两种穿山甲外形量衡度的测定及比较

There are 7 species of pangolin in the world. This paper deah with the measurement of some morphology indices in Manis petadactyla and Mania javanica. Measured variables included the body weight, the total body length, the length of head and body, the length of tail,the length of protruding rim of external ear, the length of hind feet, the length of middle claws of fore feet, the length of middle claws of hind feet, the number of rows of scales round mid-body, the number of single flank scales of edge tail. All variables measured were compared respectively between this 2 species. The results indicated that: ( 1 ) there were no signifieant differences in body weight and length of hind feet between this 2 species, but differences in the other variables were extremely significant. (21 The ratio of the length of middle claws of hind feet and fore feet in Mania pentadactyla was less than 1/2 ( n = 48 ), while Mania jaw, nica was more than 1/2 ( n = 15 ) ; the length of protruding rim of external ear in Mania pentadactyla was over 10 mm { n = 38 ), whereas Manis javanica was under 10 mm { n = 13 ) ; the number of single flank scales of edge tail in Mania pentadactyla was not beyond 21 (n = 65), and Mania javanica exeeeded 21 (n = 14) . So the ratio of the length of middle claws of hind feet and fore feet, the length of protruding rim of external ear, arid the ntunber of single flank scales of edge tail should be regard as distinctive features and taxonomic indices between this 2 species. (3) The relationships between body weight ( Y) and the total body length, the length of head and body, the length of tail {X) were positive correlation, and satisfied relation equation Y= aX^b.     

圈养马来穿山甲的怀孕期

马来穿山甲(Manis javanica)为极度濒危物种,已报导该物种的怀孕期长度差异较大,需要更多的直接观察案例来确定其怀孕期长短。广西林业科学研究院穿山甲人工救护与繁育基地通过室内圈养方式驯养穿山甲,记录了14例马来穿山甲产仔情况:其中圈养前野外受孕、场内产仔9例;野外受孕、圈养死亡的母体1例;不确定受孕情况母兽产仔1例;圈养条件下交配怀孕并产仔3例,其中2例是母兽进场后第2次产仔。根据初步观察结果,估计马来穿山甲孕期为5~6个月。     

中国兽类一新纪录--爪哇穿山甲

记述了来自中国云南的爪哇穿山甲Manis javanica,即中国兽类新纪录,标本收藏在中国科学院昆明动物研究所标本馆.     

马来穿山甲的种群结构、繁殖力及仔兽出生记录

根据鳞甲、毛发、爪的磨损程度以及母幼行为关系和体重大小,对2011年6月查获的87头马来穿山甲(Manis javanica)种群结构进行了分析,幼年、亚成年、成年、老年组的比例和个体数分别为3.45%(3头)、25.29%(22头)、36.78%(32头)和34.48%(27头)。年龄结构呈倒金字塔型,属快速下降型种群。种群性比(♀︰♂)为1︰1.42(36︰51),雌性个体少。在各年龄组中,成年组雌性比例最小(28.13%)。每胎1仔,体重最小的孕兽只有1.95 kg,为亚成年个体。雌兽群体怀孕率为36.10%,成年雌兽的怀孕率最高(77.78%)。6只新生仔兽体重(143.3±6.67)g(120~170 g)、体长(14.7±0.29)cm(14.8~15.4 cm)、尾长(10.1±0.24)cm(9.5~11.2 cm)。该马来穿山甲种群结构的状况,可能预示野生种群已处于较为严重的不健康状态。     

东方田鼠头骨和脏器的形态学指标

对实验室封闭群第7、8代东方田鼠（Microtus fortis calamorum)头骨和脏器的形态学指标进行了测量,并探讨了各指标在雌雄间、年龄组间的差异及其与体重的关系。结果表明,头骨大小在亚成年雌雄鼠间无显著差异,成年雄鼠显著大于成年雌鼠;脏器绝对和相对指标雌雄鼠间差异不显著。头骨指标、脏器绝对指标成年鼠显著长于或大于亚成年鼠,肝、肾脏、睾丸相对重量以及盲肠、大小肠相对长度在年龄组间差异显著。头骨和脏器指标（Y）与体重（X）的关系为Y＝aX^b,头骨形态指标、脏器绝对重量或长度与体重正相关,脏器相对重量或长度除睾丸与体重正相关外其余均与体重负相关。     

中国东北豹头骨三维重建及测量参数

世界上8个金钱豹亚种中,东北豹(Panthera pardus orientalis)最濒危,在我国主要分布在东北虎豹国家公园及其周边区域。兽类分类研究中,颅骨特征曾经是,并将继续是理解种间和种内分类的重要证据。因东北豹数量稀少,还未有其头骨测量数据的报道。本研究以1只病重死亡的雌性东北豹头颅标本为研究对象,经大昌Sunshine32 X射线计算机体层摄影设备扫描获得影像数据,运用3D Slicer软件对东北豹头颅扫描数据进行头骨三维重建,建立东北豹头骨的“数字化头骨”并测得东北豹头骨的26项参数指标。该结果填补了我国大型猫科动物中东北豹头骨形态的数字化模型空白,为将来大型濒危猫科动物研究、保护、医疗、数据保存及猫科动物种群分化等保护工作提供基础依据。头骨的形态学信息,为东北豹的分类研究打下基础。     

大眼鳜头骨形态的观察

通过对大眼鳜头骨的形态学观察表明,大眼鳜头骨由134块硬骨和3块软骨组成,其中脑颅38块,咽颅硬骨96块,软骨3块.同时将大眼鳜头骨与鲈鱼头骨进行了比较分析,两者既具有极大的相似性,又有较为显著的差异.探讨了大眼鳜头骨形态结构与其功能适应性.     

中国毛冠鹿三亚种头骨比较分析

毛冠鹿在我国主要分布于西南、华中、华南区域,有三亚种(指名亚种、华中亚种、华南亚种)。为探讨各省头骨性状的差异及各省毛冠鹿亲缘关系,在选取32项较为完整的头骨测量性状的基础上,运用统计分析软件SPSS 11.0对其进行分析,结果推测如下:1)毛冠鹿3个亚种的地位是确定的。2)四川、云南所属指名亚种与重庆、湖北所属华中亚种较近,二者与广东、江西、湖南、浙江所属的华南亚种关系较远。3)在头骨32个性状中,两两亚种之间具有显著差异的性状:指名亚种与华南亚种14个(颅全长、颅基长、基长、基底长、前颌长、吻宽、鼻骨长、鼻骨宽、最小眶间距、眼窝高、腭长、前颌骨内叶长、两上颊齿最大距离、下齿列长);指名亚种与华中亚种2个(吻宽、上齿列长),华南亚种与华中亚种有19个(颅全长、颅基长、基长、基底长、前颌长、额骨长、最小眶间距、眶间宽、枕部最窄、脑颅最大宽、鼻骨宽、泪骨缝长、腭长、颧宽、前颌骨内叶长、上齿列长、两上颊齿最大距离、最小颅高、下齿列长)。     

中国蝮蛇头骨形态比较及分类学讨论（蛇亚目：蝮亚科）

目前,我国蝮蛇某些种类的分类仍存在不同见解,对蝮蛇类群的分类主要集中在外部形态的比较,而较少涉及内部结构的研究。因此,本文的我国１３个地区的８种（亚种）共２６号蝮蛇的头骨进行了比较解剖,以头骨特征为依据,对岩栖蝮Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ,乌苏里蝮Ａ．ｕｓｓｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ,蛇岛蝮Ａ．ｓｈｅｄａｏｅｎｓｉｓ,短尾蝮Ａ．ｂｒｅｖｉｃａｕｄｕｓ,秦岭蝮Ａ．ｑｉｎｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ等的有效性     

非洲和中国直立人某些颅骨特征的比较--中国与非洲人类头骨特征对比之一

针对学术界有关非洲与亚洲直立人关系的争论,本文对一些用来支持非洲早期直立人从直立人中分离出来而归入匠人的主要形态学证据进行了检验,用于研究的标本包括迄今在东非发现的年代最早的直立人KNM－ER 3733、KNM－ER 3883和KNM－WT15000头骨化石,这些石是被提倡非洲与亚洲的直立人分离两个种的学者归入匠人的主要标本,对这些非注早期直立人与中国直立人18项头骨特征对比显示：一些被认为是局限于亚洲直立人的独有特征在上述非洲直立人头骨都有出现,存在于非洲直立人与中国直立人之间的颅骨特征上的差别主要体现在特征的表现程度与方式的不同,作者认为根据本文对比的颅骨特征,非洲直立人与中国直立人在颅骨形态上非常相似,他们之间的形态差异反映了直立人具有较宽的形态变范围,认为亚洲直立人具有特化的衍生性状的观点在本文不能得到支持。     

Discovery of novel papillomaviruses in the critically endangered Malayan and Chinese pangolins

Pangolins are scaly and toothless mammals which are distributed across Africa and Asia. Currently, the Malayan, Chinese and Philippine pangolins are designated as critically endangered species. Although few pangolin viruses have been described, their viromes have received more attention following the discovery that they harbour sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-2. Using large-scale genome mining, we discovered novel lineages of papillomaviruses infecting the Malayan and Chinese pangolins. We were able to assemble three complete circular papillomavirus genomes with an intact coding capacity and five additional L1 genes encoding the major capsid protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven out of eight L1 sequences formed a monophyletic group which is the sister lineage to the Tupaia belangeri papillomavirus 1, isolated from Yunnan province in China. Additionally, a single L1 sequence assembled from a Chinese pangolin was placed in a clade closer to Alphapapillomavirus and Omegapapillomavirus. Examination of the SRA data from 95 re-sequenced genomes revealed that 49.3% of Malayan pangolins and 50% of Chinese pangolins were positive for papillomavirus reads. Our results indicate that pangolins in South-East Asia are the hosts of diverse and highly prevalent papillomaviruses, and highlight the value of in silico mining of host sequencing data for the discovery of novel viruses.     

Twenty-four-hour variations in activity,core temperature,metabolic rate,and respiratory quotient in captive chinese pangolins

The circadian rhythms in activity, core temperature (T_c), O₂ consumption, CO₂ production, and respiratory quotient (RQ) were monitored in four captive Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla). The pangolins were strictly nocturnal, never emerging from their nest before 1600 h, and their intermittent activity continued no later than 0230. As is usual in nocturnal mammals, the highest values observed in T_c, O₂ consumption, and CO₂ production occurred during the night; the lowest values occurred during the day. The magnitude of the variation in T_c, O₂ consumption, CO₂ production, and RQ averaged 1.2°C, 1.3 ml O₂ kg^?1 min^?1, 1.2 ml CO₂ kg^?1 min^?1, and 0.24, respectively. The circadian pattern in RQ was independent of activity, T_c, and the metabolic parameters and was of a different character than the patterns exhibited in the other variables. RQ remained constant at either a high or low level for long periods (8–10 h) and then increased or decreased relatively rapidly (1–2h) to the other level as in a square wave, whereas the rhythms in the other variables are similar to sine waves. The sharp increase in RQ was followed by a slow decline in T_c, and the sharp decline in RQ was followed by a slow increase in T_c.     

大雾岭保护区穿山甲冬季生境选择

1999年12月至2001年2月,对大雾岭自然保护区穿山甲冬季栖息地的选择进行了研究,结果表明对林型选择的先后次序为针阔混交林、灌木丛、常绿阔叶林、针叶林;最偏爱针阔混交林,最不喜爱针叶林.多选择陡坡(30～ 60°);干扰源距离较远(>1 000 m),干扰程度小;林下草灌层盖度高(81% ～ 100%),隐蔽程度好; 阳坡或半阴半阳坡;中低海拔(760 ～ 1 500 m);中下坡位;水源距离较近(<500 m);乔木郁闭度适中(31% ～ 70%)的生境.较少选择上坡位,林下草灌层中低(0 ～ 50%),乔木郁闭度偏高(71%～ 100%)或偏低(0～ 30%),阴坡的生境.对洞口设置的要求是多朝南,而且要求隐蔽条件好,多数为全隐蔽或半隐蔽;最不喜爱将洞口设置在裸露、隐蔽程度差的生境,强力避免洞口向北.坡度、干扰源距离和林下草灌层盖度是影响穿山甲冬季栖息地选择的关键环境因子.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in pangolins (Mammalia,Pholidota, Manis spp.)

Thirty‐four polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci were developed in the Malayan pangolin Manis javanica. Of the 34 markers, 32 and 18 were also amplified, respectively, in the Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) and the African tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). Analysis of 24 Malayan, 12 Chinese and 2 African tree pangolins showed high levels of variability (heterozygosity ranging from 0.321 to 0.708). These are the first available microsatellite markers in Pholidota and will be an invaluable tool for evolutionary and conservation genetic studies in pangolins.     

四川产中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种外部形态及头骨的比较

对四川产中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种(Rhinolophus affinis himalayanus)和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种(R.ferrumequinum nippon)的23项外部形态指标和22项头骨形态指标进行了测量,并进行数理统计分析。结果表明,(1)中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种的23项外部形态测量指标中有2项差异显著(P<0.05),16项差异极显著(P<0.01),其中:中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种(n=14)体长小于59 mm(47.30~58.40),尾长小于26 mm(21.69~25.68),耳长小于22 mm(18.36~21.88),前臂长小于56 mm(50.9~54.20),第Ⅲ掌骨第一指节长小于16 mm(13.2~15.53),第Ⅲ掌骨第二指节小于32 mm(27.38~31.74);而马铁菊头蝠日本亚种(n=6)体长大于62 mm(62.43~66.76),尾长大于30 mm(30.56~36.18),耳长大于24 mm(24.47~27.20),前臂长大于56 mm(58.78~63.46),第Ⅲ掌骨第一指节大于19 mm(19.38~21.39),第Ⅲ掌骨第二指节大于34 mm(34.42~38.11),这些差异可作为区分四川产这两个种的依据。(2)中菊头蝠喜马拉雅亚种和马铁菊头蝠日本亚种的22项头骨形态测量指标中,除颅高、听泡间距差异不显著(P>0.05)外,其他20项指标都存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

穿山甲胃的肿瘤

作者用病理解剖学与病理组织学的方法,在广东省从22个穿山甲的胃中检出6例鳞状细胞癌、3例乳头状瘤(中一例癌变)、1例腺瘤性息肉和多例胃上皮增生。详细地描述了这些肿瘤与有关病变的病理巨体形态与显微特征。穿山甲的肿瘤前不见报道。这种动物的胃肿瘤以很高的检出率被发现,在动物流行病学上有很好的研究价值。     

2010-2020年中华穿山甲在中国的发现记录及保护现状

中国是中华穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)历史分布区面积和野生种群数量最大的国家.中华穿山甲曾广泛见于我国长江以南各省,但20世纪中期以来,由于其甲片被作为贵重的中药材原料,加之地下野味市场的需求,大量非法捕猎使得我国野生穿山甲经历了剧烈的分布区缩减和种群下降.目前,中华穿山甲已被列为我国一级重点保护野生...     

Foraging behaviour and ecology of the Cape pangolin (Manis temminckii) in north‐western Zimbabwe

An ethogram was developed for the foraging Cape pangolin in order to construct activity budgets. Behaviour was classified into seven categories and nine types of feeding sites were recorded. Activity budgets of animals foraging in different vegetation types are presented to illustrate the importance of vegetation on behaviour patterns and feeding site utilization. Availability of feeding sites may depend on the vegetation type with trees, shrubs and woody debris comprising most feeding sites. Seven prey species were recorded. One animal displayed strictly diurnal activity which suggests greater variability in activity patterns than previously thought.