离岸消浪堰式湖滨带生态修复工程对水质的影响

离岸消浪堰式湖滨生态修复工程系采用离湖岸线一定距离的桩基消浪堰,在湖堤硬质化、湖滨植被带缺失的湖滨带实现控浪促淤,形成半封闭型的人工湖湾以恢复湖滨植被带的工程措施.修复工程形成了堰内挺水植物区、堰内沉水植物区和堰外开阔水体3个生境梯度带.本文以无锡市太湖贡湖湾离岸消浪堰式生态修复工程为研究对象,于2010年6月至2011年5月对工程区3个生境梯度带的水质状况进行了研究.结果表明:消浪堰内亚硝态氮与硝态氮总体上低于堰外,但铵态氮和总氮总体上高于堰外.秋冬季磷素指标堰内浓度低于堰外,但春夏季多高于堰外.堰内水体亚硝态氮和正磷酸盐浓度的变异系数减小,硝态氮、亚硝态氮和正磷酸盐的年最高浓度值低于堰外;但铵态氮和总氮的变异系数增加,且堰内铵态氮、总氮的年最高浓度值高于堰外.修复工程在生长季末期可在一定程度上加剧铵态氮、总氮等水质指标的恶化.     

西太湖湖滨带已恢复与受损芦苇湿地环境功能比较

对西太湖湖滨带部分地段受损芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地进行修复的基础上,开展了修复后湿地和相邻受损湿地内植物生物量,湿地水体与泥积物中氮、磷含量,底泥有机质含量,底泥氮循环微生物种类和数量以及底泥重金属种类和含量等湿地环境功能方面的比较研究。结果表明：（1）受损湿地内近20m宽的陆向辐射带均为水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper）、红蓼（Polygonum orientale）、水莎草（Juncellus serotinus）以及人工种植的苏丹草、苦荚菜和黑麦草等鱼食青饲料所取代。与修复后湿地相比,每1m^2植物生物量较少了37％～60％。（2）两类湿地中的氮、磷营养盐浓度沿水向辐射带、水位变幅带到陆向辐射带依次呈递增趋势,且修复后湿地内水体中的无机氮浓度分别比受损湿地增加了25．36％,89．39％和2562．30％,其中以NH4^＋-N为主,反硝化作用在已修复湿地中占主导地位。（3）两种湿地内的水向辐射带和水位变幅带底泥氮、磷含量均较低,陆向辐射带内较高,磷含量分别比受损湿地同一水位梯度高3．19,2．62、2．25倍和1．74倍;氮含量分别比受损湿地同一水位梯度高1．84,6．08、2．09倍和2．46倍。（4）两种湿地内的水位变幅带和陆向辐射带中的底泥有机质含量较高,其中已恢复湿地底泥有机质含量达到4．13％-5．65％。水向辐射带含量均较低,一般在0．65％-0．8％之间。（5）水位变幅带和陆向辐射带底泥有机质含量较高,其中已修复湿地泥积物有机质含量达到42．17％～56．5％。水向辐射带有机质含量均较低,一般在1．65％．8．03％之间;（5）受损湿地内的陆向辐射区和水位变幅区硝化细菌数量分别比反硝化细菌高3．73倍和1．73倍,水向辐射区底泥中的硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数基本相当;在已修复湿地内的陆向辐射区和水位变幅区反硝化细菌数量分别是硝化细菌数量的10．69倍和8．24倍,反硝化作用占绝对优势;在水向辐射区及开阔湖体,湖水的频繁交换作用,硝化细菌数量相对较多,硝化作用较强。（6）在湿地水位变辐区和陆向辐射区沉积物Mn含量较高,含量在800—1000mg／g之间。Cu、Zn、Pb等重金属污染元素含量分别为35．80．78．95μg／g,53．76—154．50μg／g和48．06—108．88μg／g,重金属污染对该区域水环境无明显影响。     

湖滨带生态退化现状、原因分析及对策

湖滨带是湖泊的一道天然保护屏障,是健全的湖泊生态系统不可缺少的有机组成部分。总结了中国湖滨带存在的主要问题,包括高等水生植物衰减、水质富营养化、浮游藻类浓度增高、底栖动物耐污种类优势度增加、鱼类种群数量减少、陆地生物栖息地破坏等,并分析了退化原因,主要是人为因素的干扰,包括湖滨大规模的围湖造田、围网养殖的迅猛发展、水利工程的不合理修建、点面源的严重污染等,针对上述存在的现状和原因,提出了湖滨带生态修复的对策及建议。     

巢湖崩岸湖滨基质-水文-生物一体化修复

湖滨带生态修复不是简单的水生植物移种,还必须提供其适于生存的基质、水文等外部物理条件。基质作为水生植被的载体,既需要适宜的柔度,也要求一定的刚度。在巢湖崩岸湖滨综合调查的基础上,系统分析了崩岸湖滨带生态退化的成因,研发了基质、水文、生物一体化修复技术,解决了水生植物在恢复生长时期受基质流失和水力切割影响的问题,为水生植物营造了适宜的水生环境。通过西北岸万年埠湖滨的示范工程建设,取得了良好的治理效果,为巢湖崩岸湖滨的生态修复提供一种生态型的、可工程化实施的技术方法。     

湖滨湿地生态系统稳定性评价

根据生态系统稳定性的产生原因,将稳定性划分为系统整体稳定性和系统结构稳定性。从系统的稳定性出发,以生态系统的整体稳定性和结构稳定性两个方面为对象,对湖滨湿地生态恢复所产生的生态效益进行了研究。针对系统整体稳定性,给出了生物多样性指数、自然保护区比重和自然灾害等级3个评价指标,并介绍了相应的指标量化方法。与此同时结合能值理论,准确地分析了湖滨湿地生态系统的结构稳定性,为评价湖滨湿地生态恢复的生态效益评价提供了客观的标尺。     

太湖西岸湖滨带水生生物分布特征及水质营养状况

对太湖西岸湖滨带入湖河口区浮游生物和底栖动物的种类、单位体积数量以及物种多样性调查的基础上,分析了该区域水生生物分布特征。研究表明,在调查到的5个浮游植物门类中,蓝藻和绿藻门种类占到46.81%和36.17%。单位水体中的物种数量分别占到总藻类的60.97%和34.49%,而硅藻门仅占到总藻类数量的3.07%。Shannon-Wiener物种多样性及均匀度指数基本在1.3~1.6和0.14~0.22之间波动。在调查到的71种浮游动物中,耐污染的桡足类和枝角类占36.62%。单位水体中的物种数量分别达到7.07×104个/L和7.76×104个/L;底栖动物群落结构趋于单一化,敏感种大量减少或消失,物种多样性指数值低下,H′及其均匀度值J仅分别为1.59和0.581左右。同时,部分耐污染和广布种大量繁殖,其单位水体中的物种数量平均占到底栖动物总量的84.76%。对入湖河口区24个点位的水质监测结果也表明,水体中的TN、TP浓度分别为3.50mg/L和0.28mg/L,分别高于国家湖泊水环境质量Ⅴ类水质(TN≤2.0mg/L,TP≤0.2mg/L)标准。结合优势种和多样性指数水质分析方法,太湖西岸湖滨带水体水质已近严重富营养化程度。     

大理洱海湖滨带鸟类多样性

洱海地处云南西部,是中国西部候鸟迁徙时的重要停息地和越冬地,但其湖滨带鸟类组成与季节变化尚无专门研究。作者于2011年1月(冬季)、3和4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10和11月(秋季)采用样线法对洱海湖滨带的鸟类多样性进行了调查,在洱海西岸湖滨带共设4条调查样线,总长度48.2 km,冬夏季节各进行2 d共4次调查,春秋各进行4 d共8次调查。共记录到鸟类13目38科115种,其中有国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类7种;留鸟61种,夏候鸟7种,冬候鸟39种,旅鸟8种;按生态类群分,有游禽19种,涉禽22种,猛禽7种,陆禽3种,攀禽8种,鸣禽56种。研究结果表明,秋季的鸟类物种数及多样性指数最高,夏季均匀性指数最高。5类生境中,树林灌丛生境的鸟类多样性和均匀性最高;近岸水域鸟类个体数量最多。依据调查结果,建议沿环湖公路营造更多树林,在适宜地点建造滩涂,将有利于鸟类栖息觅食。     

云南高原湿地湖滨带植物不同空间配置对生活污水N、P去除的影响

采用野外调查和室内模拟实验相结合的方法,对云南高原湿地常见的7种湖滨带植物群落开展污水净化试验研究,为云南高原退化湿地恢复与污染湖泊治理中植物的选择与空间配置提供依据。结果表明,湖滨带植物群落对污水浓度的耐受和净化降解是有限度的,在适合植物生长的污水浓度范围(TN:8.39～22.95mg·L-1;TP:0.61～1.96mg·L-1;NH4+-N:6.42～19.80mg·L-1)内,植物群落才能对污水起到高效的净化效果,对TP和NH4+-N的去除率均能达到30%以上,对TN的去除率也能达到20%。在较高浓度范围内,由茭草(Zizana caduciflora)、蓖齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllumdemersum)几种喜氮、磷植物组成的群落对污水的净化效果更好。但不同植物群落对污水的净化效果存在着差异(P<0.05),含同一种植物但其他组成植物不同的群落净化效果不同,表明植物种间存在相互作用,不同种类、不同生活型间相互协作,发挥着最大功能作用。     

滇西北高原纳帕海湿地湖滨带优势植物生物量及其凋落物分解

选取滇西北高原湿地纳帕海湖滨带优势植物茭草(Zizania caducifolia)、水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani)和刘氏荸荠(Heleocharis liouana),研究其生物量及其凋落物分解特征,结果表明:水葱、茭草、刘氏荸荠为纳帕海湿地湖滨带单优植物群落,均具有较高的地上生物量,不同植物群落地上生物量不同,其中,茭草地上生物量(853.6±58.2)g·m-2·a-1显著高于水葱(730.7±7.8)g·m-2·a-1与刘氏荸荠(338.9±32.6) g·m-2·a-1的地上生物量.3种植物群落凋落物分解速率不同、并随月平均气温升高均呈增加的趋势,其中,刘氏荸荠分解速率k值最大(0.067±0.0026)、茭草(0.062±0.0072)其次、水葱最小(0.039±0.0062).凋落物经过1年的分解,水葱、茭草和刘氏荸荠凋落物存留率分别为(62.0±8.8)％、(47.5±9.0)％和(44.5±7.9)％.综合3种湖滨带植物地上生物量与凋落物年分解,水葱地上生物量年存留量(453.1±4.9)g·m-2·a-1显著高于茭草(405.4±27.7)g·m-2·a-1和刘氏荸荠(150.9±14.5) g·m-2·a-1.研究进一步表明滇西北高原湿地湖滨带植物具有极高的生物量存留率,成为该类型湿地生态系统碳汇功能的基础,其碳汇过程及其贡献率需要进一步深入研究.     

蚌湖湖滨带的土壤种子库特征

采用幼苗萌发法,在湿润和淹水两种水位萌发条件下,研究了蚌湖（鄱阳湖子湖）湖滨带5个水位梯度区的土壤种子库特征。结果表明,种子库中共萌发了33个物种,分属15科29属。物种组成以一年生草本为主,其中莎草科、禾本科、菊科、玄参科和水鳖科的物种数最多。不同水位区种子库的物种组成和幼苗密度差异不显著。种子库在两种水位条件下萌发的结果有显著差异,湿润条件下种子库萌发的物种以湿生和挺水植物为主,而在淹水条件下萌发的沉水植物种类和幼苗数量显著增多,其幼苗密度占总幼苗数的36％。t检验表明种子库在淹水条件下每个萌发盒中萌发的物种数（7．2±2．8）显著多于湿润条件（4．2±2．0）。     

滇西北高原闭合半闭合退化湿地的生态恢复效果

选取滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海,对比植被恢复前后入湖河流廊道、草甸(汇水过渡区)、湖滨带植物群落物种的组成、水质、土壤有机质和全氮含量的变化,分析流域完整尺度恢复实践的有效性.结果表明:研究区湿地植物在恢复初期由8科12属13种迅速增加至18科22属28种;地上生物量从318.56 g·m-2上升到507.68 g·m-2;湖滨及河流岸带植物群落恢复前后变化明显,耐污种逐渐减少或消失,出现了消失多年的沼泽植物黑三棱和水毛莨群落;土壤有机质和全氮含量分别由恢复前的28.85和0.79g·kg-1增加到50.26和1.45g·kg-1,水体中的TN、TP和COD含量较恢复前显著下降,去除率分别达到67.9％、79.2％和71.2％,水体透明度提高了179％,湿地生态系统结构和功能得到了改善和恢复.在高原闭合半闭合湿地区,采取植被恢复措施及其技术方法行之有效.     

Creating riverine wetlands: Ecological succession, nutrient retention, and pulsing effects

Successional patterns, water quality changes, and effects of hydrologic pulsing are documented for a whole-ecosystem experiment involving two created wetlands that have been subjected to continuous inflow of pumped river water for more than 10 years. At the beginning of the growing season in the first year of the experiment (1994), 2400 individuals representing 13 macrophyte species were introduced to one of the wetland basins. The other basin was an unplanted control. Patterns of succession are illustrated by macrophyte community diversity and net aboveground primary productivity, soil development, water quality changes, and nutrient retention for the two basins. The planted wetland continued to be more diverse in plant cover 10 years after planting and the unplanted wetland appeared to be more productive but more susceptible to stress. Soil color and organic content continued to change after wetland creation and wetlands had robust features of hydric soils within a few years of flooding. Organic matter content in surface soils in the wetlands increased by approximately 1% per 3-year period. Plant diversity and species differences led to some differences in the basins in macrophyte productivity, carbon sequestration, water quality changes and nutrient retention. The wetlands continued to retain nitrate–nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus 10 years after their creation. There are some signs that sediment and total phosphorus retention are diminishing after 10 years of river flow. Preliminary results from the beginnings of a flood pulsing experiment in the two basins in 2003–2004 are described for water quality, nutrient retention, aboveground productivity, and methane and nitrous oxide gaseous fluxes.     

湖滨带退化生态系统的恢复与重建

湖滨带是水陆生态交错带的一种类型,在湖泊流域生态系统中发挥着重要作用,具有较高的生态、社会和经济价值.湖滨带的功能包括:缓冲带功能、保持生物多样性及生境保护功能、护岸功能和经济美学价值.湖滨带退化的原因主要是人为因素引起的生物群落结构的逆向演替及生态功能下降,退化湖滨带生态恢复与重建的理论基础是恢复生态学,其生态恢复技术可划分为三大类:湖滨带生境恢复与重建技术、湖滨带生物恢复与重建技术、湖滨带生态系统结构与功能恢复技术.云南洱海湖滨带近3年的生态恢复与重建试验的生态调查结果表明,试验区水生植被得到恢复,水质净化作用明显,藻类得到抑制,浮游动物的构成和数量发生变化,湖滨带湿地生态系统的生物多样性和稳定性增加.     

上海崇明岛前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程评价

采用生物护坡技术、氧化塘系统和沸石处理系统,修建了上海崇明前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程,并通过地表径流模拟实验及坡岸土壤参数、生物多样性、沟渠水体总氮和总磷含量等指标对该示范工程进行了评估.结果表明：与对照相比,使用灌丛垫技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力、紧实度和土壤湿度显著提高(P<0.05),坡岸植被延缓径流和去除悬浮物效果显著(P<0.05);使用柴笼技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力和悬浮物去除率显著提高(P<0.05),但对土壤湿度、紧实度和雨水径流的延滞作用不太明显.示范工程实施后,沟渠内水质得到明显改善,总氮和总磷含量显著下降(P<0.05),沟渠坡岸的生境质量和景观效果得到改善,生物多样性明显增加.采用土壤生物工程方法和其他生态修复技术集成可以稳定坡岸、改善沟渠的栖息地质量以及修复大城市郊区村镇沟渠的生态环境.     

A cultural approach to wetlands restoration to assess its public acceptance

Ecological restoration (ER) of coastal wetlands is extremely important because they provide a huge variety of ecosystem services (ES), but they are the most degraded ecosystems in the world. However, coastal wetlands are usually located in largely modified and densely populated landscapes. Hence their restoration may conflict with cultural values. Therefore, considering the cultural dimension of ER is a way of increasing public acceptance of restoration projects. In this study, we assessed the public acceptance of a restoration project in a coastal wetland of Costa Brava (Spain). We combined the ES framework with a cultural approach, which is capable of considering interdisciplinarity, introducing barely assessed services like tranquility and facilitating further integration of the human dimension in the ES framework. We administered an open‐ended questionnaire to 232 visitors and the answers were submitted to a content analysis to get a post hoc classification of services and values. Our results show that visitors undervalue environmental values, while tranquility is the most commonly stated value. Moreover, place attachment is found to be the main driver to influence the perception of the ER. The study concluded that the project enjoys a high public acceptance. However, some disengagement exists between the goals of restoration and visitors’ perceptions, and this needs to be addressed. Sharing the decision‐making power with stakeholders and informing visitors about ES that are not easily perceived could be appropriate steps to take.     

Ecological restoration of farmland: progress and prospects

Sustainable agricultural practices in conjunction with ecological restoration methods can reduce the detrimental effects of agriculture. The Society for Ecological Restoration International has produced generic guidelines for conceiving, organizing, conducting and assessing ecological restoration projects. Additionally, there are now good conceptual frameworks, guidelines and practical methods for developing ecological restoration programmes that are based on sound ecological principles and supported by empirical evidence and modelling approaches. Restoration methods must also be technically achievable and socially acceptable and spread over a range of locations. It is important to reconcile differences between methods that favour conservation and those that favour economic returns, to ensure that conservation efforts are beneficial for both landowners and biodiversity. One option for this type of mutual benefit is the use of agri-environmental schemes to provide financial incentives to landholders in exchange for providing conservation services and other benefits. However, further work is required to define and measure the effectiveness of agri-environmental schemes. The broader potential for ecological restoration to improve the sustainability of agricultural production while conserving biodiversity in farmscapes and reducing external costs is high, but there is still much to learn, particularly for the most efficient use of agri-environmental schemes to change land use practice.     

Possible use of wetlands in ecological restoration of surface mined lands

Surface mining for coal has dramatically altered millions of hectares throughout the Appalachian region of eastern North America. Flat benches and vertical high walls have replaced well-drained slopes, and wetlands have developed accidentally on abandoned benches. Surface mining is continuing in this region, but new regulations do not include specifications for wetland construction in the reclamation process. Recent research has suggested that many ecosystem services appropriate for the Appalachian landscape could be performed by constructed wetlands. Inclusion of wetland construction in a reclamation plan could lead to a net increase in wetland acreage locally, as well as offset the loss of natural and/or accidental wetlands. By studying accidentally-formed wetlands, we hope to determine what species can be established in wetlands that are constructed to enhance nontreatment goals in reclamation. Study sites included 14 emergent wetlands in Wise County, Virginia. Sampling in June and August detected a total of 94 species in 36 vascular plant families. Obligate wetlands species, species that occur in wetlands over 99 percent of the time, were found in all 14 sites and included 26 species. The presence of so many wetland species without intentional management efforts suggests that wetland establishment could become a common component of mine reclamation.     

国内外生态修复效果评价研究进展

随着工业化和城镇化进程加快,生态系统退化、脆弱性提高等问题加剧,生态系统已无法通过自我调节恢复其结构和功能,生态修复成为修复脆弱生态系统的重要途径。生态修复效果是评价生态修复质量的关键环节,为生态修复决策制定和后续管理提供科学指导。基于CiteSpace计量分析软件梳理国内外生态修复效果研究文献共4958篇,初步判断生态修复效果评价的主要学科领域和研究热点。归纳总结国内外生态修复效果评价的主要内容,国内研究重点关注环境质量、生物资源、生态系统服务、效益及景观功能等方面,国外研究更重视生物资源、生态系统服务、感知价值和美学价值。据此,我国后续研究要加强同类型生态修复的系统研究、文化服务与其他服务的权衡与协同、生态与社会文化的综合效益评价、居民感知评价、多学科体系交叉研究等方面,更好地提升生态修复效果与生态空间品质。     

青藏高寒区退化草地生态恢复:退化现状、恢复措施、效应与展望

青藏高寒区属于独特而典型的高原生态系统,草地生态系统作为其重要组成部分,在对高寒区生态安全以及农牧民生计的维系中,占有举足轻重的地位。目前,青藏高寒区的草地生态系统退化严重,因此该区退化草地的生态恢复工作是国家生态工作的重中之重。近年来,已有大量研究提出了各种有效的恢复手段,但缺乏因地制宜的系统性总结和论述。基于此,在已有研究的基础上,阐述了青藏高寒区退化草地现状,总结了高寒区各生态类型分区的主要生态问题,明确了不同集成技术与模式的适用区域和范围,同时对这些技术、措施和模式的恢复效果和恢复机制进行分析和讨论。并对未来高寒草地生态系统的研究进行了展望,以期为青藏高寒区退化草地的恢复治理、高寒草地生态系统结构和功能稳定性维系提供系统的理论基础与技术支撑。