氨氮对3种吸附态亚硝化单胞菌的抑制动力学

[背景] 氨氮浓度会明显影响亚硝化单胞菌的活性,但氨氮浓度对吸附态亚硝化单胞菌菌种的抑制动力学尚缺乏研究。[目的] 研究氨氮浓度对3种吸附态亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas eutropha CZ-4、Nitrosomonas halophila C-19和Nitrosomonas europaea SH-3）的影响。[方法] 以碳酸钙作为吸附基质,设定氨氮浓度为25-1 000 mg/L,测定3种亚硝化单胞菌（N.eutropha CZ-4、N. halophila C-19和N. europaea SH-3）的亚硝氮积累速率与最大比生长速率,并通过Edwares2模型建立氨氧化的抑制动力学方程。[结果] N. halophila C-19在初始氨氮浓度为50-100 mg/L时的亚硝氮积累最快,N. europaea SH-3的亚硝氮积累则在初始氨氮浓度为50-200 mg/L时最快,而N. eutropha CZ-4则适于在初始氨氮浓度为50-400 mg/L时积累亚硝氮;N. eutropha CZ-4的最大比生长速率出现在初始氨氮浓度为50-400 mg/L时,明显高于N. halophila C-19（25-100 mg/L）,而N. europaea SH-3的生长速度在初始氨氮浓度为50-800 mg/L区间内无显著差异;N. europaea SH-3的K_I（922.76 mg/L）显著高于N. eutropha CZ-4（597.88 mg/L）,而CZ-4的K_I又显著高于N. halophila C-19（186.24 mg/L）,N. europaea SH-3的K_m（72.06 mg/L）显著高于N. halophila C-19（23.23 mg/L）。[结论] 3种吸附态亚硝化单胞菌的生长和氨氧化对氨氮浓度变化的响应存在明显差异,对于认识不同亚硝化单胞菌在不同氨氮浓度污水中的功能并开发相应的工程技术具有重要意义。     

一株耐高温高盐亚硝化单胞菌特性的初步研究

从某污水处理站高温高盐外排水中分离出一株严格自养的特殊亚硝化单胞菌。它为革兰氏染色阴性,不产芽孢,细胞椭球形或短杆状,呈单个排列或排列成圆形、直线形,细胞大小为（0.7～0.9)μm×（1.2～1.8)μm。在扫描电镜下发现单个或多个菌体被绒毛状不明物质包裹。该菌株能将氨氮氧化成亚硝酸盐,导致体系中的总氮减少,但是氨氮的减少与亚硝酸盐的增加并不能形成对应,而体系中几乎检测不到硝酸盐氮。在分离菌株50℃培养12 d时,约有10％的NH＋4N转变为NO-2N,15％的NH＋4N未发生转变,剩下的75％的NH＋4N被去除,包括挥发掉的17％的NH＋4N。气相色谱分析表明,菌株培养过程产生气体中氮气含量较对照气体（室内空气）增加了3.5％。     

新异养硝化菌Colloides sp.JZ1-1的鉴定及其硝化性能

从驯化后的活性污泥中筛分、诱变出一株性能较好的异养硝化菌JZ1-1.经形态及生理生化特性分析,鉴定菌株JZ1-1为胶样菌属(Colloides sp.).分别考察了碳源、C/N、pH、溶解氧、温度和铵态氮初始浓度对JZ1-1硝化性能的影响.结果表明:菌株对柠檬酸钠的利用较好;C/N为10 ～14、30℃、pH 6-9和转速150 r·min-1以上有利于铵态氮的降解;菌株对中高浓度铵态氮废水(100 mg·L-1≤铵态氮浓度≤500 mg·L-1)的降解效果显著.经5次继代培养,菌株的稳定性较好.     

新异养硝化菌Colloidessp. JZ1-1的鉴定及其硝化性能

从驯化后的活性污泥中筛分、诱变出一株性能较好的异养硝化菌JZ1-1.经形态及生理生化特性分析,鉴定菌株JZ1-1为胶样菌属(Colloides sp.).分别考察了碳源、C/N、pH、溶解氧、温度和铵态氮初始浓度对JZ1-1硝化性能的影响.结果表明: 菌株对柠檬酸钠的利用较好;C/N为10～14、30 ℃、pH 6-9和转速150 r·min^-1以上有利于铵态氮的降解;菌株对中高浓度铵态氮废水（100 mg·L^-1≤铵态氮浓度≤500 mg·L^-1）的降解效果显著.经5次继代培养,菌株的稳定性较好.     

单级自养脱氮系统亚硝化菌株的分离、鉴定及定性

[目的]研究单级自养脱氮系统中亚硝化菌株的培养及代谢特征,为系统运行操控提出理论指导.[方法]从单级白养脱氮系统活性污泥中采集微生物样品,经过4次富集和分离过程,最终获得一株亚硝化能力较强的菌株Nl,通过显微镜观察及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株,研究摇瓶装量、pH、温度及底物浓度对其代谢过程的影响.[结果]该菌株与Nitrosomonas sp.NL7(AY958677)、Nitrosomonas AS1(EF016119)、Nitrosomonas sp.Is32(AJ621027)相似性分别为97%、96%和96%,对氧气需求量存在较严格要求,pH及温度对其氨氧化活性具有明显的影响,最适条件分别为pH8.0和30℃,在氨氮浓度80-800 mg/L较宽的底物浓度范围内具有活性,当氨氮浓度高达800 mg/L时,其氨氧化活性没有受到明显的抑制.[结论]该N1菌株为亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp.),与已有报道的其它亚硝化菌相比,N1对氨氮有较强降解能力及较广的浓度适应范围.     

耐低温好氧反硝化菌Aeromonas sp.的分离鉴定及脱氮条件优化

【目的】从冬季活性污泥和河水底泥中分离筛选得到耐低温好氧反硝化菌，并对影响脱氮的关键因子进行优化，以提高低温条件下的脱氮效果。【方法】采用富集纯化法分离筛选耐低温好氧反硝化菌株。通过形态观察和16S rRNA基因系统发育分析等方法对筛选菌株进行菌种鉴定。以NO3–-N去除率为响应目标，采用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面回归分析法优化影响脱氮效果的关键因子（C/N、温度、pH和摇床转速），确定最佳培养条件。【结果】从东北寒冷地区冬季河水底泥样品中分离得到的一株耐低温好氧反硝化菌Z6，菌落呈白色半透明圆形，菌体细胞为短杆状，大小为（0.8–1.6）μm×（0.6–0.8）μm，革兰氏染色阴性。与气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）的16S rRNA基因序列高度同源，鉴定该菌为气单胞菌。采用响应面分析方法得到菌株Aeromonas sp. Z6的最佳脱氮条件为：C/N 5.9，温度12°C,pH 6.8，摇床转速155 r/min，在此条件下对NO₃^–-N的去除率为89.72%，与预测值（90.34%）无显著差别。【结论】首次报道气单胞菌（Ae...     

可溶性TRAIL蛋白的高密度培养及补料策略研究

采用分批补料的方法高密度培养重组大肠杆菌C600/PbvTRAIL制备人可溶性TRAIL蛋白,优化发酵工艺,探索简单高效的分离纯化方法并测定蛋白生物活性。通过比较几种不同的补料策略：间歇流加、Dostat、pHstat,摸索了一种流加策略,即DOstatpHstat组合流加,有效的避免了发酵过程中,尤其是诱导表达阶段乙酸积累的增加,使TRAIL蛋白在高密度培养条件下,得到高效表达。菌体密度最终达到300g/L（WCW）以上,可溶性TRAIL蛋白占菌体总蛋白的4.2%,含量为1.1g/L。在整个发酵过程中,乙酸浓度接近于0,且未使用任何特殊手段,如纯氧、加压等,简化了发酵工艺,降低了发酵成本,为TRAIL的工业化生产创造了条件。     

利用恒溶氧．补料分批技术高密度培养大肠杆菌生产重组人骨形成蛋白-2A

对表达人骨形成蛋白２Ａ（ＢＭＰ２Ａ）的重组大肠杆菌ＹＫ５３７／ｐＤＨＢ２ｍ在５００ｍｌ摇瓶中进行了培养条件的摸索实验,继后用５Ｌ自控发酵罐进行分批培养和分批补料培养,以获取ｒｈＢＭＰ２Ａ。两种培养方式结果比较表明,在培养过程中保持３０％～４０％左右的溶解氧和限制性流加葡萄糖可以使ＢＭＰ２Ａ的含量达到２７８ｇ／Ｌ,最终菌体密度为ＯＤ６００５３（相当于干菌２１２ｇ／Ｌ）,重组蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的２５％。该培养技术的关键是：（１）在培养过程中保持适当的溶解氧;（２）限制性流加葡萄糖;（３）４２℃起始诱导的时间控制在对数生长中期,持续表达时间为４ｈ;（４）细菌持续生长的比生长速率控制在０３ｈ１左右。     

利用恒溶氧．补料分批技术高密度培养大肠杆菌生产重组人骨形成蛋白-2A

对表达人骨形成蛋白－2A(BMP－2A)的重组大肠杆菌YK537／pDH－B2m在500ml摇瓶中进行了培养条件的摸索实验,继后用5L自控发酵罐进行分批培养和分批补料培养,以获取rhBMP－2A两种培养方式结果比较表明,在培养过程中保持30％～40％左右的溶解氧和限制性流加葡萄糖可以使BMP-2A的含量达到2．78g／L,最终菌体密度为OD₆₀₀53(相当于干菌21．2g／L),重组蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的25％。该培养技术的关键是：(1)在培养过程中保持适当的溶解氧;(2)限制性流加葡萄糖;(3)42℃起始诱导的时间控制在对数生长中期,持续表达时间为4h;(4)细菌持续生长的比生长速率控制在0．3h -1左右。     

耐热脱氮菌株的分离鉴定及性能研究

[目的]为了解决高温的煤化工废水生物脱氮效率不高的技术难题。[方法]本研究从上海某能化集团有限公司的煤化工废水处理系统的活性污泥中筛选得到一株耐热氨氧化细菌A1和一株耐热反硝化细菌D1。[结果]通过形态学观察、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,菌株A1初步鉴定为Aquamicrobium ahrensii,菌株D1初步鉴定为Pseudomonas stutzeri。采用单因子优化实验研究发现,菌株A1和D1的最适生长温度分别高达42℃和40℃。在模拟实际废水处理的初始NH₄⁺-N浓度100 mg/L和42℃的条件下,构建了由菌株A1和D1 (W/W,20%/10%)组成的共培养物,探究该共培养物在不同pH和C/N对短程硝化反硝化脱氮及N₂O的释放效应。结果表明,该共培养物在42℃、pH 9.0–10.0和初始C/N为2:1时,处理模拟废水的氮素去除率达>99.0%,最大N₂O得率高达51.3%。[结论]本研究的结果可为高温煤化工废水的生物处理提供技术支撑及菌种储备,同时也为高温污水处理过程中N₂O的释放规律提供理论参考。     

Mutational Analysis of the Multicopy hao Gene Coding for Hydroxylamine Oxidoreductase in Nitrosomonas sp. Strain ENI-11

The ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas sp. strain ENI-11 contains three copies of the hao gene (hao ₁, hao ₂, and hao ₃) coding for hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). Three single mutants (hao ₁::kan, hao ₂::kan, or hao ₃::kan) had 68 to 75% of the wild-type growth rate and 58 to 89% of the wild-type HAO activity when grown under the same conditions. A double mutant (hao ₁::kan and hao ₃::amp) also had 68% of the wild-type growth and 37% of the wild-type HAO activity.     

Repeated fed-batch culture of hybridoma cells in nutrient-fortified high-density medium

Long-term high-density cultivation of the hybridoma 2c3.1 was successfully carried out in a repeated fed-batch mode using high-density media that were constructed to meet in vitro cell growth limitations. The high-density culture was possible in a range of 0.5 approximately 1.0 x 10(7) cells/mL in MBRI 40-02 medium for over 2500 h by the repeated supplementation of the most fortified medium, MBRI 40-03, and consequently, distinct enhancement of MAb production was achieved. MAb concentrations were maintained around 1 g/L for about 1000 h of the process and the maximum MAb concentration was around 1.56 g/L. The result supported strongly the fact that the nutritional fortification was the most critical factor for high-density cell culture in vitro. The mean chromosome number of the hybridoma 2c3.1 was maintained stably for about 1500 h, whereas gradual loss of the MAb activity was apparent during the long-term cultivation. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Large-scale, high-density freezing of hybridomas and its application to high-density culture

Large-scale, high-density freezing of hybridomas was studied to apply frozen cells to start high-density culture. We showed here that hybridomas can be frozen at 1.5 x 10(8) cells/mL, without decrement in viability and proliferating activity. Blood transporting bags were used for large-scale freezing to store 25 mL of cell suspension with a cell density, 1.5 x 10(8)/mL. The number of cells stored in a bag (3.0 x 10(9) cells) was enough to start a high-density culture at a 10 times higher cell density (6.0 x 10(6) cells/mL) than normal inoculation, and the cells proliferated to 10(7) cells/mL within 2 days. These results indicate that the large-scale freezing method is useful for large-scale culture of mammalian cells.     

Detection of Nitrosomonas spp. by polymerase chain reaction

Abstract A unique genomic DNA fragment was isolated from Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718. Based on the sequence of this fragment, oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification were prepared which amplify sequences of 775 and 658 bp. The predicted DNA fragments were both amplified from the genome of N. europaea and a Nitrosomonas spp. isolated from a local oxidation pond. The primers failed to amplify DNA from the genomes of the ammonia oxidiser Nitrosolobous multiformis , the nitrite oxidiser Nitrococcus mobilis as well as from the genomes of other unrelated heterotrophic bacteria. These DNA sequences could be amplified from 0.01 ng of N. europaea genomic DNA or from 100 intact cells, and it was possible to detect Nitrosomonas DNA in a DNA mixture extracted from water samples drawn from a local oxidation pond.     

Large-scale rotating filter perfusion system for high-density growth of mammalian suspension cultures

Summary A system has been developed for growth and maintenance of mammalian cells in suspension culture at high density. In principle, the maintenance of constant levels of required nutrients coupled with the removal of toxic cell byproducts can support much higher suspension cell densities than may be obtained in conventional spinners. The system consisted of 4- or 40-liter reaction vessels equipped with a vertically supported rotating cylindrical filter. Agitation was provided by the magnetically driven, rotating filter. Fresh medium was supplied at a rate of 10 to 20 ml/h per 10⁹ cells and the expended medium free of cells was withdrawn through the rotating filter. Both pH and dissolved O₂ and CO₂ were monitored and regulated. Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells have been grown in these reactors to densities 10-to 30-fold greater than that obtained in Bellco spinners. In addition to high cell densities, the yield of cells per liter of medium used was 2- to 3-fold that obtained in the conventional systems. Both 4-and 40-liter versions of this reactor have been operated without the use of antibiotics. The 40-liter reactor also has been modified for chemostat operation. In a single run, for example, the Walker cell density was maintained between 6 and 10×10⁶ cells/ml with a total yield of 8.7×10¹¹ cells from 360 liters of medium.     

Characterization of two ammonia-oxidizing bacteria isolated from reactors operated with low dissolved oxygen concentrations

AIMS: To obtain ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) strains inhabiting low dissolved oxygen (DO) environments and to characterize them to better understand their function and ecology. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a serial dilution method, two AOB strains (ML1 and NL7) were isolated from chemostat reactors operated with low DO concentrations (0.12-0.24 mg l(-1)). Phylogenetically, strains ML1 and NL7 are affiliated to AOB within the Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineages, respectively. Kinetically, strain ML1 had high affinity for oxygen (0.24 +/- 0.13 mg l(-1)) and low affinity for ammonia (1.62 +/- 0.97 mg N l(-1)), while strain NL7 had high affinity for ammonia (0.48 +/- 0.35 mg l(-1)), but a surprisingly low affinity for oxygen (1.22 +/- 0.43 mg l(-1)). A co-culture experiment was used to iteratively estimate decay constants for both strains. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that AOB without high affinity for oxygen may have other mechanisms to persist in low DO environments, with high affinity for ammonia being important. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides a method to determine AOB growth kinetic parameters without assuming or neglecting decay constant. And, this is the first report on oxygen affinity constant of a N. oligotropha strain.     

DNA microarray mediated transcriptional profiling of Nitrosomonas europaea in response to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) constitute, quantitatively, the most important group of synthetic surfactants used today. We studied the gene expression of Nitrosomonas europaea in response to LAS using a DNA microarray because ammonia-oxidizers are thought to be more sensitive to LAS than other microorganisms. Our objective was to elucidate which genes are expressed for N. europaea in response to LAS exposure. Microarray analysis and real-time PCR assay revealed that c. 30 genes were significantly expressed after LAS exposure, in particular genes associated with energy production and conversion. Our findings demonstrate that physical disruption of membrane structures, which contain enzymes associated with energy production and conversion, might be an important explanation for the high sensitivity of N. europaea to LAS exposure.     

Development of a serum-free and heat-sterilizable medium and continuous high-density cell culture

We tried to establish a new serum-free and heat-sterilizable medium, based on our serum-free medium in which many lymphoblastoid cells and hybridoma could grow as well as in a conventional serum-containing medium.As is well-known, L-glutamine (L-Gln) is one of the most heat-labile but essential components for cell growth. As a substitute for L-Gln, dipeptide such as Gly-L-Gln or L-Ala-L-Gln, which was quite stable even after autoclaving, was found to be utilizable for mammalian cell growth. The L-Gln dipeptide-containing serum-free medium was quite stable in a solution even after storing at 37°C for 4 months. In the serum-free medium containing L-Ala-L-Gln, mouse hybridola could grow and produce more antibody than in RPMI 1640+10% FBS.