不同溶剂对海边月见草种子油脂肪酸萃取的比较

分别用乙醚、石油醚及氯仿－甲醇等三种溶剂萃取海边月见草种子油，经ＫＯＨ－ＭｅＯＨ室温酯化法或ＢＦ３－ＭｅＯＨ酯化法将其脂肪酸转化成甲酯，而后采用毛细管气相色谱外标法进行定量测定，结果表明：三种溶剂萃取所获得的种子油脂肪酸中亚油酸、γ－亚麻酸的含量无显著差异。     

千年桐种子油提取工艺研究及其主要脂肪酸成分分析

本文以氯仿、石油醚和正己烷-异丙醇(3:2,v/v)三种不同溶剂对千年桐种子油进行提取,比较了不同溶剂对种子出油率的影响,结果表明以氯仿为溶剂时出油率最高,达到了35％;并考查了提取时间和提取溶剂体积对出油率的影响.最终优化的提取工艺为:以氯仿为溶剂,液料比为12:1(v/w),提取时间6h,出油率达到了37％.提取的种子油经转酯化后,GC-MS分析其主要脂肪酸组分,结果表明千年桐种子油中总脂肪酸占总油酯的90.55％,其中棕榈酸3.87％,硬脂酸4.11％,亚油酸12.15％,油酸13.31％,亚麻酸12.09％,共轭亚麻酸51.20％和EPA(二十碳五烯酸)3.30％.千年桐种子油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,是一种良好的干性油.     

不同提取溶剂和方法组合从落叶松毛虫蛹中提取的脂肪酸成分和含量的比较

落叶松毛虫Dendrolimus superans (Butler)蛹个体较大, 具有很高利用价值。为明确东北落叶松毛虫蛹中脂肪酸成分, 探讨最佳提取溶剂和提取方法的组合, 分别以正己烷、 石油醚和乙醚为提取溶剂, 结合超声波振荡萃取法、 索氏萃取法及溶剂萃取方法热浸和冷浸4种提取方法提取落叶松毛虫蛹油, 并采用毛细管色谱-质谱法分析提取物的脂肪酸种类和相对含量。结果表明： 正己烷溶剂与4种提取方法的组合中, 溶剂萃取热浸法提取率最高, 为25.60%。索氏萃取及溶剂萃取方法热浸和冷浸均检测到10种脂肪酸, 正己烷-超声波振荡萃取组合检测到9种脂肪酸。石油醚溶剂与4种提取方法的组合中, 索氏萃取提取率最高, 为29.31%, 均检测到10种脂肪酸。乙醚溶剂与4种提取方法的组合中, 溶剂萃取冷浸法提取率最高, 为29.11%, 检测到的脂肪酸种类为溶剂萃取冷浸法（13种）＞索氏萃取法（12种）＞溶剂萃取热浸法（11种）＞超声波振荡萃取法（9种）。在检测到的总脂肪酸中, 63%以上为不饱和脂肪酸, 其含量受提取溶剂和方法的影响不大。因此, 适合东北落叶松毛虫蛹中脂肪酸提取的最佳组合为石油醚溶剂 索氏萃取法。     

发酵法生产γ-亚麻酸的研究进展

γ-亚麻酸是一种人体必需的多不饱和脂肪酸,具有多种重要的生理功能。最初γ-亚麻酸主要来源于植物种子油,如黑醋栗、月见草和琉璃苣等的种子油。但是从植物中提取γ-亚麻酸受到诸多因素的限制,远不能满足市场需求,采用微生物发酵法生产γ-亚麻酸具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了目前发酵生产γ-亚麻酸的菌株,对其代谢途径进行了分析,重点总结了国内外有关菌种选育及发酵调控方面的研究,并探讨了今后的研究方向。     

曼陀罗种子油脂肪酸化学成分研究

以石油醚为溶剂提取曼陀罗种子中的脂肪酸,采用GC-MS技术测定其化学成分,并通过饲料混毒法测定了曼陀罗种子脂肪酸对小鼠的毒性.结果表明,曼陀罗种子中含有23.2%的脂肪酸,其主要化学成分为1,20-二十碳二酸(34.55%)、Crinan-3-ol,1,2-didehydro-,(3à)(13.41%)、8,11-十八碳二烯酸(4.56%)、8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸(Z,Z,Z)(4.39%)、2,3,3-三甲基辛烷(4.35%)、7,10-十八碳二烯酸(3.61%)、亚油酸乙脂(2.64%)、α-亚麻酸(2.34%)、cis-乙酸环己脂-2-丙酸(2.34%)等.采用饲料混毒法对小鼠的毒性测定结果表明,曼陀罗种子脂肪油对小鼠无胃毒作用.研究认为,曼陀罗种子中含有多种对人体有益的活性成分,可作为脂肪酸食用油来源或从中提取对人体有益的活性成分开发利用.     

紫苏种子脂肪酸组成及合成代谢研究进展

紫苏是一种新型油料作物,种子含油量为35%左右,紫苏籽油脂肪酸组成丰富,含有棕榈酸(16:0)、硬脂酸(18:0)、油酸(18:1)、亚油酸(18:2)和α-亚麻酸(18:3)等,其中α-亚麻酸(ALA)含量高达60%,广泛用于功能性保健食品、药物及油脂化工业.介绍紫苏种子脂肪酸组成及合成代谢基本途径,对近年来脂肪酸合成代谢基因工程研究进行概述与展望.     

转基因高γ-亚麻酸大豆油抗肿瘤作用的研究

γ-亚麻酸(GLA)是人体和动物饮食中具有营养作用的重要的多烯不饱和脂肪酸,在大多数油料作物种子中不含有GLA,而含有其前体物亚油酸。△⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶可将亚油酸转化为γ-亚麻酸,为了能够在传统的油料作物大豆中产生GLA,将从深黄被孢霉中克隆的△⁶-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因,与植物表达载体pBIl21连接,构建了重组质粒pBIM16,采用农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化系统,成功地将该基因导入到栽培大豆吉林47品种中,获得一批转基因植株。经PCR检测和Southern杂交分析,证明外源基因已导入并整合到大豆的基因组中。通过气相色谱(GC)对大豆种子进行脂肪酸成分分析,结果表明,产生了GLA,其含量最高可达36．585％。将高GLA的转基因大豆油口服给药,结果表明,其对小鼠S180肉瘤、肝癌H22和Ehrlich癌实体型的抑瘤率分别为32．63％、31．91％和34．34％。其肿瘤抑制率均>30％,与对照组比较有显著差异(p<0．01),表现初步的抗肿瘤作用。     

绞股蓝种子油的提取、成分分析和急性毒性实验

以石油醚为提取剂、料液比为1∶7,进行单因子和正交试验及急性毒性实验。结果表明:超声波辅助提取绞股蓝种子油的最适工艺条件为提取的温度60℃、功率200 W和时间50 min,此条件下种子油提取率为28.13%;绞股蓝种子油的密度为0.895 g·mL-1、折光值1.518 n D20、酸值0.85和皂化值180.2 mg KOH·g-1、碘值135.7 g I2·100g-1,为优良的干性油;绞股蓝种子油含有10种脂肪酸成分,主要为亚麻酸(80.49%)、油酸(8.05%)、亚油酸(7.08%)、硬脂酸(1.79%)和棕榈酸(1.28%),不饱和脂肪酸质量分数达总脂肪酸的96.48%;以剂量65 mL·(kg·d)-1的绞股蓝种子油灌胃小鼠,在连续14 d的实验期内,没有发现小鼠的中毒症状和死亡现象。初步判定绞股蓝种子油无急性毒性,有望作为营养保健油源进一步开发。     

沙棘油的成份分析——游离脂肪酸的测定

本文用气相色谱法对我国新疆、内蒙、山西等六个地区的沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoidesl.)果肉和种子油脂肪酸进行分析测定。用内标法定量;标样与气一质联用相结合定性。结果表明:沙棘油脂肪酸的组成以不饱和脂肪酸为主。其中,果肉油中油酸含量最高,其次是棕榈油酸;而种子油则以高含量的亚油酸和亚麻酸为特色。可见,沙棘油确实是优良的医药和保健用油,大有开发利用的价值。     

侧柏叶子与种子脂肪酸的GC-MS比较分析研究

目的:研究柏子仁与侧柏叶的脂肪酸组成.方法:用GC-MS方法对侧柏叶子与种子油进行定性鉴定和定量分析.结果:鉴定了柏子仁油中的8种脂肪酸,占脂溶性成分的93.56%;侧柏叶子油中12种脂肪酸,占脂溶性成分的93.39%.柏子仁饱和脂肪酸主要是十六烷酸(8.11%)、硬脂酸(6.08%);不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸(24.59%)、亚麻酸(59.77%),占脂肪酸的83.14%.侧柏叶子饱和脂肪酸饱和脂肪酸主要为十六烷酸(14.70%)、乙酸(3.20%)、十七烷酸(2.50%);不饱和脂肪酸主要为二十二碳四烯酸(40.48%)、亚油酸(10.69%)、亚麻酸(17.62%).结论:柏子仁和侧柏叶均含有合理的脂肪酸组成.     

张掖市不同海拔地区5个胡麻品种品质特性比较分析

胡麻是甘肃省主要经济作物之一,海拔2 400 m以下的河西地区为甘肃高产区。为探明张掖不同海拔高度对胡麻品质特性的影响和不同胡麻品种的最佳种植区域,利用近红外品质分析仪,分析了张掖市4个不同海拔地区5个胡麻品种的常规品质指标、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量差异。结果表明：蛋白质、粗脂肪、膳食纤维、棕榈酸、十七碳酸、豆蔻酸、二十四碳酸、油酸和α-亚麻酸含量的品种和海拔间互作效应极显著(P<0.01);山嵛酸、棕榈油酸、顺-11-二十碳一烯酸、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸和顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸含量随海拔高度不同,变化较小,稳定性好。在高含油量育种目标的基础上,兼顾高三大主要不饱和脂肪酸（α-亚麻酸、油酸和亚油酸）、低两大饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸和硬脂酸）以及高蛋白质等其他品质育种目标的角度考虑,在张掖市甘州区、高台县巷道镇和民乐县三堡镇、民乐县六坝镇,最适宜种植的胡麻品种分别是5-9812-2-1、09-3-11、张亚2号。不同海拔高度对胡麻各品质指标具有重要影响,张掖市作为优质胡麻籽生产基地,可利用不同胡麻品种适宜种植区域不同,大力发展胡麻籽品质育种和胡麻籽综合开发等。     

Responses to oleic,linoleic and α-linolenic acids in high-carbohydrate,high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats

We investigated the changes in adiposity, cardiovascular and liver structure and function, and tissue fatty acid compositions in response to oleic acid-rich macadamia oil, linoleic acid-rich safflower oil and α-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil (C18 unsaturated fatty acids) in rats fed either a diet high in simple sugars and mainly saturated fats or a diet high in polysaccharides (cornstarch) and low in fat. The fatty acids induced lipid redistribution away from the abdomen, more pronounced with increasing unsaturation; only oleic acid increased whole-body adiposity. Oleic acid decreased plasma total cholesterol without changing triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids, whereas linoleic and α-linolenic acids decreased plasma triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids but not cholesterol. α-Linolenic acid improved left ventricular structure and function, diastolic stiffness and systolic blood pressure. Neither oleic nor linoleic acid changed the left ventricular remodeling induced by high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, but both induced dilation of the left ventricle and functional deterioration in low fat-diet-fed rats. α-Linolenic acid improved glucose tolerance, while oleic and linoleic acids increased basal plasma glucose concentrations. Oleic and α-linolenic acids, but not linoleic acid, normalized systolic blood pressure. Only oleic acid reduced plasma markers of liver damage. The C18 unsaturated fatty acids reduced trans fatty acids in the heart, liver and skeletal muscle with lowered stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity index; linoleic and α-linolenic acids increased accumulation of their C22 elongated products. These results demonstrate different physiological and biochemical responses to primary C18 unsaturated fatty acids in a rat model of human metabolic syndrome.     

水蜡树鲜花芳香油化学成分研究

选用苯、石油醚、环己烷3种溶剂对水蜡树不同发育阶段的花(即幼蕾,待开的花蕾,盛开的花)中芳香油进行提取,根据芳香油得率进行花采收期和提取溶剂筛选。同时采用气-质联用仪对其主要芳香油成分进行了分离鉴定。结果表明石油醚提取和开花期得油率最高。分离鉴定出20种化学成分,其中二十烷含量最高。     

三叶木通种子脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

三叶木通[Akebia trifoliata（Thunb．）Koidz．]为缠绕木质藤本,在中国南部、长江流域及西北地区均有分布,多生长在气候温和湿润、海拔300—2100m的荒野山坡、灌丛及沟谷疏林中,资源蕴藏量丰富。三叶木通果实通常在阴历八月成熟并沿腹缝线开裂,故俗称八月扎（炸）、八月瓜、羊开口,有广泛的保健作用,其种子、茎、叶和根均可入药,民间多用于治疗小便赤涩、妇女经闭、乳汁不通等疾病,并具有消除面部色斑和抗炎抗菌等功效。由于三叶木通果实具有良好的食用品质和丰富的营养,近年来,国内相关机构正在对其进行系统的驯化利用研究,以期能开发成新型水果。     

Effects of Various Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Blood Cholesterol and Eicosanoids in Rats

The hypocholesterolemic efficacy of various polyunsaturated fatty acids was compared in rats given cholesterol-enriched diets with (0.004%) or without indomethacin, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Evening primrose oil (EPO, linoleic+ γ-linolenic), safflower oil (SFO, linoleic) or soybean oil (SBO, linoleic + α-linolenic) were added to diets at the 10% level. The serum cholesterol level of the EPO group was consistently lower than the other groups and after 3 weeks, it was significantly different from the SFO group without indomethacin and the SBO group with indomethacin. In rats fed EPO, the aorta tended to produce more prostacyclin whereas the concentration of plasma thromboxane B₂ was much lower than in rats fed SFO or SBO. The effects of indomethacin on these eicosanoids were less evident in rats fed EPO. Thus, in addition to the hypocholesterolemic action of β-linolenic acid (GLA) in preference to linoleic and possibly α-linolenic acid, GLA appears to cultivate an environment suitable for the prevention of carbiovascular disease even in the presence of excess cholesterol in the diet.     

Analysis of the total oil and fatty acid composition of seeds of some Boraginaceae taxa from Turkey

Mature seed samples of twenty-four Boraginaceae taxa collected from their natural habitats in Turkey were analysed by GC for total oil content and fatty acid composition. The range of total fat in the taxa varied between 7.0 and 35.7%. The amounts of palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids determined were 5.65–17.81 and 1.49–5.08%, respectively. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids were in the range 8.83–55.32% for oleic, 0.22–6.21% for eicosenoic, 0.04–8.94% for erucic, and 0.08–2.71% for nervonic acid. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were between 1.41 and 68.44% for linoleic, 0.12 and 43.0% for α-linolenic, 0.04 and 24.03% for γ-linolenic, and 0.02 and 14.59% for stearidonic acid. Total saturated (9.3–23.7%), mono-unsaturated (10.59–73.28%), and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (13.91–68.78%) varied substantially. Total unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 70.12 to 90.29%. There were significant differences between fatty acid profiles at taxa (P < 0.05) at genera levels, based on mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acid concentrations (P < 0.05). Segregation at the generic level by principle-component analysis was accomplished based on nine major fatty acids. The fatty acid patterns, their relative proportions, and quantities of unusual fatty acids as additional biochemical markers seem to be useful in the taxonomy of Boraginaceae at generic and infrageneric levels. All taxa are, in general, rich in linoleic and α-linolenic acids as essential fatty acids for dietary reference intakes. Seed oils of Symphytum, Anchusa, and Trachystemon orientalis for γ-linolenic acid and Echium for both γ-linolenic and stearidonic acid may be evaluated as alternative wild sources.     

Enrichment of γ-linolenic acid from fungal oil by lipase-catalysed reactions

Summary Various lipases have been evaluated as biocatalysts for the enrichment of -linolenic acid from a commercial fungal oil derived from Mucor sp. by selective esterification of the fungal oil fatty acids with n-butanol or by selective hydrolysis of the oil. Lipase from M. miehei (Lipozyme), as compared to lipases from Candida cylindracea, Penicillium cyclopium, and Rhizopus arrhizus, was found to be most effective in the enrichment of -linolenic acid in unesterified fatty acids upon esterification of the fungal oil fatty acids with n-butanol. Thus, the -linolenic acid content could be raised from 10.4% in the starting material to 68.8% in the unesterified fatty acids. Selective hydrolysis of the fungal oil triacyglycerols using Lipozyme resulted in about 1.5-fold enrichment of -linolenic acid in the unhydrolysed acylglycerols. Other lipases tested, such as those from P. cyclopium, C. cylindracea, R. arrhizus, Penicillium sp. (Lipase G), porcine pancreas and Chromobacterium viscosum, were also rather ineffective in the enrichment of -linolenic acid by selective hydrolysis of the fungal oil triacylglycerols. Offprint requests to: K. D. Mukherjee     

香榧与油茶籽中脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

用石油醚提取香榧与油茶籽油,经过皂化、甲酯化处理,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其脂肪酸组成进行了检测。研究结果表明:香榧籽油共检测出6种脂肪酸,油茶籽油中共检测出5种.均以油酸和亚油酸为主。其中,香榧籽油中二者占总量的67.91%.油茶籽油中二者占总量的51.38%.本文对比分析了香榧籽油和油茶籽油中脂肪酸的主要成分及含量,为这两种木本食用油的开发利用提供理论基础。