Carbon and nitrogen economy of four Triticum aestivum cultivars differing in relative growth rate and water use efficiency

We investigated physiological and morphological traits underlying variation in relative growth rate (KGR) among wheat cultivars. Subsequently, we determined whether higher RGR is correlated with higher water demand and lower plant water use efficiency (WUE_p). Further, the correlation between water use efficiency and leaf nitrogen concentration was examined. For this purpose we chose lour cultivars contrasting in RGR or WUE_p. Gas exchange of shoots and respiration of roots were measured on intact plants over a 24 h period, and total carbon and nitrogen concentrations of all plant parts were determined. The highest RGR was achieved by the cultivars with the highest leaf area ratio. WUE_p was strongly dependent on photosynthetic water use efficiency and was highest for the cultivars with the highest rate of photosynthesis, which achieved higher rates of photosynthesis per unit leaf nitrogen. We found no evidence for a functional or genetic link between the physiological traits underlying differences in RGR (specific leaf area and leaf area ratio) and those causing variation in water use efficiency (photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate). These results indicate that, in wheat, it may be possible to select simultaneously for traits associated with a high WUE_p and a high RGR.     

中国东部南北样带森林优势植物叶片的水分利用效率和氮素利用效率

通过测定中国东部南北样带主要森林生态系统中10种优势植物(兴安落叶松、蒙古栎、水曲柳、紫椴、色木槭、红松、杉木、木荷、马尾松、锥栗)叶片的碳氮含量(Cmass、Nmass)、同位素丰度(δ13C、δ15N)以及光合响应曲线,分析了不同优势植物叶片的水分利用效率和氮素利用效率之间的差异及其相互关系.结果表明： 不同生活型植物叶片的Nmass和δ15N差异显著,表现为阔叶植物>针叶植物,落叶植物>常绿植物;最大光合速率(Pn max)表现为针叶植物>阔叶植物,落叶植物>常绿植物;植物叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)和长期水分利用效率(WUE)均表现为阔叶植物>针叶植物,常绿植物>落叶植物;植物叶片的瞬时氮素利用效率(NUEi)和长期氮素利用效率(NUE)则表现出相反的规律,且常绿植物和落叶植物叶片的NUE差异显著;WUEi和WUE之间相关性不显著,而NUEi和NUE之间呈显著正相关.植物叶片的水分利用效率与氮素利用效率显著负相关.两种资源利用效率均受植物生活型的影响,并且存在一定的制约关系.     

云锦杜鹃夏季气体交换和水分利用效率日变化

云锦杜鹃净光合速率和气孔导度日变化曲线为"双峰"型,光合效率午间明显降低,主要由非气孔限制引起。表观量子效率和实际光化学效率的降低是非气孔限制形成和发展的深层原因。蒸腾速率的日变化为"单峰型",午间最高。水分利用效率早晚较高、午间较低。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率分别与一些环境因子的相关性达到0.01或0.05显著水平。利用多元逐步回归方法分别得到了净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率与环境因子的最优方程。     

膜下滴灌水氮调控对南疆棉花产量及水氮利用率的影响

为探明水氮调控对膜下滴灌棉花的生长特性、产量构成因素以及水氮利用效率的影响,设置了3个灌溉水量和5个氮素水平进行大田棉花膜下滴灌试验.结果表明: 随着灌溉水量的增加,棉花的株高、主茎叶数、果枝数和叶面积指数显著增加,棉花叶、茎干物质积累增加,但抑制了根系生长,与低(4950 mm·hm^-2)和高(6750 mm·hm^-2)灌水量处理相比,中灌水量(5850 mm·hm^-2)处理平均单株有效铃数和单铃质量分别增加0.96、0.4个和0.22、0.11 g.与其他施氮处理相比,施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时棉花茎直径显著增加,促进了棉花蕾、铃和根系的发育,而且在灌水量为5850 mm·hm^-2条件下,棉花干物质由营养器官向生殖器官的分配比灌水量为4950和6750 mm·hm^-2处理分别增加5.1%和29.6%.灌溉水量对棉花产量有显著影响,对衣分率影响不显著,而施氮量对棉花产量和衣分率都有一定的影响,但灌溉水量过低会抑制氮肥增产效应的发挥.在本试验条件下,灌水量为5850 mm·hm^-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,棉花生长健壮,株型结构优化,显著促进了干物质向生殖器官的运转,有效铃数、单铃质量和衣分增加,产量达到最高(6992 kg·hm^-2),水分利用效率和氮肥利用率分别达1.45 kg·m^-3和45.9%.     

间作对氮调控玉米光合速率和光合氮利用效率的影响

研究间作后作物光合碳同化和光合氮利用效率(PNUE)对氮投入的响应, 对阐释间作产量优势的氮调控效应, 指导间作氮肥管理有重要意义。本研究设置玉米(Zea mays)单作、玉米间作两种种植模式的4个氮水平(N0, 0 kg·hm ^-2; N1, 125 kg·hm ^-2; N2, 250 kg·hm ^-2; N3, 375 kg·hm ^-2), 分析间作与施氮量对玉米叶片特征、光合参数、PNUE和产量的影响。结果表明: 与单作相比, 间作显著增加玉米叶片的叶干质量和比叶质量; 各施氮水平(除N3)下, 间作中靠近马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)侧的玉米叶面积均显著高于单作玉米。单间作对比发现, 间作提高了玉米光饱和点和暗呼吸速率。单作、间作靠玉米侧(I-M)、间作靠马铃薯侧(I-P)的玉米PNUE均随施氮量增加而降低, 降幅以I-P最大; 施氮量低于250 kg·hm ^-2时, 相同施氮量下的玉米PNUE和净光合速率(P_n)均以I-P最高, I-M和单作次之。间作显著提高了玉米产量(土地当量比>1)。该研究中当施氮量≤250 kg·hm ^-2时, 间作I-P的玉米叶片P_n和PNUE显著提高可能是间作玉米产量提高的重要原因。     

氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响

连续2年在西南冬麦区的重庆、仁寿、广汉、西昌4个地点,开展3种施氮水平(每公顷纯氮0、120、180 kg,简写为N₀、N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀)和3种氮肥分配模式(N_A:底肥100%;N_B:底肥70%+苗肥30%;N_C:底肥60%+拔节肥40%)的田间试验,监测小麦花后冠层叶片SPAD值、群体光合速率(CAP)、光能利用等生理参数和籽粒产量,计算氮素利用效率、光能利用率等.结果表明: 随施氮水平增加,小麦上三叶SPAD值、CAP、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率和产量均呈增加趋势,而氮肥农学利用效率、生产效率、吸收效率和利用效率呈降低趋势.氮肥后移的增效作用因施氮水平而异,SPAD于N₁₈₀增效明显,而CAP于N₁₂₀增效明显,不同氮肥管理模式的光能利用率因地点而异.氮肥后移能明显提高小麦氮肥农学效率、生产效率、吸收效率和氮素表观回收率,但氮肥利用效率则略有减少.氮肥后移效果N_C总体优于N_B处理.不同地点比较,广汉的SPAD值、CAP、PAR截获率、氮肥利用参数较高,其产量也相应最高;西昌的产量、SPAD值及氮素利用效率较高,但其光能利用率和CAP较低;重庆和仁寿的SPAD值、光能利用率及氮素利用效率均较低,其产量也最低.小麦生物产量与各地点的籽粒产量、CAP、SPAD值和PAR累积截获量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系.表明不同生态区域增施氮肥都能促进小麦增产,氮肥后移可进一步优化产量结构、改善氮肥和光能利用效率,但存在年份和地点差异,各地需要制定有针对性的氮肥管理模式.     

Comparison of foliar water use efficiency among 17 provenances of Larix gmelinii in the Mao’ershan area

 研究环境变化下的树木水分利用效率对探讨森林生态系统碳水耦联关系及其对气候变化的响应和适应对策具有重要意义。落叶松(Larix gmelinii)为我国北方森林的建群种之一。将水热条件不同的17个种源落叶松种植在帽儿山森林生态系统研究站的同质园内30年后, 测定其针叶水分利用效率(WUE)及其相关因子。结果表明: WUE、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶片氮含量(N_L)均存在显著的种源差异(p < 0.05)。WUE和G_s呈显著指数相关关系, 当G_s < 0.2 时WUE随G_s的增大而明显增大, 而当G_s > 0.2时WUE趋于稳定。WUE和SLA及N_L分别呈线性负相关和正相关关系, 且随种源原地的干燥度指数(AI)的增大其相关性明显增强。WUE和种源原地年平均气温、平均年降水量及AI分别呈线性负相关、负相关和正相关关系, 并且相关系数依次增大; T_r则仅和种源原地年平均气温呈线性正相关关系, 而P_n和种源原地AI呈线性正相关关系。不同种源落叶松由于对种源原地环境条件的适应而存在针叶结构和生理特征的显著差异, 并因此引起针叶水分利用效率的差异。     

Diaheliotropic leaf movement enhances leaf photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic light and nitrogen use efficiency via optimising nitrogen partitioning among photosynthetic components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

• Phototropic leaf movement of plants is an effective mechanism for adapting to light conditions. Light is the major driver of plant photosynthesis. Leaf N is also an important limiting factor on leaf photosynthetic potential. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) exhibits diaheliotropic leaf movement. Here, we compared the long‐term photosynthetic acclimation of fixed leaves (restrained) and free leaves (allowed free movement) in cotton.
• The fixed leaves and free leaves were used for determination of PAR, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf N content and leaf gas exchange. The measurements were conducted under clear sky conditions at 0, 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment (DAT).
• The results showed that leaf N allocation and partitioning among different components of the photosynthetic apparatus were significantly affected by diaheliotropic leaf movement. Diaheliotropic leaf movement significantly increased light interception per unit leaf area, which in turn affected leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf N content (N_A) and leaf N allocation to photosynthesis (N_P). In addition, cotton leaves optimised leaf N allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus by adjusting leaf mass per area and N_A in response to optimal light interception.
• In the presence of diaheliotropic leaf movement, cotton leaves optimised their structural tissue and photosynthetic characteristics, such as LMA, N_A and leaf N allocation to photosynthesis, so that leaf photosynthetic capacity was maximised to improve the photosynthetic use efficiency of light and N under high light conditions.

     

帽儿山17个种源落叶松针叶的水分利用效率比较

研究环境变化下的树木水分利用效率对探讨森林生态系统碳水耦联关系及其对气候变化的响应和适应对策具有重要意义。落叶松(Larix gmelinii)为我国北方森林的建群种之一。将水热条件不同的17个种源落叶松种植在帽儿山森林生态系统研究站的同质园内30年后, 测定其针叶水分利用效率(WUE)及其相关因子。结果表明: WUE、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶片氮含量(N_L)均存在显著的种源差异(p < 0.05)。WUE和G_s呈显著指数相关关系, 当G_s < 0.2时WUE随G_s的增大而明显增大, 而当G_s > 0.2时WUE趋于稳定。WUE和SLA及N_L分别呈线性负相关和正相关关系, 且随种源原地的干燥度指数(AI)的增大其相关性明显增强。WUE和种源原地年平均气温、平均年降水量及AI分别呈线性负相关、负相关和正相关关系, 并且相关系数依次增大; T_r则仅和种源原地年平均气温呈线性正相关关系, 而P_n和种源原地AI呈线性正相关关系。不同种源落叶松由于对种源原地环境条件的适应而存在针叶结构和生理特征的显著差异, 并因此引起针叶水分利用效率的差异。     

旱砂田补灌水氮互作对西瓜产量、品质及水氮利用的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜在有限补灌条件下的最佳水氮耦合形式,采用完全随机裂区设计,研究不同补灌量(W: 0、35、70、105 m³·hm^-2)和施氮量(N: 0、120、200 kg·hm^-2)处理对旱砂田西瓜生长、产量、品质以及水氮利用率的影响.结果表明: 西瓜叶片的光合速率、水分利用效率、产量和氮肥利用率均随着补灌量的增加而增加;西瓜氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低;施氮量在0～120 kg·hm^-2时,西瓜叶片的光合速率和品质指标随施氮量的增加而增加,超过120 kg·hm^-2时不再显著增加,甚至有下降趋势;水氮耦合对西瓜产量和水氮利用效率的互作效应显著,其中灌水的增产效应大于氮肥,以W₇₀N₂₀₀和W₁₀₅N_120处理的西瓜产量最高,较对照分别增产42.4%和40.4%,水分利用效率随水氮组合水平的提高而增加,W₇₀和W₁₀₅水平下的所有施氮处理均在26 kg·m^-3以上, W₁₀₅N₁₂₀处理的西瓜氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率最高.综合考虑各因素,在本试验条件下,砂田西瓜生育期补灌量105 m³·hm^-2、施氮量120 kg·hm^-2处理为产量和效益兼优的最佳水氮组合.     

涌泉根灌下水氮耦合对陕北山地苹果光合特性、产量和水氮利用的影响

以陕北山地7年生'寒富'苹果树为试验材料,设置3个灌水水平[高水(W1,85％ ～100％θr,θf为田间持水量)、中水(W2,70％～85％θf)、低水(W3,55％～70％θf)]和3个施氮水平[高氮(N1,600 kg·hm-2)、中氮(N2,400 kg·hm-2)、低氮(N3,200 kg· hm-2)],研...     

Biomass accumulation and allocation in soybean associated with genotypic differences in tolerance of nitrogen fixation to water deficits

Nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is more sensitive to water deficits than many physiological processes and may therefore limit yield under nonirrigated conditions. Tolerance of nitrogen fixation to water deficits has been observed in the cultivar Jackson, however, the physiological basis for this is unclear. It was hypothesized that genotypes that could continue biomass production on limited soil water would prolong nitrogen fixation by continued photosynthate allocation to nodules. An initial greenhouse experiment compared biomass and N accumulation in six genotypes over an 8 d water deficit. Low stress intensity minimized genotypic expression of water-deficit tolerance; nevertheless, Jackson was clearly one of the most tolerant genotypes. In a second experiment, Jackson was compared to SCE82-303 at more severe stress levels. Biomass and N accumulation continued during water deficits for Jackson but ceased in SCE82-303. Individual nodule mass tended to increase during water deficits in Jackson and tended to decrease in SCE82-303, indicating greater allocation of photosynthate to Jackson's nodules in response to water deficits. Biomass accumulation of Jackson was contrasted with the USDA plant introduction (PI) 416937, which also has demonstrated tolerance to water deficits. For water-deficit treatments, total biomass accumulation was negligible for PI416937, but biomass accumulation continued at approximately 64% of the control treatment for Jackson. Transpirational losses for Jackson and PI416937 were approximately the same for the water-deficit treatment, indicating that Jackson had higher water use efficiency (WUE). Isotopic discrimination of ¹³C relative to¹² C also indicated that Jackson had superior WUE during water deficits. Carbon-14 allocation in Jackson was compared to KS4895, a cultivar that was identified as sensitive to water deficits in an initial experiment. The comparison of water-deficit treatments of Jackson with KS4895 indicated that Jackson exported significantly greater amounts of¹⁴ C from labeled leaves and allocated approximately four times greater amounts of ¹⁴C per g of nodule. Results indicated that Jackson's sustained biomass production during water deficits resulted in the continued allocation of photosynthate to nodules and prolonged nitrogenase activity.     

Diurnal patterns of canopy photosynthesis,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under field conditions

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate (PN), evapotranspiration rate (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE=PN/ET) of field grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum) L. cv. H-355 were studied from the vegetative phase through maturirty at Haryana Agricultural University Farm, Hissar, India. The maximum photosynthetic rate (PN max) increased from the initial vegetative phase to pod formation and declined at a rapid rate from pod filling to maturity. The response of PN to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) (400–700 nm) was temperature-dependent during the day, i.e. on cool days the PN rates were lower for certain quanta of PPFD during the first half than during the second half of day, and vice versa on warm days. ET was affected both by crop cover and evaporative demand up to flowering, but thereafter it was independent of crop cover and followed the course of evaporative demand. ET was related to air temperature during the day while PN was related to PPFD. There was a lag of two to three hours between PN_max (around noon) and ET_max (around 2 p.m.). WUE increased from the vegetative stage through flowering but decreased thereafter to maturity.Abbreviations DAS days after planting - ET evapotranspiration - LAI leaf area index - PAR photosynthetically active radiation (in figures) is equivalent to PPFD (see below) - PN net photosynthetic rate - PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density - WUE water use efficiency (= PN/ET)     

有机肥替代部分化肥对水稻光合速率、氮素利用率和产量的影响

农业生产中合理施用有机肥对实现化肥零增长、提高土壤肥力和保证粮食稳产高产至关重要.本试验在辽宁省沈阳市稻田以'沈农9816'为供试材料,设置7种不同处理,分别为不施氮肥(CK)、低氮150 kg ? hm-2(LN)、中氮240 kg ? hm-2(MN)、高氮330 kg·hm-2(HN)、中氮有机肥替代10％(OM...     

水肥互作对滴灌玉米氮素吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响

优化水、氮供应是实现作物高产与水肥资源高效利用的有效途径.本文研究了田间试验条件下,水(4500、6750、9000 m³·hm^-2)、氮(0、225、330、435、540 kg·hm^-2)互作对高密度(≥105000 株·hm^-2)滴灌玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量的影响.结果表明: 玉米干物质积累与吸氮量均随灌溉和施氮水平的增加明显升高,当施氮量大于435 kg·hm^-2和灌溉量大于9000 m³·hm^-2时则呈减少趋势.完熟期玉米干物质积累对灌水的响应表现为W₆₇₅₀(36359 kg·hm^-2)>W₉₀₀₀(35077 kg·hm^-2)>W₄₅₀₀(33451 kg·hm^-2),施氮对玉米吸氮量的变化表现为N₄₃₅(459.9 kg·hm^-2)>N₅₄₀(458.1 kg·hm^-2)>N₃₃₀(416.3 kg·hm^-2)>N₂₂₅(351.3 kg·hm^-2),N₄₃₅比N₃₃₀、N₂₂₀分别升高9.1%、32.7%,N₅₄₀比N₄₃₅降低0.6%.在施氮量0～435 kg·hm^-2范围内,玉米最大氮素吸收速率随施氮量增加而升高,在施氮量为435 kg·hm^-2时达最大(6.57 kg·hm^-2·d^-1).灌水与施氮均可显著增加玉米产量、穗粒数和穗粒质量,二者有明显的正交互作用,且以氮为主效应.在施氮0～435 kg·hm^-2范围内,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而升高,此后反而降低;灌溉水分生产率随施氮量升高而增加,随灌水量增加而明显下降,灌溉定额为4500～6750 m³·hm^-2时,灌溉水分生产率可达2.57～3.80 kg·m^-3.玉米最高产量18072 kg·hm^-2的施氮量为567.0 kg·hm^-2.最佳经济施氮量为427.9～467.7 kg N·hm^-2时,玉米产量在17109～17138 kg·hm^-2,氮素偏生产力和氮肥利用率分别达122 kg N·hm^-2和45.0%.水氮一体化施肥可实现滴灌玉米高产协同水、氮利用效率的共同提高.     

巴郎山糙皮桦叶片光合氮利用效率的海拔响应

为深入认识植物对环境变化的响应和适应,以分布在川西巴郎山的糙皮桦为研究对象,选择海拔2200、2500、3100和3400 m 4个分布点,测定计算了各分布点叶片光合氮利用效率(PNUE)、CO₂扩散导度(叶肉细胞导度g_m与气孔导度g_s)和氮分配比例(Rubisco氮分配比例P_R、生物力能学组分氮分配比例P_B、捕光组分氮分配比例P_L与细胞壁氮分配比例P_CW)等参数,分析了其沿海拔的变化趋势以及叶片PNUE与其他参数的相关关系.结果表明: 糙皮桦叶片PNUE、P_R和P_B在海拔2500和3100 m相对较高;叶片g_s和g_m则随海拔升高而增加,P_L随海拔升高而降低.糙皮桦叶片P_R和P_B与PNUE呈显著正相关关系,说明P_R和P_B是PNUE随海拔变异的重要内部因素.糙皮桦叶片光合系统氮分配比例P_P在海拔2500和3100 m相对较高,叶片P_CW随海拔升高而降低,叶片其他组分氮分配比例P_other随海拔升高而增加,说明随海拔的升高,糙皮桦叶片趋向将更大比例的氮分配于除光合系统和细胞壁外的其他组分中.     

Nutrient availability and nutrient use efficiency in plants growing in the transition zone between land and water

The transition zone between terrestrial and freshwater habitats is highly dynamic, with large variability in environmental characteristics. Here, we investigate how these characteristics influence the nutritional status and performance of plant life forms inhabiting this zone. Specifically, we hypothesised that: (i) tissue nutrient content differs among submerged, amphibious and terrestrial species, with higher content in submerged species; and (ii) PNUE gradually increases from submerged over amphibious to terrestrial species, reflecting differences in the availability of N and P relative to inorganic C across the land–water ecotone. We found that tissue nutrient content was generally higher in submerged species and C:N and C:P ratios indicated that content was limiting for growth for ca. 20% of plant individuals, particularly those belonging to amphibious and terrestrial species groups. As predicted, the PNUE increased from submerged over amphibious to terrestrial species. We suggest that this pattern reflects that amphibious and terrestrial species allocate proportionally more nutrients into processes of importance for photosynthesis at saturating CO₂ availability, i.e. enzymes involved in substrate regeneration, compared to submerged species that are acclimated to lower availability of CO₂ in the aquatic environment. Our results indicate that enhanced nutrient loading may affect relative abundance of the three species groups in the land–water ecotone of stream ecosystems. Thus, species of amphibious and terrestrial species groups are likely to benefit more from enhanced nutrient availability in terms of faster growth compared to aquatic species, and that this can be detrimental to aquatic species growing in the land–water ecotone, e.g. Ranunculus and Callitriche.