Three new genera of trypanorhynch cestodes from Australian elasmobranch fishes

Three new genera of trypanorhynch cestodes from Australian elasmobranch fishes collected in the Arafura Sea, off the Northern Territory, are described. Fossobothrium perplexum n. g., n. sp. (Otobothriidae), from the spiral valves of Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham) and Pristis zijsron Bleeker, is similar to the otobothriid genera Pseudotobothrium Dollfus, 1942 and Poecilancistrium Dollfus, 1929 in possessing bothrial pits and a band of hooks on the tentacle, but differs from all known otobothriid genera in having the pits joined by a prominent velum. Iobothrium elegans n. g., n. sp. (Otobothriidae), from the spiral valve of Himantura jenkinsi (Annandale), is placed in the Otobothriidae because it possesses bothrial pits, but differs from Otobothrium Linton, 1890 and other genera in lacking intercalary hooks between the principal rows and in possessing a chainette on the external surface of the tentacle in the metabasal region. Oncomegoides celatus n. g., n. sp. (Eutetrarhynchidae), from the spiral valve of Dasyatis microps (Annandale) and Himantura jenkinsi, resembles Oncomegas Dollfus, 1929 in possessing two bothria and a megahook on the bothrial surface of the basal armature, but differs in possessing an extra row consisting of four intercalary hooks formed by the overlapping of two intercalary hooks on the external tentacular surface between each of the opposing principal rows and is therefore an atypical heteroacanth.     

Chimaerarhynchus n. g. andPatellobothrium n. g., two new genera of trypanorhynch cestodes with unique poeciloacanthous armatures,and a reorganisation of the poeciloacanthous trypanorhynch families

Chimaerarhynchus rougetae n. g., n. sp. is described fromSqualus acanthias andCentrophorus sp. from the coast of Senegal, and differs from all other trypanorhynch genera in having a chainette composed of dissimilar elements, that is, double-winged hooks alternating with pairs of hooks each with a single lateral wing. The new genus is allocated to the Gymnorhynchidae Dollfus, 1935.Patellobothrium quinquecatenatum n.g., n. sp. is described from the spiral intestine ofSphyrna mokarran from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia and plerocerci fromRachycentron canadus from Queensland, Australia. The genus is distinguished from all others in possessing five chainettes. It is allocated to the family Mustelicolidae Dollfus, 1969. The relationships of all genera of trypanorhynchs possessing chainettes are discussed, and they are divided into three groups: (1) Dasyrhynchidae Dollfus, 1935, Lacistorhynchidae Guiart, 1927, Mustelicolidae and Hornelliellidae Yamaguti, 1954 are considered closely related since all genera possess two bothridia, a hermaphroditic duct and have hollow hooks; (2) Gymnorhynchidae, amended to contain onlyGymnorhynchus Rudolphi, 1819 andChimaerarhynchus n.g., is distinct in possessing four bothridia, an accessory seminal vesicle and hollow hooks; (3) Mixodigmatidae Dailey & Vogelbein, 1982, amended to includeMixodigma Dailey & Vogelbein, 1982 andHalysiorhynchus Pintner, 1913 has four bothridia, lacks seminal vesicles and a hermaphroditic duct and has solid hooks.A new family Molicolidae n. fam. is erected forMolicola Dollfus, 1935 andStragulorhynchus Beveridge & Campbell, 1988. The new family has a poeciloacanthous armature, and is distinguished by possessing a band of hooks on the external surface of the tentacle, four sessile bothridia and an acessory seminal vesicle.Myrmillorhynchus Bilqees, 1980 is suppressed as a synonym ofPterobothrium Diesing, 1850.Neogymnorhynchus Bilquees & Shah, 1982, is suppressed as a synonym ofPterobothrium, with the type species,N. platycephali becoming a synonym ofP. heteracanthum Diesing, 1850.Eulacistorhynchus Subhapradha, 1957 is considered agenus inquirendum;Gymnorhynchus cymbiumi Chincholikar & Shinde, 1977 is also a synonym ofPterobothrium heteracanthum Diesing, 1850.     

Two amphistomes,Lobatodiscus australiensis n.g., n.sp. and Elseyatrema microacetabularis n.g., n.sp., from the Australian turtle Elseya dentata (Gray)

Summary Lobatodiscus australiensis n.g., n.sp. (family and subfamily uncertain) and Elseyatrema microacetabularis n.g., n.sp. (family Paramphistomidae, subfamily Dadaytrematinae?), from the intestine of the freshwater turtle Elseya dentata (Gray) in Queensland, Australia, are described. Lobatodiscus has a large lobed acetabulum, small oral diverticula which do not protrude out of the oral sucker, two pairs of lymph vessels and no oesophageal bulb. Elseyatrema has a small acetabulum, large protruding oral diverticula, an oesophageal bulb, juxtaposed testes, one pair of rudimentary lymph vessels and no cirrus-sac. ac]19830626     

Some trypanorhynch cestodes from Hawaiian fishes, with descriptions of four new species.

Examination of teleost and elasmobranch fishes for cestodes from the Pacific Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands resulted in the recovery of 7 species of trypanorhynchs, 4 of which are new. The new species are Pseudogrillotia basipunctata, Pterobothrium hawaiiensis, Prochristianella micracantha, and Nybelinia basimegacantha. Tentacularia coryphaena Bosc 1797, Dasyrhynchus giganteus (Diesing 1859), and Parachristianella monomegacantha Kruse 1959 represent new host and distribution records. The family Pseudogrillotidae Dollfus 1969 is emended.     

Macrobothridium rhynchobati n. g., n. sp. from the elasmobranch Rhynchobatus granulatus,representing a new family of diphyllidean cestodes,the Macrobothridiidae

Macrobothridium rhynchobati n. g., n. sp. from the guitarfish Rhynchobatus granulatus in Kuwaiti waters in the Arabian Gulf is described and figured. The new genus differs from Echinobothrium in having a short unarmed peduncle and a posterior sucker-like structure in the terminal proglottid. It differs from Ditrachybothridium in having a powerful rostellum with dorsal and ventral groups of hooks and in having unarmed bothridia. A new family, the Macrobothridiidae, assigned to the order Diphyllidea is erected. Larval forms are described and figured.     

On two members of the family Lernaeopodidae (Crustacea: Copepoda) parasitic on elasmobranchs in Chilean waters,with a description of Pseudocharopinoides myliobatidos n. g., n. sp. from Myliobatis chilensis Philippi

Pseudocharopinoides myliobatidos n. g., n. sp. (Lernaepodidae) is described. Although similar to Pseudocharopinus Kabata, 1964, it differs from this genus in the ventral position of its posterior processes and by its non prehensile second antenna. The similarity indicates that it belongs to the Charopinus-branch of the Lernaeopodidae. In addition, Brianella corniger Wilson, 1915 is recorded on Sympterigia brevicaudata and is redescribed. ac]19861103     

Adelphamoeba galeacystis n. g., n. sp., an Amoeboflagellate Isolated from Soil*

SYNOPSIS. An amoeboflagellate isolated from common soil is described. The amoeboid stage is typically limax and contains a well differentiated uroid region. The flagellate has 2 flagella, which emerge anteriorly and are equal in length. It has a ventral cytostome near the anterior border. The cyst is helmet-shaped and without opercula. Polar masses are present during nuclear division.     

Trypanorhynch cestodes from elasmobranchs from the Gulf of Oman, with the description of Prochristianella garshaspi n. sp. (Eutetrarhynchidae)

In a study on the order Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863, a total of 35 specimens belonging to nine species of elasmobranch in the Gulf of Oman, was examined. The following trypanorhynch species were identified: Pterobothrium lesteri Campbell & Beveridge, 1996, Otobothrium carcharidis (Shipley & Hornell, 1906), Eutetrarhynchus platycephali Palm, 2004, Parachristianella indonesiensis Palm, 2004, Pa. monomegacantha Kruse, 1959 and Prochristianella mooreae Beveridge, 1990. Prochristianella garshaspi n. sp. is described from Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål) and Rhinoptera sp. The new species is allocated to the genus Prochristianella Dollfus, 1946 on the basis of the presence of two bothria, prebulbar organs, and a heteroacanthous typical tentacular armature with relatively few hooks in each principal row, hollow hooks increasing in size from antibothrial and then decreasing towards the bothrial surface of the tentacle, hooks 1 and 1′ being separated, and a basal swelling with characteristic billhooks increasing in size towards the bothrial surface. The lack of microscopically visible microtriches on the scolex distinguishes the new species from P. hispida (Linton, 1890), P. clarkeae Beveridge, 1990, P. thalassia (Kovaks & Schmidt, 1980), P. multidum Friggens & Duszynski, 2005 and P. cairae Schaeffner & Beveridge, 2012. Prochristianella garshaspi n. sp. can be distinguished from the remaining species within the genus by a combination of the following morphological features: the presence of numerous gland-cells within the tentacular bulbs, the number of rows on the basal swelling, the number of hooks per half spiral row, the size of the principal hooks, the number of the testes and the presence of an external seminal vesicle.     

Baiohelmins elegans n. g., n. sp. (Digenea: Nanophyetidae) from the Australian water rat,Hydromys chrysogaster

A new genus and species of nanophyetid,Baiohelmins elegans, is described from the intestine of the Australian water rat,Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy, 1804 in North Queensland. The new genus differs from previously described forms by the combination of the following characters: vitelline follicles restricted to a small group posterior to each testis, cirrus pouch present and caeca not extending posterior to the ventral sucker.     

Erhardorina n. g., Ascogregarina polynesiensis n. sp., Eimeria golemanskii n. sp., Isospora tamariscini n. sp., Gregarina kazumii n. nom., new combinations and emendations in the names of apicomplexan protozoa

On the basis of a review of the approximately 4300 species of apicomplexan protozoa, the following new species, new names, new combinations, and emendations are given: NEW GENUS, Erhardovina; NEW SPECIES, Ascogregarina polynesiensis, Eimeria golemanskii, Isospora tamariscini; NEW NAME, Gregarina kazumii; NEW COMBINATIONS, Ascogregarina brachyceri (Purrini, 1980), Erhardovina euzeti (Lipa, 1981), E. scutovertexi (Erhardová, 1955), Haemorhormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983); EMENDATIONS, Selenidium francianum (Arvy, 1952) Tuzet & Ormières, 1965, Pyxinioides bolitoides D. P. Henry, 1938, P. japonicus H. Hoshide, 1951, P. kamenote H. Hoshide, 1951, P. kurofuji H. Hoshide, 1951, P. oshoroensis H. Hoshide, 1951, P. pugetensis D. P. Henry, 1938, Gregarina levinei Haldar & Sarkar, 1980, Retractocephalus halticae Haldar, Chakraborty & Kundu, 1982, Cnemidospora schizophylli Tuzet & Guerin, 1947, Grebneckiella indica (Merton, 1911) Watson, 1916, Quadruspinospora atractomorphae Haldar & Chakraborty, 1978, Haemogregarina acipenseri Nawrotzky, 1914, H. lobianci Yakimov & Kohl-Yakimov, 1912, H. yakimovikohlae Wladimiroff, 1910, Hepatozoon luehi (Sambon, 1909) Pessoa, Cavalheiro & de Souza, 1970, Eimeria beyerae Ovezmukhammedov, 1977, E. (?) gigantea (Labbé, 1896) Reichenow, 1921, E. (?) labbei Hardcastle, 1943, E. rufi Prasad, 1960, E. (?) scylii (Drago, 1902) Levine & Becker, 1933, Isospora corvi Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952, I. melopsittaci Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora & Agrawal, 1973, I. seicerci Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952, I. stomatici Chakravarty & Kar, 1944, I. triffitae Nukerbaeva & Svanbaev, 1973, Wenyonella mackinnonae Misra, 1947, Octosporella sanguinolentae Ovezmukhammedov, 1975, Lankesterella millani Alvarez Calvo, 1975, Sarcocystis woodhousei Dogel', 1916, Haemoproteus lari Yakunin, 1972, Babesia ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff & Shokhor, 1916), Theileria ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimov, 1916) Krylov, 1974, Haemohormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983).     

Tunicothrix rostrata n. g., n. sp., a new urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the Yellow Sea

The morphology and infraciliature of a new ciliate, Tunicothrix rostrata n. g., n. sp., isolated from the Yellow Sea, are investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. Tunicothrix rostrata measures about 160 x 40 mum in vivo, and has a frontal beak-like protrusion, a conspicuous cortical alveolar layer, two right marginal rows, and usually three distinct midventral pairs. The discovery of T. rostrata enables us to reconsider the classification of Erniella wilberti, a curious ciliate with obscure midventral pairs. Both species are highly similar in overall appearance and nuclear and ciliary pattern. Thus, they are united in a new genus of the family Urostylidae, Tunicothrix, and E. wilberti is transferred to Tunicothrix: Tunicothrix wilbertiLin and Song, 2004 n. comb. By contrast, Erniella filiformis, type species of Erniella, has several ventral rows and does not belong to the urostylids. Tunicothrix rostrata is easily distinguished from T. wilberti by its beak-like anterior protrusion and by the distinctly elongated right marginal row 2, which curves anteriorly on the dorsal side of the cells. Tunicothrix is closely related to Parabirojimia, differing by the invariably two (vs. five-eight) right marginal rows and the conspicuous (vs. ordinary) alveolar layer, a unique feature in urostylid ciliates.     

Cthulhu Macrofasciculumque n. g., n. sp. and Cthylla Microfasciculumque n. g., n. sp., a Newly Identified Lineage of Parabasalian Termite Symbionts

The parabasalian symbionts of lower termite hindgut communities are well-known for their large size and structural complexity. The most complex forms evolved multiple times independently from smaller and simpler flagellates, but we know little of the diversity of these small flagellates or their phylogenetic relationships to more complex lineages. To understand the true diversity of Parabasalia and how their unique cellular complexity arose, more data from smaller and simpler flagellates are needed. Here, we describe two new genera of small-to-intermediate size and complexity, represented by the type species Cthulhu macrofasciculumque and Cthylla microfasciculumque from Prorhinotermes simplex and Reticulitermes virginicus, respectively (both hosts confirmed by DNA barcoding). Both genera have a single anterior nucleus embeded in a robust protruding axostyle, and an anterior bundle flagella (and likely a single posterior flagellum) that emerge slightly subanteriorly and have a distinctive beat pattern. Cthulhu is relatively large and has a distinctive bundle of over 20 flagella whereas Cthylla is smaller, has only 5 anterior flagella and closely resembles several other parababsalian genera. Molecular phylogenies based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) show both genera are related to previously unidentified environmental sequences from other termites (possibly from members of the Tricercomitidae), which all branch as sisters to the Hexamastigitae. Altogether, Cthulhu likely represents another independent origin of relatively high cellular complexity within parabasalia, and points to the need for molecular characterization of other key taxa, such as Tricercomitus.     

Potomacus pottsi n. g., n. sp., a Hymenostome Ciliate from the Potomac River*

SYNOPSIS. Potomacus pottsi n. g., n. sp., a brackish water hymenostome ciliate, is described from the Potomac River. Morphologic studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Polymorphism, with the formation of large macrostome forms, was noted. Particular attention is given to the buccal ciliature and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.