边际生态系统管理的理论与实践——我国北方草原与农牧交错带“优化生态-生产范式”构建

在新世纪国家西部大开发的战略决策实施中,北方大草原及其东南边缘的农牧交错带,是对国民经济和生态环境保育极其敏感和至关重要的前沿阵地。在过去的世纪中,草地与农牧交错带因不合理的土地利用方式,如滥垦、过牧、樵采等,使这一区域的生态系统受损,土地风蚀沙化、水土流失、盐碱化、干旱化加剧,生产力降低,风沙灾害和虫鼠害频发,造成对农牧业生产与人民生活的严重危害和生态环境的重大威胁,成为首都及东部地区沙尘天气的主要沙源地。1999年1月国务院发布的《全国生态环境建设规划》明确将草原区确定为全国生态环境建设的8个类型区之一,并…     

论华北农牧交错带生态与经济建设的策略与途径

华北农牧交错带自成型农作至今的百余年内,农牧业长期封闭、耗竭式生产,导致土地资源呈现沙化、碱化与贫瘠化演替,生态退化直接威胁着京、津及华北地区的生态安全,发挥市场经济下区域间互补性合作生产优势,组织农牧产品有效交流,建立开放式农牧生产结构。成为促进华北农牧交错带生态环境与社会经济互依发展的重要策略,基于不同效益主体的建设目标差异性及生态与经济演进态势的矛盾性,提出了华北农牧交错带生态一经济建设的技术途径,通过乔灌围网、草地培育,实现立体与平面相结合的土地生态防护体系;通过集约生产喜凉蔬菜、组织实施南秸北饲,发展区域特色优势产业,实现农业经济的突破。     

东北农牧交错带土地利用生态安全模式案例研究

尽管目前学术界对生态安全尚无统一的定义和权威的度量方法、指标 ,生态安全却是任何一个区域进行资源开发必须遵循的可持续发展准则[7] 。关注土地利用过程中出现的生态问题 ,研究扰动敏感区土地利用变化的生态环境效应 ,加强脆弱类型土地生态经济系统生态安全的调控 ,成为国内外关于土地利用变化研究的一个重要趋势。东北农牧交错带位于中国北方农牧交错带的东部三北交接农牧交错区[2 ] ,土地利用上具有农牧交错、时农时牧的特点。因其生态环境组成结构相对不稳定 ,对于干扰因素反应敏感且易发生不利用于人类利用的变化 ,以致在土地利用过…     

基于生态系统服务功能的中国北方草地及农牧交错带区划

以北方草地和农牧交错带草地类型区域分异为基础,重点考虑不同草地类型的生态系统服务功能,在综合分析了北方草地和农牧交错带生态环境基本特征的基础上,确定了草地生态功能区划的原则、依据、方法及命名,然后在"3S"技术的支持下,将北方草地和农牧交错带分为北方草原区、北方荒漠区和农牧交错区3个一级区及10个二级区,对各个功能区的区域范围、主要生态环境问题、主要的生态服务功能及为了功能区的保护与可持续发展而需要采取的措施都进行了详细论述。区划结果对认识北方草地与农牧交错带不同草地类型生态系统服务功能的重要价值,对草地资源的合理利用和农业生产的合理布局、对生态环境保护与建设规划及对维护区域生态安全、实现区域的可持续发展都具有重大意义。     

中国北方农牧交错带土地利用/覆盖变化研究综述

土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)是人类活动行为与自然生态系统相互作用最为直接的表现形式.近年来由于人类活动的日益加剧使区域生态环境发生了剧烈变化,中国北方农牧交错带作为人类活动的强烈影响区和生态环境敏感区,是土地利用/覆盖变化研究的“热点区域”.本综述基于众多学者对于北方农牧交错带LUCC的研究成果,梳理了关于北方农牧交错带范围界定的进展,总结了当前有关本地区LUCC的研究手段、研究内容以及环境效应与应对措施等方面的最新进展,最后指出了本地区LUCC研究中存在的综合性模拟研究较少、生态环境效应不足等问题,并提出了未来研究中应多手段、多学科、多尺度研究的发展方向.     

农牧交错带研究进展

农牧交错带是典型的生态脆弱区、贫困区和多民族聚居区,是我国生态安全的重要屏障.综述了农牧交错带发展的历史演变过程,分析了当前农牧交错带农牧业生产所面临的主要问题,建议今后对农牧交错带的研究应集中在以生态学为基础的跨学科研究;其热点领域应集中在农牧交错带生产力生态学、恢复生态学、界面生态学、放牧生态学,农牧交错带的健康诊断和价值评估等方面.其中生产力生态学是提高生产效率的保证,应加强农牧交错带农田草地系统耦合生产方式的研究;恢复生态学是治理退化农牧交错带的基础;界面生态学是剖析退化农牧交错带的切入点;放牧生态学是调控农牧交错带农田草地退化的手段;健康诊断有助于对农牧交错带进行客观的评价;价值评估则是对农牧交错带生态系统效益和服务的估算.     

农牧交错带农牧复合系统的可持续机制

农牧复合系统具有综合资源、兼顾生态与生计、环境与经济发展的作用,是农牧交错带脱贫富民的必由之路。目前,农牧复合实践迫切需要建立可持续的运行机制。针对于此,运用农户调查、土地养分测定和农牧测产、分室模型等方法,对宁夏盐池县皖记沟村农牧复合系统的资源支持、农户农牧复合生产方式、农牧复合系统的物质流开展研究。结果表明,促进农牧复合系统发展的主要原因是资源基础和耕地、灌木林地、草地系统耦合的生产方式。目前主要生产饲草料的水浇地和柠条林地的水资源可持续性是农牧复合系统能否长期持续的关键。加强水土资源、饲草料生产和滩羊养殖之间的系统调控和整体协同,是农牧交错带农牧复合系统可持续发展的必然选择。     

中国北方农牧交错带优化生态-生产范式体系构建

中国北方农牧交错带的生态、生产双重功能决定了其在国民经济发展中的重要战略地位.将系统工程方法论引入对农牧交错带的研究中,构建典型区域内优化的生态-生产范式体系.在建立自然环境要素、生物群落特征、生产与经济以及社会文化和历史变迁四大基本数据库的基础上确定范式体系并设计框架;之后以数学模型和方法为手段分析范式所涉及的植被和其所处的自然、社会环境以及经济等各因素的相互作用的过程和格局及其对区域的贡献,包括对前人工作的综合集成;最终以各种遥感图件、地形图等为基础给出不同范式点的剖面结构图、规划图及说明,设计综合的评价指标体系对范式的可行性、科学性等进行评价择优,为决策者提供优化的生态-生产范式,也就是生态保育阈值内最优的的土地利用格局.最后,给出了农牧交错带内选取的3个范式点的剖面图,建立了范式的初步框架.     

土壤湿度和植被盖度对土壤风蚀的影响

1　引　　言随着土地承载量的不断增大 ,土壤风蚀已经成为干旱半干旱区农牧业发展的限制因素之一[4] .孙建中等[8] 研究表明 ,处于农牧交错带东段的河北坝上滦河源区是土壤轻度风蚀与未风蚀的交界带 .赵雪等[10 ] 对河北坝上脆弱生态环境进行了分析 ,指出该区农业发展中存在的问题之一是土壤风蚀和土地沙化 .赵文智[9] 对河北坝上半干旱 半湿润过渡带土壤水分状况研究表明 ,植被盖度的增大能够提高土壤保水能力 .贺大良等[5,6] 在土壤属性方面研究了降雨与起沙风速之间的关系 ,发现降水与土壤湿度关系十分密切 ,而土壤表层水分的增加可减弱…     

北方农牧过渡带农户农业生产系统模式的生态评价和改良研究

农牧过渡带 (或农牧交错带、半农半牧区 )是指我国传统种植业区和传统畜牧业区的镶嵌结合地带。近世纪以来 ,由于人口剧增 ,垦草种粮面积不断扩大 ,滥垦、过牧、滥樵 ,使草地植被大面积消失 ,沙漠化和荒漠化日趋严重。据报道 ,目前我国北方农牧过渡带荒漠化土地面积已达 1 6 7×10 5ｈａ ,占土地总面积的 5 2 73% ,年增长率约为1 39% [3] 。赤峰市是我国北方农牧过渡带较典型、分布面积较大的地区。该地区资源类型丰富 ,互补优势明显 ,特别是农牧结合的潜力巨大。但长期以来这里区域生态环境恶化加剧 ,导致严重的贫困化。解决这一问题的关…     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000