):①水解磷脂底物 C-2位的酯键;②对胶束聚集的(micellar aggregate)底物水解速度快,