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1.
丁圣彦  宋永昌 《生态学报》1999,19(3):318-323
研究了浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林次生演替系列中主要优势种幼苗,幼树及成年树的生理生态学,发现优势种幼苗的更新一方面与其自身的生物生态学特性,种子的来源,萌发力和群落的生境有关,另一方面也与幼苗的光补偿点有关,优势种成年树在常绿阔叶林演替系列中地位的变迁与相互间的更替主要与其物质的合成能力,即优势种的光合作用速率有关。  相似文献   

2.
以浮游植物评价巢湖水质污染及富营养化   总被引:33,自引:2,他引:33  
对巢湖浮游植物在22个样点,四季采样,进行了种类组成、种群数量、优势种、污染指示种,多样性指数及硅藻指数等群落生态学的初步研究。选用其中种群数量、优势种、污染指示种、硅藻指数对巢湖水质污染及营养水平进行了总评与分区评价。就巢湖总体而论,藻量年均值达111×10~6个/升(细胞数,或个体数为14.7×10~6个/升),硅藻指数96.7,群落组成种类中,污染指示种占64.2%,除冬季外,各样点多以微囊藻、鱼腥藻为主的蓝藻占优势,其分布频度年平均达98.8%,多度年平均达79.7%,而在夏、秋季,两者则分别为100和99.7%,表明巢湖已受到中等程度的污染,属蓝藻型富营养湖泊;与过去巢湖浮游植物的调查资料对比,表明最近几年来,人为富营养化进程在加速。  相似文献   

3.
千岛湖次生林优势种植物光合生理生态特性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
管铭  金则新  李月灵  王强 《生态学报》2015,35(7):2057-2066
对千岛湖次生林优势种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)、石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)在不同季节的光合作用日变化、光响应、CO2响应以及相对叶绿素含量进行了分析,以期了解群落演替的内在机制。结果表明:(1)马尾松的净光合速率(Pn)日变化在4个季节均呈\"单峰\"曲线;苦槠在8月呈\"双峰\"曲线,其他3个月份均呈\"单峰\"曲线;石栎和青冈在5月、8月和11月的Pn日变化均为\"双峰\"曲线,有明显的光合\"午休\"现象,2月为\"单峰\"曲线。(2)马尾松和苦槠的Pn日积累值为8月最高,石栎和青冈为11月最高,且均与其他3个月均差异显著。4种优势种在4个季节的Pn日积累值的平均值大小为马尾松苦槠青冈石栎,差异显著。(3)4个季节中,光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)均以马尾松最高,表观量子效率(AQY)为马尾松最低。青冈在4个季节中具有最低的LSP、Rd和最高的AQY。苦槠和石栎的光合特性介于马尾松和青冈之间。(4)相对叶绿素含量以青冈最高,马尾松最低。总之,马尾松属强阳性树种,苦槠为阳性树种,石栎具有一定的耐荫性,青冈的耐荫性较强。  相似文献   

4.
千岛湖次生林优势种植物光合特性对不同光环境的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在林窗、林缘、林下3种自然光环境下,对千岛湖次生林优势种马尾松、苦槠、石栎和青冈栎在不同季节的光合作用日变化、光响应、CO2响应和叶绿素荧光参数进行比较,探讨优势种对光环境的适应及响应的差异,以期了解群落演替的内在机制.结果表明:在3种光环境下,马尾松、苦槠的日均净光合速率(Pn)为夏季最高,石栎、青冈栎为秋季最高.在林窗、林缘中,年均最大净光合速率(Amax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)均为马尾松最高,苦槠次之,青冈栎和石栎最低;林下生境中,青冈栎的年均Amax、表观量子效率(AQY)最高,其次是石栎和苦槠,马尾松最低.3种生境中,马尾松的年均最大羧化速率(Vc max)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)均显著高于其他3种优势种.马尾松、苦槠4个季节的PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均为林窗最高,石栎、青冈栎为林下最高;马尾松、苦槠的Fv/Fm最大值出现在夏季,石栎、青冈栎出现在秋季.马尾松、苦槠更适合生长于林窗等高光强生境中,而石栎、青冈栎在林下等低光强生境中生长较好.随着演替的进程,群落郁闭度增大,石栎和青冈栎将取代马尾松和苦槠成为群落演替顶极阶段的优势种.  相似文献   

5.
以黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落典型优势种白羊草、长芒草和达乌里胡枝子为研究对象,测定不同氮磷(主区N:0,50,100 kg N hm-2 a-1;副区P:0,40,80 kg P2O5 hm-2 a-1)添加处理下叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片氮磷含量、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)和光合磷利用效率(PPUE),探究不同优势种光合生理特征对外源氮磷添加的响应特征与物种差异。结果表明:单独氮添加下,3个优势种的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率(WUEi)、气孔限制值(Ls)和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活性高于或显著高于未施肥处理,白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的PNUE和PPUE以及长芒草的PPUE显著增加。单独磷添加下,仅达乌里胡枝子的Pn、WUEiLs和PNUE相比未施肥处理显著增加。氮磷共同添加下,50 kg N hm-2 a-1处理下,施磷后达乌里胡枝子的Pn以及三个优势种的PNUE显著增加,白羊草的PPUE显著降低;100 kg N hm-2 a-1处理下,施磷后达乌里胡枝子的Pn和PNUE均显著增加,白羊草PPUE和长芒草的PNUE的仅在40 kg P2O5 hm-2 a-1处理下显著增加。3个优势种的Pn均与PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶片氮含量呈显著正相关关系,长芒草和达乌里胡枝子的Pn与PSⅡ潜在活性和叶片磷含量呈显著正相关关系。总体表明,氮磷对黄土丘陵区退耕草地优势种光合生理具有一定的交互作用,物种属性和施肥水平影响其光合生理特征响应程度。  相似文献   

6.
采用LI-6400光合作用系统测定了杭州湾滨海湿地不同演替阶段6种优势植物-包括早期植物海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和糙叶苔草(Carex scabrifolia)、中期植物芦苇(Phragmites communis)和柽柳(Tamarixchinensis)、后期植物白茅(Imperata cylindrica)和旱柳(Salix matsudana)的光合作用光响应曲线(LRC)和CO2响应曲线(A/Ci),并拟合得出多个光合生理指标.结果表明,6种优势植物LRC净光合速率(Pn)大小顺序为海三棱藨草>糙叶苔草>芦苇>柽柳>白茅>旱柳,且早期植物显著大于后期植物(P<0.05);光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、和暗呼吸速率(Rd)变化与Pn相同,也表现出演替早期植物>中期植物>后期植物;而表观量子效率(AQY)则表现出相反趋势.由A/Ci曲线可以发现,演替早期优势植物较后期植物具有更低的CO2羧化效率(CCE)和相对较高的CO2补偿点(CCP).可见群落演替与各阶段优势植物的光合生理特征密切相关.  相似文献   

7.
稻田微蛛优势种形成的若干环境因子分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
草间小黑蛛(Erigone graminicolum)和食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)都有较强的耐寒、耐饥能力和较大的捕食量,在-3—0℃时能存活3天左右,平均耐饥历期大于30天,对稻褐飞虱的平均最大捕食量分别为6.3头/天和6.1头/天;Holling模型分别为N_A(草)=0.9886N_0/(1+0.09N_0)和N_A(食)=1.0234N_0/(1+0.101N_0),它们的抗药能力相差无几。但它们对湿度要求不同,前者较后者耐干旱。草间小黑蛛耐干历期雌蛛为27.2天,雄蛛为9.7天;耐湿历期雌蛛为53.2天,雄蛛为46.2天。食虫沟瘤蛛耐干历期雌蛛为7.7天,雄蛛为4.2天;耐湿历期雌蛛为55.4天,雄蛛为49.0天。温度相同湿度不同时它们的竞争能力不同,湿度较小时草间小黑蛛取胜,湿度较大时食虫沟瘤蛛取胜。它们在稻田中成为优势种的条件,主要取决于稻田生境与周围环境的干湿状况。  相似文献   

8.
为了解纳帕海流域高山环境中优势乔木树种光合速率特征及其对环境因子的响应规律,运用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,分别测定了香格里拉纳帕海流域5种优势乔木树种净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)等主要光合生理参数日变化,并对其与环境因子的相关性进行统计分析。结果表明:(1)所测定的5种优势树种中,除川滇高山栎以外,其他4个树种的Pn均呈双峰型;5种树种Pn峰值大小依次为云杉高山松山楂清溪杨川滇高山栎,分别为21.58、21.57、15.21、14.18、11.87μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。(2)树种气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)在一天之内都呈现出早晚低、中午高的规律,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与Pn基本呈相反趋势。(3)树种WUE和LUE日均值与Pn值表现出基本一致的顺序特征,云杉和高山松相对较高,WUE分别为3.27和5.82 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),LUE分别为4.42%和2.99%,川滇高山栎最低,仅为0.92 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和0.74%。(4)树种Pn对PAR和Gs的变化具有显著的响应特征。该区域树种的Pn最大值高于低海拔区域的同类树种;区域内针叶树种的WUE和LUE显著大于阔叶树种,对高山区域内相对较高的辐射环境具有更高效的适应策略;当地环湖面山上种植的大面积云杉树对区域植被的恢复具有高效的现实意义。  相似文献   

9.
森林植被中优势种的形成和分布规律及其应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
一森林多是天然植被(人工林除外),它经历了千百年的演化,在改造环境和适应环境过程中,形成了物种与外界环境的高度吻合,最后形成了多种稳定的森林植被类型,因而研究森林植被中优势种的形成和分布规律,较之农田生态系统等人工植被具有更多的便利条件。森林树种的分布遵循着一定的规律,搞清  相似文献   

10.
以策勒绿洲外围6种人工栽培的优势防护林植物为研究对象,在绿洲外围设置A(0m3·m-2)、B(0.1m3·m-2)、C(0.2m3·m-2)3个不同灌水量处理实验,探讨优势防护林植物对不同灌溉量的光合以及水分生理响应特征。结果显示:(1)在不同灌溉量下6种优势防护林植物净光合速率的日变化趋势一致,均为典型的单峰型变化,除红枣以外,其它植物的净光合速率均表现为CBA。(2)随着灌溉量的增加,植物的蒸腾速率也在逐渐增大,灌木日蒸腾速率呈不规则的M型变化趋势。(3)除核桃外,其它植物清晨水势和正午水势均随着灌溉量的增加而增大,且均表现为BCA。(4)6种优势防护林植物在不同的灌溉量下的瞬时水分利用效率日进程基本上一致,且均表现为BCA。研究表明,从水分利用和灌溉量大小的角度来说,在防护林树种的选择中应该优先选用核桃、红枣、桑树和沙拐枣;综合考虑节水和植物生长的情况下,对红枣进行适量灌溉显然比核桃、桑树、柽柳、花棒和沙拐枣更为有效,所以红枣比其余5种植物更适于在策勒绿洲地区节水生长。  相似文献   

11.
  总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Temporal and spatial variations of the phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Chaohu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China, were studied from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 191 phytoplankton species was identified, among which Chlorophytes (101) ranked the first, followed by Cyanophytes (46) and Bacillariophytes (28). On aver- age over the entire lake, the maximum total algal biomass appeared in June (19.70 mg/L) with a minimum (5.05 mg/ L) in November. In terms of annual mean biomass, cyanobacteria contributed 45.43% to total algal biomass, followed by Chlorophytes (27.14%), and Bacillariophytes (20.6%). When nitrate (NOs-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) concentrations dropped in spring, fixing-nitrogen cyanobacterium (Anabaena) developed quickly and ranked the first in terms of biomass in summer. It is likely that dominance of zooplanktivorous fish and small crustacean zooplankton favored the development of the inedible filamentous or colony forming cyanobacteria. The persistent dominance of cyanobacteria throughout all seasons may indicate a new tendency of the response of phytoplankton to eutrophication in Lake Chaohu.  相似文献   

12.
    
Non-diazotrophic Microcystis and filamentous N2-fixing Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum (formerly Anabaena) co-occur or successively dominate freshwaters globally. Previous studies indicate that dual nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) reduction is needed to control cyanobacterial blooms; however, N limitation may cause replacement of non-N2-fixing by N2-fixing taxa. To evaluate potentially counterproductive scenarios, the effects of temperature, nutrients, and zooplankton on the spatio-temporal variations of cyanobacteria were investigated in three large, shallow eutrophic lakes in China. The results illustrate that the community composition of cyanobacteria is primarily driven by physical factors and the zooplankton community, and their interactions. Niche differentiation between Microcystis and two N2-fixing taxa in Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu was observed, whereas small temperature fluctuations in Lake Dianchi supported co-dominance. Through structural equation modelling, predictor variables were aggregated into ‘composites’ representing their combined effects on species-specific biomass. The model results showed that Microcystis biomass was affected by water temperature and P concentrations across the studied lakes. The biomass of two filamentous taxa, by contrast, exhibited lake-specific responses. Understanding of driving forces of the succession and competition among bloom-forming cyanobacteria will help to guide lake restoration in the context of climate warming and N:P stoichiometry imbalances.  相似文献   

13.
Field and experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the combined impacts of cyanobacterial blooms and small algae on seasonal and long-term changes in the abundance and community structure of crustacean zooplankton in a large, eutrophic, Chinese lake, Lake Chaohu. Seasonal changes of the crustacean zooplankton from 22 sampling stations were investigated during September 2002 and August 2003, and 23 species belonging to 20 genera were recorded. Daphnia spp. dominated in spring but disappeared in mid-summer, while Bosmina coregoni and Ceriodaphnia cornuta dominated in summer and autumn. Both maximum cladoceran density (310 ind. l−1) and biomass (5.2 mg l−1) appeared in autumn. Limnoithona sinensis, Sinocalanus dorrii and Schmackeria inopinus were the main species of copepods. Microcystis spp. were the dominant phytoplankton species and formed dense blooms in the warm seasons. In the laboratory, inhibitory effects of small colonial Microcystis on growth and reproduction of Daphnia carinata were more remarkable than those of large ones, and population size of D. carinata was negatively correlated with density of fresh large colonial Microcystis within a density range of 0–100 mg l−1 (r = −0.82, P< 0.05). Both field and experimental results suggested that seasonal and long-term changes in the community structure of crustacean zooplankton in the lake were shaped by cyanobacterial blooms and biomass of the small algae, respectively, i.e., colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria contributed to the summer replacement of dominant crustacean zooplankton from large Daphnia spp. to small B. coregoni and C. cornuta, while increased small algae might be responsible for the increased abundance of crustacean zooplankton during the past decades.  相似文献   

14.
    
The cycad Dioon edule Lindl. inhabits a seasonally-dry tropical forest along with associated CAM plants such as bromeliads and cacti. To test the hypothesis that D . edule might also be a CAM plant, diel total-acid fluctuation was measured through the dry to wet seasons of 4 consecutive years on adult D . edule plants in their natural forest habitat in Veracruz, Mexico. Correlations between acid fluctuation index and climatic data, and also soil water potential were determined over this period. Laboratory trials were followed up to estimate diel patterns of CO2 exchange and estimation of δ13C value. A comparison of stomatal density cm−2 with other C3, CAM and CAM-facultative plants was made. The diel total titratable-acid fluctuation values, although variable, were found to be consistent and significant for the dry season. Carbon dioxide exchange was found to be typical of C3 plants when hydrated but when the plant was stressed by withholding water, although the leaf remained healthy, there was no significant dark-period CO2 output. Stomatal density was comparable to other CAM and CAM-facultative plants. It was concluded that D. edule is a C3 plant that shows CAM-cycling metabolism when water stressed. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 138 , 155–161.  相似文献   

15.
    
Microcystis spp., which occur as colonies of different sizes under natural conditions, have expanded in temperate and tropical freshwater ecosystems and caused seriously environmental and ecological problems. In the current study, a Bayesian network (BN) framework was developed to access the probability of microcystins (MCs) risk in large shallow eutrophic lakes in China, namely, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, and Dianchi Lake. By means of a knowledge-supported way, physicochemical factors, Microcystis morphospecies, and MCs were integrated into different network structures. The sensitive analysis illustrated that Microcystis aeruginosa biomass was overall the best predictor of MCs risk, and its high biomass relied on the combined condition that water temperature exceeded 24 °C and total phosphorus was above 0.2 mg/L. Simulated scenarios suggested that the probability of hazardous MCs (≥1.0 μg/L) was higher under interactive effect of temperature increase and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) imbalance than that of warming alone. Likewise, data-driven model development using a naïve Bayes classifier and equal frequency discretization resulted in a substantial technical performance (CCI = 0.83, K = 0.60), but the performance significantly decreased when model excluded species-specific biomasses from input variables (CCI = 0.76, K = 0.40). The BN framework provided a useful screening tool to evaluate cyanotoxin in three studied lakes in China, and it can also be used in other lakes suffering from cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Microcystis.  相似文献   

16.
The role of ecophysiological traits in the success and expansion of the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is still under debate. One key factor appears to be the high physiological flexibility of this organism when obtaining limiting resources. Recent studies have found that filamentous bloom-forming cyanobacteria are able to optimize their growth by adjusting phosphate uptake during fluctuating nutrient conditions. We investigated the growth response of two phosphate-deficient C. raciborskii isolates (MVCC19 from Uruguay and CCMP1973 from USA) to short-term fluctuations in phosphate supply. These isolates were exposed to five phosphate concentrations which were provided in two supply modes: a single pulse (SingleP) versus the same amount divided in 10 pulses (TenP), with one pulse applied every 6 min. Morphological traits and changes in chlorophyll a and phycocyanin fluorescence were also evaluated. Growth rates of CCMP1973 and MVCC19 almost doubled and tripled, respectively, when exposed to multiple rather than single phosphate additions. Different growth rates were observed with the same total added resource, thus contradicting the classical model of dependence of growth rate on absolute external concentration. Phosphate-deficient C. raciborskii showed a remarkable physiological flexibility in adapting to phosphate availability on a timescale from minutes to hours. The TenP mode provided an extension of phosphate exposure time that allowed the energetic optimization of uptake and growth. The morphological plasticity of the species in response to phosphate supply mode was also shown by differences in trichome length and individual size. Our results are the first evidence of growth optimization of phosphate-deficient C. raciborskii to short-term nutrient fluctuations, revealing its physiological flexibility. This adaptive behaviour may help to explain the invasive success of this diazotrophic cyanobacterium in a wide range of aquatic ecosystems where phosphorus is frequently the limiting resource.  相似文献   

17.
    
Larval fish development depends largely on their ability to capture and ingest food items, and on food availability. In this context, invasive species, eutrophication and river impoundments have complex impacts on fish larvae. Using samples collected in 2005–2009 in the Salto Grande reservoir (Argentina–Uruguay), periodically affected by cyanobacterial blooms, we studied the impact of the larvae of the exotic bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Bivalvia) on larval fish diets. Compared with other nearby waterbodies, the abundance of fish larvae was scarcer in the reservoir, especially during algal bloom periods. Only 20% of the larval fish with gut contents fed on L. fortunei veligers. Seven fish taxa (of a total of 12) consumed veligers of L. fortunei, but only two showed a preference for this prey. Taxonomic changes in the larval fish assemblages due to the river's impoundment, and temporal uncoupling between veliger densities (affected by the toxigenic effects of Microcystis spp.) and ichthyoplankton could account for the comparatively low trophic importance of the invasive bivalve's veligers. These results reflect the complexity of interactions brought about when the same invasive species invades different environments, underscoring that the impacts involved depend as much on the invader, as on the regional and ecological settings of the area invaded.  相似文献   

18.
巢湖夏、秋季浮游植物叶绿素a及蓝藻水华影响因素分析   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
2007年6-11月份,对设置在巢湖全湖的23个样点水体的理化指标水温(WT)、pH值、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、活性磷(RP)以及浮游植物的种类组成和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度进行了调查分析。结果表明:在巢湖夏秋季温差变化不大的环境中,温度依然是影响藻类生物量的重要因素。夏、秋季蓝藻为最主要的藻类类群(其平均值占藻类总生物量的63.36%);藻类生物量与所测理化因子均有显著正相关。在夏、秋季各月份,蓝藻生物量呈前高后低状M型波动,其中7月份湖水中蓝藻浓度最低。夏、秋季湖水中叶绿素的浓度没有太大变化,维持在一个较高的水平(>10mg/m3),遇到合适的气象条件有形成大面积水华的可能。  相似文献   

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