旱-盐复合胁迫对玉米种子萌发和生理特性的影响

分别用15% PEG、100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl及其混合溶液模拟干旱(D)、盐(S)及旱-盐复合胁迫(D+S)对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明: 3种胁迫处理均明显抑制了种子萌发、幼芽、幼根的伸长及生物量的积累,且影响程度为D>D+S>S;幼芽及幼根中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、超氧阴离子(O^-·₂)等活性氧含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高,质膜相对透性增大,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白等生理渗透调节物质含量显著增加,且幼芽中含量高于幼根,积累程度均为D>D+S>S.3种胁迫处理均使幼芽、幼根中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX) 等抗氧化酶活性增强;其中,SOD和APX活性表现为复合胁迫介于单一胁迫之间,而POD和CAT活性表现为复合胁迫大于单一胁迫;说明旱-盐复合逆境胁迫对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响并不是单一胁迫的简单叠加,与单一干旱胁迫相比,旱-盐复合胁迫在一定程度上能够缓解干旱胁迫对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.     

一氧化氮对水分胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以0.4mol/L的甘露醇(M)模拟水分胁迫状况,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对水分胁迫下玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫下,玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、质膜相对透性、脯氨酸含量均显著增加;(2)SNP能显著提高水分胁迫下玉米种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,增加玉米幼苗的根长、茎长、根重和整株干重,抑制水分胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片MDA含量的上升,降低叶片质膜相对透性,降低脯氨酸含量。其中以100μmol/L和200μmol/LSNP对水分胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

模拟酸雨对不同类型玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以普通玉米、糯玉米、爆裂玉米和甜玉米为材料,研究了不同模拟酸雨(pH 6.0、5.0、4.0、3.0、2.0、1.0)对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:pH 2.0 ～5.0模拟酸雨对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长没有显著影响;pH l.0处理的普通玉米、糯玉米、爆裂玉米和甜玉米的种子发芽率分别为91.3％、68.7％、27.5％和11.7％.与pH 6.0处理(CK)相比,pH l.0模拟酸雨显著降低了玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、发芽速度、苗高、根长、苗和根干物质、贮藏物质运转效率,延长了平均发芽时间.pH l.0模拟酸雨对玉米幼苗生长阶段的影响大于发芽阶段,对幼苗地下部分的影响大于地上部分;受基因型的影响,普通玉米和糯玉米的抗酸雨能力最强,其次为爆裂玉米,甜玉米最差.玉米属于抗酸雨作物,酸雨抑制阈值介于pH1.0～2.0之间.酸雨地区可优先选择种植普通玉米和糯玉米.     

不同S22基因型玉米种子萌发过程中的生理生化特性变化

玉米自交系Ｓ２２（深色）、Ｓ２２（中色）、Ｓ２２（浅色）及４７８种子中过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、淀粉酶及脱氢酶活性明显低于杂交种Ｓ２２×４７８。丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量增加以及蛋白质含量和呼吸速率降低,导致自交系玉米种子发芽速度迟缓,影响出苗率。     

钙离子参与一氧化氮促进盐胁迫下的玉米种子萌发

0.001～1.0 mmol·L~(-1)一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)均能提高玉米种子的发芽率,缓解盐胁迫下种子萌发的抑制作用,其中0.1 mmol·L~(-1)SNP的效果最佳。用胞外游离Ca~(2 )螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca~(2 )通道阻断剂LaCl_3和液泡Ca~(2 )释放抑制剂钌红与0.1 mmol·L~(-1) SNP共处理,均能减弱或抵消SNP促进种子萌发的作用。据此推测,钙离子参与SNP促进盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发的信号转导过程。     

酸雨胁迫条件下紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的变化

以紫花苜蓿种子皇冠（Phabulous）为材料,研究不同pH值的模拟酸雨对皇冠（Phabulous）种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响。分别测定了发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子脱氢酶含量、幼苗鲜重、幼苗干重、幼苗叶绿素含量、叶片导电率等指标。结果表明,种子的各项发芽指标及幼苗鲜重、脱氢酶活力、叶绿素含量等随酸雨pH值减小整体呈降低趋势,叶片浸泡液电导率则随酸雨pH值减小而呈增大趋势。     

铅铬胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响北大核心CSCD

旨在探讨铅铬胁迫对小麦的毒害效应以及对幼苗脯氨酸的影响。用不同浓度的铅铬溶液处理小麦,研究铅铬单一及复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,铅铬单一及复合胁迫均使得小麦种子萌发率降低,幼苗株高、根长降低,鲜物质量和干物质量减少。铅铬处理1 d后,各处理组小麦体内的脯氨酸含量较对照都有升高,尤其是复合胁迫下100mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr处理组,其小麦脯氨酸含量较对照升高了32.81%。铅铬处理3、5和7 d后,100 mg/L Cr、50 mg/L Cr、200mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr、100 mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr这4个处理组的小麦脯氨酸含量较对照均显著升高,其它各处理组与对照相比差异不显著。铅铬胁迫抑制了小麦种子的萌发和幼苗生长,使得小麦体内脯氨酸含量升高,因此建议脯氨酸含量的变化可以作为监测植物铅铬胁迫的指标之一。     

Ca2+对铬胁迫下木麻黄种子萌发的生态效应

研究不同浓度Ca2 + 对铬胁迫下木麻黄种子萌发的影响。结果表明 ,在 10mgCr3 + ·L-1或 10 0mgCr3 + ·L-1胁迫下 ,木麻黄种子萌发及幼苗生长发育受到抑制 ,较高浓度的Cr3 +显示更大的毒性效应 ;在加入适量Ca2 + 处理后 ,植物虽仍处在铬胁迫下 ,但脯氨酸、O-2 、MDA含量以及POD、CAT活性有所下降 ,SOD活性上升 ,缓解了铬对种子萌发的抑制和幼苗生长发育的影响。Ca2 + 表现出对铬胁迫下木麻黄种子萌发和幼苗膜保护酶活性有积极的调控作用 ,且可调节脯氨酸应激反应的灵敏程度 ,降低活性氧的产生速率和膜脂过氧化程度 ,但Ca2 + 处理需要适当的浓度 ,浓度过高会产生负效应。Ca2 + 调控的最适浓度为 0 0 1～ 1mmol·L-1。     

玉米种子萌发成苗不同阶段需水阈值的研究

用渗透势不同的聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）６０００模拟外界环境水分条件,对玉米不同品种的种子在萌动、萌发及成苗三个阶段需水的量化研究表明,种苗的抗旱性随吸水进程的推进而减弱;种子在萌动、萌发及胚芽伸长至一定长度的时间（ｔ）与外界环境水势（ｗ）之间存在着１／ｔ＝ａ＋ｂｗ的关系,据此推算出不同品种在不同成苗阶段的需水阈值,发现不同品种在同一成苗过程中对环境水分条件的反应不同,它们的抗旱性也不同。     

NaCl胁迫下海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗生长过程的生理特性变化

以1／4 Hoagland溶液为基础培养液,研究了0．5％、1．0%、1．5％、2．0％和2．5％NaCl处理对海滨锦葵[Kostelezkya rirginica（L．）Presl．]种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,发现随着培养液中NaCl浓度的增加,海滨锦葵种子萌发率逐渐降低;当NaCl浓度达2．5％时种子不萌发,但NaCl胁迫解除后,种子的萌发率水平与对照相当。幼苗在含0．5％～1．0%NaCl的培养液中生长状况良好,叶绿素含量和根系活力明显增高;但当NaCl浓度达1．5％-2．0％时,叶绿素含量和根系活力逐渐下降;与对照相比,NaCl胁迫下幼苗的MDA水平降低。结果表明,NaCl胁迫对海滨锦葵种子萌发和幼苗牛长有一定的影响,但海滨锦葵可通过种子休眠、增加根系活力、降低体内MDA水平来缓解一定的盐害效应．以适应盐胁迫的生长环境．     

Increased seminal root number associated with domestication improves nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition in maize seedlings

Background and AimsDomesticated maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) generally forms between two and six seminal roots, while its wild ancestor, Mexican annual teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis), typically lacks seminal roots. Maize also produces larger seeds than teosinte, and it generally has higher growth rates as a seedling. Maize was originally domesticated in the tropical soils of southern Mexico, but it was later brought to the Mexican highlands before spreading to other parts of the continent, where it experienced different soil resource constraints. The aims of this study were to understand the impacts of increased seminal root number on seedling nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition and to model how differences in maize and teosinte phenotypes might have contributed to increased seminal root number in domesticated maize.MethodsSeedling root system architectural models of a teosinte accession and a maize landrace were constructed by parameterizing the functional–structural plant model OpenSimRoot using plants grown in mesocosms. Seedling growth was simulated in a low-phosphorus environment, multiple low-nitrogen environments, and at variable planting densities. Models were also constructed to combine individual components of the maize and teosinte phenotypes.Key ResultsSeminal roots contributed ~35 % of the nitrogen and phosphorus acquired by maize landrace seedlings in the first 25 d after planting. Increased seminal root number improved plant nitrogen acquisition under low-nitrogen environments with varying precipitation patterns, fertilization rates, soil textures and planting densities. Models suggested that the optimal number of seminal roots for nutrient acquisition in teosinte is constrained by its limited seed carbohydrate reserves.ConclusionsSeminal roots can improve the acquisition of both nitrogen and phosphorus in maize seedlings, and the increase in seed size associated with maize domestication may have facilitated increased seminal root number.     

黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长对盐胁迫的响应

研究不同浓度(0、1、2、3、6、9、14、18g.L-1)的盐溶液(NaCl、MgSO4、盐渍土壤)对河西走廊中部荒漠边缘的黑果枸杞种子吸胀、萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应。结果表明:黑果枸杞种子吸胀速率随NaCl、MgSO4和土壤溶液浓度的增大呈先升后降的趋势,吸水速度随胁迫时间的延长而减慢;种子萌发率随3种盐浓度的增大而降低,盐胁迫解除后种子仍具有较高的萌发率;发芽指数、活力指数、根长、下胚轴随3种盐浓度的增大而降低或先升后降,根轴比随盐胁迫的增强先升后降;随3种盐浓度的增大,种苗损害率增大,3种盐的胁迫效应依次NaCl>MgSO4>盐渍土壤溶液。黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长对NaCl胁迫较为敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是6g.L-1;种子萌发能耐受较高浓度的MgSO4的胁迫,幼苗生长对MgSO4胁迫较敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是9g.L-1;种子萌发和幼苗生长对生境盐渍土壤具有较强的耐受能力和适应性。     

Phytochelatin synthesis in maize seedlings in response to excess zinc

Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) specifically inhibits γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and decreases a cellular level of glutathione (GSH) in maize seedling roots. Exogenous GSH restores Zn-phytochelatins synthesis in BSO-treated maize plants.     

Changes in accumulation of seed nitrogen compounds in maize under conditions of sulphur deficiency

Maize ( Zea mays L., hybrid INRA 260) was grown in the greenhouse with mineral nutrition of different sulphate concentrations. Mature seeds from these plants were compared for their free amino acid and protein N forms. For the most S-deficient sample, the Asx (asparagine + aspartic acid) content increased by 30% as compared with control, while methionine and cysteine decreased (by 25 and 30%, respectively), as well as glycine, lysine, histidine, arginine and tryptophan. In seeds lowest in S the non-protein N to total N ratio was 77% higher than in the control. Free asparagine dominated in starved seeds (50 mol % of total free amino acids) and was ten-fold more concentrated than in the control, where proline was the predominant free amino acid. Thus the Asx of non-protein N reached 28% of the total mol Asx of the whole starved seed. Altered S nutrition had virtually no effect on the amino acid composition of the main protein fractions, but it significantly changed their ratios. Zeins, which are poor in S-containing amino acids, showed 25% higher level than in seeds supplied with normal S. As a counterbalance, two glutelin subfractions rich in S-containing amino acids, decreased by 36–71% under limiting S nutrition.
It is concluded that the plant reacts against S deficiency by modifying its N metabolism. Significant accumulation occurred of free asparagine, which is the main form of N transportation. The biosynthesis of seed storage protein occurred through the accumulation of the highest possible protein quantity allowed by the available S-containing amino acids, i.e. proteins low in S-containing amino acids were preferentially synthesized.     

Polyamine oxidase activity and polyamine content in maize during seed germination

Polyamine oxidase (PAO, EC 1.5.3.3) activity and polyamine content in the cell wall and soluble fractions obtained from embryos, endosperms and shoots and roots of etiolated or green seedlings of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. WF9) during the first 7 days of germination were investigated. Polyamine content was also determined in the trichloroacetic acid-soluble (free polyamines) and trichloroacetic acid insoluble (bound polyamines) fraction obtained from the same tissues. PAO activity, determined by the radiometric method based on the recovery of the labelled reaction product 1-pyrroline, was mostly localized in the cell wall fraction. The activity was very low in embryos and endosperms and present in traces in roots. In etiolated shoots PAO activity increased sharply, while in green shoots it was low and increased slowly. No polyamines were found in the cell wall fraction and only putrescine was detected in the soluble fraction, with the exception of the embryo, where spermidine and spermine were also present. In the TCA-soluble fraction of embryos, putrescine increased during imbibition, while spermidine and spermine decreased; in the endosperm no relevant changes in polyamines occurred. In the same fraction of green and etiolated seedlings, putrescine increased, giving a peak at days 3–5, while spermidine decreased to very low levels. The amount of bound polyamines was 1–4% of the free ones. The pattern of PAO activity seems to be unrelated to endogenous free polyamine content, which is the same in shoots and roots of etiolated and green seedlings. Enzyme activity, very low in ungerminated seeds, increased continuously during the progression of germination, especially in etiolated shoots, indicating a possible involvement in cell wall formation.     

外源糖浸种缓解盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发

以玉米品种‘垦玉6号’为材料,在150 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫条件下,研究葡萄糖(Glc)和蔗糖(Suc)浸种对玉米种子萌发阶段耐盐性的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫下,0.5 mmol·L^-1 Glc、Suc浸种可促进玉米种子萌发及幼苗早期生长,其中Glc浸种玉米胚芽和胚根长及相应干质量增加到盐处理的1.5、1.3、2.1、1.8倍;Suc浸种玉米分别增加到1.7、1.3、2.7、1.9倍;盐胁迫下Glc、Suc浸种可减少胚芽中硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,与盐处理相比分别降低24.9%、20.6%;Glc、Suc浸种可显著提高盐胁迫下玉米胚芽超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并诱导葡萄糖6 磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性的升高,其中Glc浸种玉米SOD、APX、GPX、GR、G6PDH活性较盐处理分别提高66.2%、62.9%、32.0%、38.5%、50.5%,Suc浸种玉米较盐处理分别提高67.5%、59.8%、30.0%、38.5%、50.4%;Glc、Suc浸种胚芽中抗坏血酸 (ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG显著提高,其中G6PDH活性与外源糖诱导的较强的抗氧化能力密切相关.Glc、Suc浸种还可提高盐胁迫下玉米胚芽中K⁺/Na⁺,分别为盐处理的2.3、2.4倍.外源 Glc、Suc浸种可通过提高玉米种子抗氧化能力及维持体内K⁺和Na⁺离子平衡缓解盐胁迫对玉米种子萌发的抑制效应.     

Green leaf volatiles protect maize (Zea mays) seedlings against damage from cold stress

Although considerable evidence has accumulated on the defensive activity of plant volatile organic compounds against pathogens and insect herbivores, less is known about the significance of volatile organic compounds emitted by plants under abiotic stress. Here, we report that green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which were previously shown to prime plant defences against insect herbivore attack, also protect plants against cold stress (4 °C). We show that the expression levels of several cold stress‐related genes are significantly up‐regulated in maize (Zea mays) seedlings treated with physiological concentrations of the GLV, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate (Z‐3‐HAC), and that seedlings primed with Z‐3‐HAC exhibit increased growth and reduced damage after cold stress relative to unprimed seedlings. Together, these data demonstrate the protective and priming effect of GLVs against cold stress and suggest an activity of GLVs beyond the activation of typical plant defence responses against herbivores and pathogens.