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1.
Factors Influencing Somatic Embryogenesis Induction and Plant Regeneration with Particular Reference to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Malgorzata D. Gaj 《Plant Growth Regulation》2004,43(1):27-47
The broad applications of somatic embryogenesis, both in basic and applied research, have stimulated studies on the determination of in vitro conditions for the induction of somatic embryos and their conversion into plants. As a result, efficient protocols on SE induction and plant regeneration have recently become available for many plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., a model plant in genetics and embryogenesis.Studies on factors controlling in vitro plant morphogenesis are highly desirable not only for the development of improved regeneration systems, but also for the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying plant embryogenesis. This review focuses on the conditions influencing the induction of embryogenic potential in in vitro cultured plant cells. The roles of explant type, endo- and exogenous plant growth regulators and stress factors in the induction of somatic embryogenesis are especially emphasized. Possible mechanisms by which different factors induce or modify embryogenic competence in cultured plant cells are also discussed. Since the production of genetically solid and true-to-type plants is desired, especially for transformation and micropropagation practice, the problem of the genetic characteristics of regenerants, in terms of their chimerism and somaclonal variation, is discussed in some detail.Special consideration is given to A. thaliana– a major model plant species for classical genetics and genomics. Recent availability of efficient embryogenic cultures in this organism makes it possible to benefit from advanced genomic research of Arabidopsis to study plant embryogenesis on the molecular level. 相似文献
2.
Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in cotton 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system characterized by rapid and continuous production of somatic embryos using leaf and stem explants
of abnormal seedling as an explant have been developed in Gossypium hirsutum L. Embryogenic callus and somatic embryos have been obtained directly from the explants of cotton abnormal seedlings. Plant
growth regulators influenced the induction of cotton somatic embryogenesis. The optimal medium for direct somatic embryogenesis
was modified MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg l-1 ZT and 2 g l-1 activated carbon. On this medium, an average of 28.0 and 28.1 matured somatic embryos formed from per leaf and stem explants
respectively. The highest frequency of somatic embryogenesis was 100%. The somatic embryos were converted into normal plantlets
when cultured on modified MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg l-1 ZT. Upon transfer to soil, plants grew well and appeared normal. Plants could be regenerated within 60–80 days. The system
of cotton somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration described here will facilitate the application of plant tissue culture
and genetic engineering on cotton genetic improvement.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Eudes F. Acharya S. Laroche A. Selinger L.B. Cheng K.-J. 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2003,73(2):147-157
A direct somatic embryogenesis and secondary embryogenesis protocol was developed for seven cereal species, thus providing a new vista for in vitro plant genetic transformation or propagation. This paper describes a novel process that has been successfully developed for efficient regeneration of a wide range of cereal species and genotypes. This tissue culture and regeneration system does not require formation of callus tissues and takes approximately 2 months to complete, shorter than any of the currently available systems requiring 3-4 months. Rapid induction of direct somatic embryogenesis in barley (Hordeum vulgare), common wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (T. durum) and derived amphiploids, wild wheat (T. monococcum and T. urartu), rye (Secale cereale) and oats (Avena sativa) was induced from excised immature scutellum on DSEM medium. Newly developed globular embryos were cultured on SEM medium for a second cycle of embryogenesis followed by germination (GEM medium) and regeneration of embryos into normally growing green and fertile plants. In vitro techniques to induce direct somatic embryogenesis, secondary embryogenesis and plant regeneration from these cereals require a specific sequence of defined media and controlled environments. The sequence and the timing of the media used, as well as their hormonal composition and balance are critical aspects of this process. The organic and mineral compositions of these media are not new but are important for supporting and sustaining rapid growth of the tissues. 相似文献
4.
Neftali Ochoa-Alejo Rafael Ramirez-Malagon 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(6):701-729
Summary Chili pepper is an important horticultural crop that can surely benefit from plant biotechnology. However, although it is
a Solanaceous member, developments in plant cell, tissue, and organ culture, as well as on plant genetic transformation, have
lagged far behind those achieved for other members of the same family, such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and potato (Solanum tuberosum), species frequently used as model systems because of their facility to regenerate organs and eventually whole plants in vitro, and also for their ability to be genetically engineered by the currently available transformation methods. Capsicum members have been shown to be recalcitrant to differentiation and plant regeneration under in vitro conditions, which in turn makes it very difficult or inefficient to apply recombinant DNA technologies via genetic transformation
aimed at genetic improvement against pests and diseases. Some approaches, however, have made possible the regeneration of
chili pepper plants from in vitro-cultured cells, tissues, and organs through organogenesis or embryogenesis. Anther culture has been successfully applied
to obtain haploid and doubledhaploid plants. Organogenic systems have been used for in vitro micropropagation as well as for genetic transformation. Application of both tissue culture and genetic transformation techniques
have led to the development of chili pepper plants more resistant to at least one type of virus. Cell and tissue cultures
have been applied successfully to the selection of variant cells exhibiting increased resistance to abiotic stresses, but
no plants exhibiting the selected traits have been regenerated. Production of capsaicinoids, the hot principle of chili pepper
fruits, by cells and callus tissues has been another area of intense research. The advances, limitations, and applications
of chili pepper biotechnology are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Culture of Papaver somniferum in vitro was used for a characterisation of cell surface structures and mode of cell adhesion and cell separation during cell differentiation
and plant regeneration in somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis. In early stages of somatic embryogenesis, cell type-specific
and developmentally regulated change of cell morphogenesis was demonstrated. Cell wall of separated embryonic cells were self-covered
with external tubular network, whereas morphogenetic co-ordination of adhered cells of somatic proembryos was supported by
fine and fibrillar external cell wall continuum of peripheral cells, interconnecting also local sites of cell separation.
Such type of cell contacts disappeared during histogenesis, when the protodermis formation took place. Tight cell adhesion
of activated cells with polar cell wall thickening, and production of extent mucilage on the periphery were the crucial aspects
of meristemoids. Fine amorphous layer covered developing shoot primordia, but we have not observed such comparable external
fibrillar network. On the contrary intercellular separation of differentiated cells in regenerated organs, and accepting distinct
developmental system of somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis, cell adhesion in early stages and ultrastructural changes
associated with tissue disorganisation, and the subsequent reorganisation into either embryos or shoots appear to be regulatory
morphogenetical events of plant regeneration in vitro. 相似文献
6.
Summary The progress in the development of the technologies of plant tissue and cell culture over the past four decades has been remarkable.
This article covers my personal reflections on the various topics and is based on my involvement in the field during that
period. There are three fundamental technologies which constitute most of what is referred to as plant in vitro technologies or tissue culture. The origin and some of the key persons involved in the development of each of these procedures
will be discussed. The technology that is most common is growing plant tissue on gel-solidified nutrient media. That technology
is being used in the most vital procedures, namely the regeneration of plants from cultured cells. The culture of plant cells
in liquid suspension was developed very shortly after that, and has become a very effective technology for plant regeneration
by somatic embryogenesis. The method of meristem culture arose out of a need for developing plants that were virus-free. In
many species the technique is now being used to produce virus-free crop plants. Another important technology is the culture
of anthers and microspores for producing haploid and homozygous plants. Included with plant tissue culture is the development
of the plant protoplast and cell fusion technologies for the production of new plant hybrids. The final aspect of the development
concerns the integration of tissue culture with molecular genetics, which has developed into the rapidly expanding field of
biotechnology. 相似文献
7.
María Laura Vidoz Pablo Klusacek Hebe Yolanda Rey Luis Amado Mroginski 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2006,86(1):111-115
In vitro protocols for plant regeneration of Arachis correntina through both somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis were developed using immature leaves as explants. Morphologically normal somatic embryos were obtained on culture media composed of 20.70 or 41.41 μM picloram (PIC) with the addition of 0.044 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), resulting in a 33 and 24% of conversion into plants, respectively. The source of explants and the developmental stage of the leaves had a marked effect on somatic embryogenesis. The second folded immature leaves from in vitro growing plants were the most responsive producing up to 30% embryogenesis in MS+41.41 μM PIC. Embryos converted into plants after transfer to MS medium devoid of growth regulators and these plants were successfully acclimatised. Adventitious shoots were obtained on culture media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) with or without 0.044 μM BA, achieving plant regeneration in the induction media. The highest percentage of bud formation was obtained on culture medium composed of␣MS+10.74 μM NAA+0.044 μM BA (12.5%). Roots were formed on all culture media tested. Regenerated plants were transferred to pots and grew well under greenhouse conditions. 相似文献
8.
The main approaches have been considered to studying the genetic control of plant cell totipotency in an in vitro culture. The capacity of cultured plants for callusogenesis, organ formation, and somatic embryogenesis depends on the activity of genes that determine and maintain the meristematic state of cells, level of hormones in the cells, and sensitivity to hormones, as well as on the activity other genes that control different stages of plant morphogenesis. 相似文献
9.
Simple hormonal regulation of somatic embryogenesis and/or shoot organogenesis in caryopsis cultures of Pogonatherum paniceum (Poaceae) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Wenguo Wang Xiaoguang Zhao Guoqing Zhuang Shenghua Wang Fang Chen 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2008,95(1):57-67
Pogonatherum paniceum (Poaceae) is a perennial plant with good potential for eco-recovery and ornamental function. This study presents in vitro
culture systems of simple hormonal regulation of somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis from mature caryopses. Mature
caryopses of P. paniceum were grown on Murashige and Skoog medium with 3% sucrose (w/v) and various concentrations or combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Morphological development was analyzed by light
microscope after histological sectioning. Four types of callus were induced by different concentrations of 2,4-D. Type I callus
was regenerated via somatic embryogenesis; type II callus failed to produce any regeneration; type III callus had both somatic
embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis capacities; and type IV callus only displayed shoot organogenesis capacity. Regarding
hormone combinations used in this study, NAA only induced type IV callus and BAP only induced direct multiple shoot formation.
The combinations of 2,4-D and NAA induced type III callus. Several of the regeneration pathways were simply controlled by
one or two kinds of plant hormones. The established systems will be helpful for further research on the developmental mechanism
of switch between somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis. 相似文献
10.
Inheritance of somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from primary (type 1) callus in maize
M. R. Willman S. M. Schroll T. K. Hodges 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1989,25(1):95-100
Summary Genetic factors controlling the differential expression of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of maize from tissue
culture were studied in two crosses. Inbred, hybrid, F2 and backcross generations developed from crossing maize inbred A188
with two commercially important inbred maize lines (B73 and Mo17) demonstrated genetic and environmental effects on somatic
embryogenesis and plant regeneration when immature zygotic embryos were cultured on MS medium. Additive gene effects were
more important in both crosses than dominant gene effects for precent somatic embryogenesis and percent or number of plants
regenerated per embryo when generation means were analyzed. In backcross generations of each cross, cytoplasmic, maternal
and/or paternal effects were significant for frequency of somatic embryos three weeks after culture as well as frequency,
or number of plants regenerated per embryo, nine weeks after culture. Analysis of genetic variances suggests at least one
gene (or block of genes) controls the expression of the frequency of somatic embryogenesis in these crosses. Differences in
somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration between B73 and Mo17 are discussed.
This is Journal Paper No. 11,435 of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
11.
Haensch KT 《Plant cell reports》2004,23(4):211-217
The possibility of inducing somatic embryogenesis in petiole cultures of two cultivars of Pelargonium × hortorum and of one cultivar of Pelargonium × domesticum using thidiazuron (TDZ) was investigated. Petioles were cultivated on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium with different concentrations and application periods of TDZ. Regeneration was achieved with all TDZ treatments for all cultivars and was highly variable. Shoots of different shapes and somatic embryo-like structures were observed. Histological examination revealed that no somatic embryos were formed, and regenerants had to be classified as shoots and shoot-like or leaf-like structures. The importance of these results on the classification of regeneration induced by TDZ in these species and on the propagation of these pelargoniums is discussed. 相似文献
12.
Seyed Ali Ravanfar Vladimir Orbovic Mahdi Moradpour Maheran Abdul Aziz Ratna Karan Simon Wallace 《Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews》2017,33(1):1-25
Development of in vitro plant regeneration method from Brassica explants via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis is influenced by many factors such as culture environment, culture medium composition, explant sources, and genotypes which are reviewed in this study. An efficient in vitro regeneration system to allow genetic transformation of Brassica is a crucial tool for improving its economical value. Methods to optimize transformation protocols for the efficient introduction of desirable traits, and a comparative analysis of these methods are also reviewed. Hence, binary vectors, selectable marker genes, minimum inhibitory concentration of selection agents, reporter marker genes, preculture media, Agrobacterium concentration and regeneration ability of putative transformants for improvement of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Brassica are discussed. 相似文献
13.
14.
Chun-Lai Zhang Dong-Fang Chen Malcolm C. Elliott Adrian Slater 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(2):305-310
Summary Improved in vitro tissue culture systems are needed to facilitate the application of recombinant DNA technology to the improvement of sugar
beet germplasm. The effects of N
6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) pretreatment on adventitious shoot and somatic embryogenesis regeneration were evaluated
in a range of sugar beet breeding lines and commercial varieties. Petiole explants showed higher frequencies of direct adventitious
shoot formation and produced more shoots per explant than leaf lamina explants. TDZ was more effective than BA for the promotion
of shoot formation. The optimal TDZ concentrations were 2.3–4.6 μM for the induction of adventitious shoot regeneration. Direct somatic embryogenesis from intact seedlings could be induced
by either BA or TDZ. TDZ-induced somatic embryogenesis occurred on the lower surface of cotyledons at concentrations of 0.5–2μM and was less genotype-dependent than with Ba. A high frequency of callus induction could be obtained from seedlings and leaf
explants, but only a few of the calluses derived from leaf explants could regenerate to plants via indirect somatic embryogenesis. These results demonstrated that TDZ could prove to be a more effective cytokinin for in vitro culture of sugar beet than BA. Rapid and efficient regeneration of plants using TDZ may provide a route for the production
of transgenic sugar beet following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. 相似文献
15.
Madhumita das Sarmistha Sen Raychaudhuri 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2001,37(5):568-571
Summary
Plantago ovata Forsk (commonly known as Isabgul) is an economically important medicinal plant. In the present investigation, in vitro plant regeneration of P. ovata was attempted through somatic embryogenesis. Casein hydrolysate and coconut water were used in different concentrations in
Murashige and Skoog medium along with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and N6-benzyladenine to increase the amount of callus and number of somatic embryos. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies
followed the developmental stages of embryo formation. Results indicated that optimum concentrations of casein hydrolysate
and coconut water are useful for promoting the growth of embryogenic cultures. However, a supra-optimal dose of casein hydrolysate
and coconut water induced polyphenol synthesis and caused browning of callus and also eventual death of embryos. The use of
additives such as coconut water and casein hydrolysate promotes large-scale production of P. ovata through in vitro somatic embryogenesis. 相似文献
16.
Shed microspore embryogenesis and fertile plantlet regeneration were observed in a salt susceptible × salt tolerant indica rice F1 hybrid involving IR 24 and CRM 30. The in vitro culture response and regeneration of green plantlets in the hybrid were superior to those of the parents. Direct embryogenesis
and plantlet regeneration with multiple tillers were observed in shed microspore embryos. In intact anther culture, plantlet
development from microspore involved a callus phase. The number of multiple tillers developed through secondary embryogenesis
was almost equal in both the cases. However, the results indicate that regeneration of green plantlets was higher in case
of shed microspore culture in liquid medium containing the synthetic polymer Ficoll 400 than from intact anthers cultured
on a semi-solid system. Shed microspore culture produced a number of double haploids, which may result in far reaching consequences
in genetic improvement of rice.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Mineral nutrition and plant morphogenesis 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Carl M. Ramage Richard R. Williams 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2002,38(2):116-124
Summary Plant morphogenesis in vitro can be achieved via two pathways, somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis. Relationships between the culture medium and explant
leading to morphogenesis are complex and, despite extensive study, remain poorly understood. Primarily the composition and
ratio of plant growth regulators are manipulated to optimize the quality and numbers of embryos or organs initiated. However,
many species and varieties do not respond to this classical approach and require further optimization by the variation of
other chemical or physical factors. Mineral nutrients form a significant component of culture media but are often overlooked
as possible morphogenic elicitors. The combination of minerals for a particular plant species and developmental pathway are
usually determined by the empirical manipulation of one or a combination of existing published formulations. Often only one
medium type is used for the duration of culture even though this formulation may not be optimal for the different stages of
explant growth and development. Furthermore, mineral studies have often focused on growth rather than morphogenesis with very
little known of the relationships between mineral uptake and morphogenesis. This article examines the present knowledge of
the main effects that mineral nutrients have on plant morphogenesis in vitro. In particular, the dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium supply during development are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Somatic embryogenesis in Cucurbitaceae 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Strategies based on the application of biotechnologies to crop improvement programmes generally require regeneration of whole plants from cells or tissues cultivated in vitro. In Cucurbitaceae, regeneration can occur either through a caulogenic or an embryogenic developmental pathway. Reports of somatic embryogenesis have dealt with the main cultivated crops, i.e. cucumber, melon, squash and watermelon. Somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery are obtained from numerous sources including protoplasts, but the best results are observed with explants coming from seedlings, especially cotyledons and hypocotyls. The genetic constitution of mother plants also seems to play a key role in the success of embryogenesis, but few systematic studies on genotype effect have been published. Somatic embryos can exhibit developmental abnormalities, particularly when they arise from protoplast-derived cultures. Generally, data concerning embryo yield, rate of germination and plant development and characteristics of regenerated plants and their progeny, has not been provided in previous reports. The potential use of somatic embryogenesis in cucurbit breeding programmes is stressed in this review.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- BAP
6-benzylaminopurine
- B5
Gamborg et al. (1968)
- CH
casein hydrolysate
- CW
coconut water
- 2,4-d
2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
- GA3
gibberellin A3
- GA4
gibberellin A4
- H
Heller (1953)
- IAA
indole 3 acetic acid
- IBA
indole 3 butyric acid
- 2ip
2 isopentenyladenine
- KIN
kinetin
- MS
Murashige & Skoog (1962)
- N
Nitsch (1951)
- N6
Chu et al. (1975)
- NAA
1 naphthalene acetic acid
- TDZ
thidiazuron
- 2,4,5-T
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 相似文献
19.
Summary Investigations into the mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis (SE) have largely focused on the hormonal regulation of the process
and a repertoire of strategies has been developed to regenerate many species via SE. However, the genes that regulate the
induction and development of somatic embryos have not been defined. In the recent times, regeneration via overexpression of
genes, such as WUSCHEL or LEAFY COTYLEDON, in Arabidopsis has started to provide a basis for understanding the genes involved in SE. This has gone hand in hand with the availability
of genome sequence information and the availability of mutants in model plants such as Arabidopsis and Medicago. An improved understanding of zygotic embryogenesis and the maintenance and differentiation of stem cells in the shoot meristem
also helps to provide novel insights into the mechanisms of SE. This review examines the current understanding of the genetic
regulation of SE in the context of current molecular understanding of plant development. 相似文献
20.
Summary St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a valuable plant used as a herbal remedy or in phytopharmaceutical drugs to treat a variety of physical ailments. Much
research has been performed to study the biochemical production of secondary metabolites of in vitro cultured plants or organs. However, all of these studies have looked at the regeneration of plants from explants in only
one genotype. In addition, no study has revealed the mechanism of plant regeneration in H. perforatum, i.e. organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. We found that different genotypes Helos, Topas, Elixir, and Numi responded
similarly to regeneration medium. The regeneration responses (i.e. callus, root, or shool production) of identical explants
from different genotypes were similar. However, the source of explant material (leaves, hypocotyls, and roots) from the same
genotype had significant effects on the response to media and plant regeneration frequency. Using scanning electron microscopy
and light microscopy, the progress of organogenesis and embryogenesis under similar culture conditions was recorded. Root
segments were the most responsive explants, producing the maximum number of shoots per explant of all the genotypes. 相似文献