长白山二道白河森林流域溪流倒木调查研究

溪流倒木是森林生态系统对水生态系统最重要、最直观的输入和干扰之一,也是两系统之间的主要联结,对于溪流生态系统的稳定、水生生物多样性、河槽形态及其变化过程有着重要的作用。重点对长白山北坡溪流倒木现存量进行了调查和研究,在调查的红松阔叶林植被带内４５００ｍ长河道内,共发现溪流倒木４２５株．分属于１７个树种;其中ｌ、ｗ级腐烂占相当大的比重,与林地倒木Ｉ、ｌ级腐烂占忧有所不同,其原因可能与分解环境的不同有关。所有溪流倒木的总材积为７７．９８ｍ＾２,故溪流倒木的现存量为１．７３３ｍ＾３／１００ｍ和１０．８３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２。溪流倒木的树种组成和不同树种的材积与河岸带植被密切相关,但存在差异。研究表明林分形成倒木并进入河流在时间上可能是均匀或随机的,但不同树种间,其形成倒木并进入河流时的树木材积或生长年龄存在较大差异。溪流倒木和林地活立木的个体数量的径级分布基本上为反Ｊ型,而它们材积的径级分布均为典型的Ｊ型。     

风电项目对潜在生态廊道的影响——基于MSPA-MCR模型

风电作为构建新型电力系统的主体,能够有效助力电力系统脱碳,是实现“双碳”目标的主力军。但风电规模化建设与生态环境保护之间的矛盾日益突出,风电项目对生态环境,尤其是对区域生态廊道及生态安全格局的影响急需厘清。以福建平潭陆上风电项目所在区域为研究单元,运用形态学空间格局分析法和最小累积阻力模型、重力模型等判别重要生态源地及潜在生态廊道,评估风电项目对潜在生态廊道连通性、重要性和结构性等影响。研究表明：(1)研究区生态源地主要位于生态价值高的森林公园及风景名胜区内。受风电项目影响,源地呈现破碎化趋势,核心区占景观要素百分比由79.53%下降至76.64%。(2)风电项目导致生态廊道畅通性降低,生态廊道的走向及长度发生显著变化,大大增加了生物迁徙的空间阻力。(3)风电项目弱化了生态源地之间关联性。核心廊道和次级廊道均减少了6条,且重要性强的生态廊道完全避开风电项目所在位置。风电项目建设之后生态网络流通性变差,网络更为单一、整体生态效能降低。本研究不仅从生态环境敏感脆弱区域的生态安全角度给风电项目建成区周边生态修复提供科学参考,也为未来风电项目选址及环境质量评估提供了重要的方法支撑。     

THE POWER OF SENSORY DISCRIMINATION METHODS USED IN REPLICATED DIFFERENCE AND PREFERENCE TESTS

Research on the power of discrimination methods in difference and preference tests has both theoretical and practical significance. Power is important to evaluate the sensitivities of tests and determine sample size. Ennis and Bi (1998, 1999) proposed the beta-binomial distribution to model replicated difference and preference tests with inter-trial variation and analyzed in general the power of the tests. In this paper, the power of discrimination methods for replicated difference and preference tests is discussed further. The equations for calculating power for methods based on the BB model are given. Examples with tables and charts for calculating and comparing the power of the methods are also given.     

肌球蛋白动力冲程分布研究

通过建立肌球蛋白工作循环的四态模型,利用化学动力学方法,讨论了动力冲程过程的几率和无机磷酸盐的释放率是影响动力冲程分布的两个重要因素,得到动力冲程的大小近似呈均值为（8-10）nm的高斯分布。     

Safety,Health, and Environmental Risk Assessment of a Gas Power Plant: A Case Study from Southern Iran

This research was conducted to assess health, safety, and environmental risks of a gas power plant in southern Iran. In order to identify the subject risks of the power plant at operational phase a questionnaire was designed using the Delphi method. The questionnaires were put at the disposal of 99 electricity industry experts. Risk assessment was done using multicriteria decision-making methods such as technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), entropy, and Eigenvector technique. Following prioritization of risks at each power plant unit, top-priority risks were determined by one-way ANOVA. The obtained results indicated that the risk of working with medium voltage boards with a weight of 0.879 at the power plant's Electricity Unit is the most important safety and health risk in the studied power plant while risk of servicing the unit with fuel of gas weighting 0.807 and delivery of gas fuel with weight of 0.630 in the Exploiting Unit and work on liquid fuel clutch with weight of 0.603 in the Mechanical Unit are the most important environmental risks in the gas power plant. In conclusion, this study concludes that health, safety, and environmental risk assessment can be a structured and used as a systematic approach to plan for environmental protection and personnel health.     

Macroinvertebrates associated with submerged macrophytes: sample size and power to detect effects

When planning and conducting ecological experiments, it is important to consider how many samples are necessary to detect differences among treatments with acceptably high statistical power. An analysis of statistical power is especially important when studying epiphytic macroinvertebrate colonization of submerged plants because they exhibit large plant-to-plant variability. Despite this variability, many studies have suggested that epiphytic macroinvertebrates preferentially colonize plants based on plant architecture type (broad versus dissected leaves). In this study, we calculated the power and number of samples necessary to detect differences in epiphytic macroinvertebrate abundance (numbers and biomass) among five species and two architecture types of macrophytes in a lake in MI, U.S.A. Using power analysis, we found that we had very high power to detect the differences present between macroinvertebrate abundance by architecture type and by macrophyte species (power = 1.000 and 0.994; effect sizes = 0.872 and 0.646, respectively. However, to detect very small differences between the two architecture types and the five plant species, we determined that many more samples were necessary to achieve similar statistical power (effect size = 0.1–0.3, number of samples = 60–527 and 36–310, respectively; power = 0.9). Our results suggest that macroinvertebrate abundance does in fact vary predictably with plant architecture. Dissected-leaf plants harbored higher abundances of macroinvertebrates than broad-leaf plants (ANOVA, density p = 0.001, biomass p < 0.001). This knowledge should allow us to better design future studies of epiphytic macroinvertebrates.     

Classified power capping by network distribution trees for green computing

Power management is becoming very important in data centers. To apply power management in cloud computing, Green Computing has been proposed and considered. Cloud computing is one of the new promising techniques, that are appealing to many big companies. In fact, due to its dynamic structure and property in online services, cloud computing differs from current data centers in terms of power management. To better manage the power consumption of web services in cloud computing with dynamic user locations and behaviors, we propose a power budgeting design based on the logical level, using distribution trees. By setting multiple trees or forest, we can differentiate and analyze the effect of workload types and Service Level Agreements (SLAs, e.g. response time) in terms of power characteristics. Based on these, we introduce classified power capping for different services as the control reference to maximize power saving when there are mixed workloads.     

Noise and signal power and their effects on evoked potential estimation

Signal power, noise power and their ratio (SNR) are important variables underlying estimation of evoked potential signals, yet, they are rarely explicitly considered in the design or analysis of EP experiments. A model is developed which relates the reliability of the average evoked potential (AEP) wave form to signal power, noise power, SNR, and the number of single trials included in the average. Measurements taken from auditory and visual EP experimental in elderly subjects show that noise power is highly reliable across experimental conditions and probably reflects global CNS anatomic or physiologic factors. In contrast, signal power and SNR are variable across conditions and sensory modalities, but are stable across replications. Thus signal power reflects CNS processes specific to the experimental paradigm. These results have importance for EP estimation. The expected reliability of the AEP cannot be adequately predicted from estimates of a subject's noise power, or from SNR estimated under different experimental conditions. These findings suggest the need for on-line estimation of SNR during data acquisition to ensure adequate reliability of AEPs.     

基于DPSIR模型的国家大型煤电基地生态效应评估指标体系

国家大型煤电基地的规划建设是《中国国民经济和社会发展"十二五"规划纲要》中的重要内容,也是我国未来能源发展战略的重要举措。随着社会经济的不断发展,对人类活动生态效应的评估也越来越受到关注,对国家大型煤电基地生态效应的评估是确保煤电基地区域可持续发展的重要步骤。我国煤电基地多分布在北部干旱半干旱的生态脆弱区,区域生态环境直接影响到我国京津唐、东北城市群、华北东北两个主要粮食基地的生态安全,乃至直接影响到国家生态安全。因此,对国家大型煤电基地生态效应进行科学评估至关重要。基于DPSIR(驱动力Driving force—压力Pressure—状态State—影响Impact—响应Response)概念模型,以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟煤电基地为主要研究区域,从社会经济、资源能源、生态环境三个相关系统中梳理出43个评估指标,构建了国家大型煤电基地生态效应评估指标体系,以期科学评估国家大型煤电基地建设运营过程中的生态效应。     

Microwave radiation energy: a probe for the neurobiologist

Microwave energy radiation is widely used as a method for rapidly sacrificing small laboratory animals so that measurements of endogenous levels of labile neurochemical substances can be assessed after various drug treatments or pharmacological maneuvers. Several factors are important to insure that microwave energy is efficiently coupled to the rodent brain, including: the frequency of microwave radiation, the size of the waveguide for the propagation of the energy, the tuning of the waveguide system, the placement of the animal at the point of maximum power within the waveguide, the amount of power which is delivered, the time during which the power is delivered, and whether the animal is restrained during the microwave protocol.     

Simulation of the power transmission of bone-conducted sound in a finite-element model of the human head

Bone conduction (BC) sound is the perception of sound transmitted in the skull bones and surrounding tissues. To better understand BC sound perception and the interaction with surrounding tissues, the power transmission of BC sound is investigated in a three-dimensional finite-element model of a whole human head. BC sound transmission was simulated in the FE model and the power dissipation as well as the power flow following a mechanical vibration at the mastoid process behind the ear was analyzed. The results of the simulations show that the skull bone (comprises the cortical bone and diploë) has the highest BC power flow and thereby provide most power transmission for BC sound. The soft tissues was the second most important media for BC sound power transmission, while the least BC power transmission is through the brain and the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the cranial vault. The vibrations transmitted in the skull are mainly concentrated at the skull base when the stimulation is at the mastoid. Other vibration transmission pathways of importance are located at the occipital bone at the posterior side of the head while the transmission of sound power through the face, forehead and vertex is minor. The power flow between the skull bone and skull interior indicate that some BC power is transmitted to and from the skull interior but the transmission of sound power through the brain seem to be minimal and only local to the brain–bone interface.     

Technical-methodological report: a nomogram for peak leg power output in the vertical jump

Leg power is an important component in assessing both performance-related and health-related fitness. The Lewis equation and nomogram have been used for years to estimate leg power. A recent evaluation of the Lewis equation and further research led to the development of the Sayers equation. This equation provides an estimate of peak leg power, which has greater relevance than average power. Our purpose was to provide a simple and effective nomogram for calculating peak leg power output. The Sayers equation was transformed to an alignment nomogram and evaluated for facility of use and accuracy. The resultant alignment nomogram is easy to use and generates values for peak leg power in the vertical jump, which are well within the precision of the regression equation (r > 0.9999, CV < 0.2%). Interobserver error was less than 0.3% with a correlation of 0.9999. The Keir nomogram provides a simple and effective representation of the Sayers equation for use in both performance-related and health-related fitness assessments.     

Small Vaccination Experiments with Binary Outcome: The Paradox of Increasing Power with Decreasing Sample Size and/or Increasing Imbalance

In animal vaccination experiments with binary outcome (diseased/non diseased), the comparison of the vaccinated and control group is often based on the Fisher exact test. A tool for the evaluation of different designs is proposed, based on the expected power of the Fisher exact test. The expected power can sometimes unexpectedly increase with decreasing sample size and/or increasing imbalance. The reasons for these peculiar results are explained and compared to the results of two other types of tests: the unconditional test and the randomisation test. In a vaccination experiment with a restricted number of animals it is shown to be important to consider expected power in order to choose the most appropriate design.     

Increasing power generation for scaling up single-chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells

Scaling up microbial fuel cells (MFCs) requires a better understanding the importance of the different factors such as electrode surface area and reactor geometry relative to solution conditions such as conductivity and substrate concentration. It is shown here that the substrate concentration has significant effect on anode but not cathode performance, while the solution conductivity has a significant effect on the cathode but not the anode. The cathode surface area is always important for increasing power. Doubling the cathode size can increase power by 62% with domestic wastewater, but doubling the anode size increases power by 12%. Volumetric power density was shown to be a linear function of cathode specific surface area (ratio of cathode surface area to reactor volume), but the impact of cathode size on power generation depended on the substrate strength (COD) and conductivity. These results demonstrate the cathode specific surface area is the most critical factor for scaling-up MFCs to obtain high power densities.     

Mining gene expression profiles: expression signatures as cancer phenotypes

Many examples highlight the power of gene expression profiles, or signatures, to inform an understanding of biological phenotypes. This is perhaps best seen in the context of cancer, where expression signatures have tremendous power to identify new subtypes and to predict clinical outcomes. Although the ability to interpret the meaning of the individual genes in these signatures remains a challenge, this does not diminish the power of the signature to characterize biological states. The use of these signatures as surrogate phenotypes has been particularly important, linking diverse experimental systems that dissect the complexity of biological systems with the in vivo setting in a way that was not previously feasible.     

The rotifer fauna of the River Loire (France), at the level of the nuclear power plants

In the heated affluents of nuclear power plants of the river Loire, rotifers are abundant. Cosmopolitan species are numerically dominant, but a tropical fauna is also present, among which the genus Brachionus, representing 20% of the total species, is best represented. From a comparison between water upstream and downstream of the power plants, it further appears that in downstream warmed-up waters, some species show an important development, but not in colder upstream waters.     

A Triangulation Approach to Checking the Reliability of Estimation of Oscillatory Modes Embedded in an ECG Signal

Biophysics - Abstract—It is important to perform an analytical study of the oscillatory modes embedded in an ECG signal on individuals in certain occupations (power station operators, pilots,...     

Urban Power Line Corridors as Novel Habitats for Grassland and Alien Plant Species in South-Western Finland

Regularly managed electric power line corridors may provide habitats for both early-successional grassland plant species and disturbance-dependent alien plant species. These habitats are especially important in urban areas, where they can help conserve native grassland species and communities in urban greenspace. However, they can also provide further footholds for potentially invasive alien species that already characterize urban areas. In order to implement power line corridors into urban conservation, it is important to understand which environmental conditions in the corridors favor grassland species and which alien species. Likewise it is important to know whether similar environmental factors in the corridors control the species composition of the two groups. We conducted a vegetation study in a 43 kilometer long urban power line corridor network in south-western Finland, and used generalized linear models and distance-based redundancy analysis to determine which environmental factors best predict the occurrence and composition of grassland and alien plant species in the corridors. The results imply that old corridors on dry soils and steep slopes characterized by a history as open areas and pastures are especially suitable for grassland species. Corridors suitable for alien species, in turn, are characterized by productive soils and abundant light and are surrounded by a dense urban fabric. Factors controlling species composition in the two groups are somewhat correlated, with the most important factors including light abundance, soil moisture, soil calcium concentration and soil productivity. The results have implications for grassland conservation and invasive alien species control in urban areas.     

Rethinking resolution estimation in fluorescence microscopy: from theoretical resolution criteria to super-resolution microscopy

Science China Life Sciences - Resolution is undoubtedly the most important parameter in optical microscopy by providing an estimation on the maximum resolving power of a certain optical microscope....