我国江苏省淡水蛏类一新种——中国淡水蛏

淡水蛏属(Novaculina)的种类,据以往报道分布于南亚及东南亚的淡水水域。1974年龚惠卿同志赠送一批采自太湖的蛏类标本;我们于1973年在江苏太湖及高邮湖进行贝类区系调查时,也曾发现过。经分析鉴定为淡水蛏一新种,这是淡水蛏属在我国的首次发现。     

福建省闽侯县陶江中国淡水蛏栖息环境和生物学研究

１９９５年８月至１９９７年５月研究了陶瓷中国淡水蛏的栖息环境及其生物学特性。淡水蛏栖息底质为粘壤土,种群个本空间分布类型为群聚型,食物为底栖硅藻和单细胞藻类,肥满度一年有一个高峰期,生殖期为３－４月,性比为４９．０７（雌）／５０．９３（雄）,生物最小型为壳长１．３７ｃｍ（雄）和１．４２ｃｍ（雄）。     

中国淡水蛏精子发生的超微结构研究

利用透射电镜观察了中国淡水蛏的精子发生和精子结构。描述了精子发生过程中各细胞形态结构的变化;揭示了细胞核、线粒体和项体等的演变过程。中国淡水蛏的精子经过精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞,最终限育为成熟的精子。精子为典型的原生型,由头部、中段和尾部构成。项体复合体位于精子头部前端,呈“⊥”形,精核近圆形;中段包括２个中心粒和４或５个紧密排列的椭圆形线粒体;尾部鞭毛断面为典型的“９＋２”     

五种不同蛏类ITS2核苷酸序列分析

对5种不同蛏类的ITS2核苷酸序列进行扩增、测序及分析.结果表明:5种蛏类的509个序列位点中共有49个保守住点,402个变异位点,318个简约信息位点,84个单突变位点.5种不同蛏类遗传距离在1.194～3.173之间,总角截蛏和小刀蛏的遗传距离较近,而与其他3种蛏类的遗传距离较远,遗传距离在1.965～3.173之间.缢蛏、长竹蛏和细长竹蛏3种蛏之间的遗传距离较其他2种蛏近,遗传距离在1.194～1.318之间.同种蛏类不同个体之间的遗传距离很近,遗传差异很小.     

线粒体COⅠ和16S rRNA片段确定近江蛏和缢蛏属的分类地位

对5种双壳类软体动物(近江蛏Sinonovacula rivularis、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta、小刀蛏Cultellus attenuatus、尖刀蛏Cultellus scalprum和大竹蛏Solen grandis)的线粒体基因COⅠ和16S rRNA部分序列进行测序和分析, 并结合GenBank中其他竹蛏超科和樱蛤超科物种COⅠ和16S rRNA片段, 计算种间遗传距离, 构建系统发育树, 探讨近江蛏及缢蛏属的分类地位。结果表明, 5个物种COⅠ和16S rRNA片段A+T含量均远高于G+C含量, 近江蛏与缢蛏之间的碱基序列差异和遗传距离均已达到种间差异水平, 确定近江蛏为缢蛏属的一个种。分别构建COⅠ(砂海螂为外群)和16S rRNA片段(密鳞牡蛎为外群)的Neighbor-Joining系统树, 两者的拓扑结构都明确显示, 缢蛏属为灯塔蛤科一个属, 灯塔蛤科录属于竹蛏超科, 而不录属于樱蛤超科。       

长竹蛏不同地理居群的遗传多样性

研究以大连、烟台、莱州、青岛和赣榆近海5个不同地理居群的长竹蛏(Solen strictus Gould)为实验材料,利用ISSR分子标记进行了遗传多样性的研究。结果表明,13个ISSR引物在5个居群中共扩增出200个位点,平均每个引物记录15.4个位点,5个居群的多态位点比例为43.56%—60.43%。长竹蛏在物种水平上的Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数分别为0.2854和0.4390,在居群水平上分别为0.1674和0.2530。NJ聚类分析显示,青岛居群与赣榆居群的亲缘关系最近,而烟台居群与其他4个居群的亲缘关系较远。经Mantel检测,长竹蛏5个居群间的遗传距离与地理距离并无相关性(r=-0.0834,P>0.1)。AMOVA分子变异分析表明,长竹蛏的遗传变异有47.71%发生在居群间,52.29%发生在居群内,居群内的遗传变异大于居群间的遗传变异。长竹蛏5个居群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.2889,基因流(Nm)为1.3194。结果表明,长竹蛏具有较高的遗传多样性,但居群间已发生了一定程度的遗传分化。       

大竹蛏胚胎发生及稚贝发育研究

在人工培育条件下,对大竹蛏(Solen grandis)胚胎发生及稚贝发育进行显微观察,探究大竹蛏胚胎及幼虫发育规律。结果表明,大竹蛏胚胎及幼虫发育过程为：受精卵、卵裂、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫、D形幼虫、稚贝。在水温为22.4℃时,受精后20~24h发育成D形幼虫,5~7d变态为稚贝,38d稚贝贝壳已具备成贝形态,壳长壳高比为2.60。从受精卵到附着所需积温为3088.79~5005.19℃?h。稚贝先形成出水管后形成进水管,最终形成“一管双孔”。壳长与壳高关系式为     

三种海水生态养殖池塘细菌数量特征及其与环境因子的相关性

为阐明不同生态养殖池塘浮游细菌数量变化规律及其与环境因子间的相关性,以期为多元立体综合养殖模式中的水质安全与生物疾病防控提供科学依据。利用荧光显微镜细菌计数法(Acridine Orange Direct Counting),研究了“参-虾”“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”三种海水生态养殖池塘的细菌数量特征,使用典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis, CCA)探讨细菌数量与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,“参-虾”“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”池塘的细菌平均密度分别为(0.49～3.32)×10⁵ cell/mL、(0.52～2.98)×10⁵ cell/mL和(0.47～2.55)×10⁵ cell/mL,细菌数量有明显的时间差异,夏季密度大于春秋季。三种海水生态养殖池塘的水温、溶解氧和pH变化均不明显,且相差不大,而硝态氮均发生显著变化;其中“蟹-蛏”和“蜇-蛏”池塘的硝态氮、亚硝态氮、活性磷、总氮和总磷均高于“参-虾”池塘,透明度、叶绿素a和化学耗氧量则均低于“参-虾”池塘。典范对应分析(C...     

中国蚌科线粒体16S rRNA序列变异及系统发育

首次测定了中国淡水贝类———蚌科 (Unionidae) 1 3个属代表种类的线粒体 1 6SrRNA部分序列。用Clustal X排序软件进行 1 6SrRNA序列的对位排列 ,序列总长度为 30 5— 32 0bp。通过Mega 2 0软件对所得线粒体 1 6SrRNA片段序列进行比较 ,共发现 1 0 8个碱基存在变异 ,其中包括 77个简约信息位点 ,并用“Pairwisedistance”计算了各属间的相对遗传距离。以贻贝为外类群 ,采用Mega 2 0软件中的“Neighbore Joining”法得到惟一一个分子系统树 ,系统树各分支的置信度由“Bootstrap”1 0 0 0循环检验。结果表明 :分布于中国的蚌科形成三个明显的类群 ,第一个类群 ,包括帆蚌属、蛏蚌属、丽蚌属和尖锄蚌属 ;第二个类群 ,由矛蚌属、扭蚌属、裂脊蚌属、鳞皮蚌属、尖嵴蚌属、楔蚌属和珠蚌属组成 ;第三个类群只包括无齿蚌和冠蚌两个属。由此可以看出 ,它们有可能分别隶属于三个不同的亚科 ,即小方蚌亚科 (帆蚌属、蛏蚌属、丽蚌属和尖锄蚌属 )、无齿蚌亚科 (无齿蚌属和冠蚌属 )和珠蚌亚科 (矛蚌属、扭蚌属、裂脊蚌属、鳞皮蚌属、尖嵴蚌属、楔蚌属和珠蚌属 ) ,由此证明小方蚌亚科在中国的存在 ,并且 ,对几个属的分类位置作了调整。其中鳞皮蚌属和蛏蚌属原来属于无齿蚌亚科 ,根据线粒体 1 6SrRNA的结果 ,前者应该放     

滕州微山湖湿地红荷水利风景区

山东微山湖湿地红荷水利风景区位于微山湖东北部的滕州市滨湖镇境内,东依蒙沂山脉,西濒烟波浩渺的微山湖,南连苏北富庶之地,北邻孔孟圣贤之乡,千年不息的古运河流经此处,总面积90平方公里,是我国北方地区面积最大、自然生态最原始、景观最美的湖区湿地之一。这里有55公里的湖岸线、丰富的物种资源、十万多亩的野生红荷、数十平方公里的芦苇荡及国内罕见的水上森林,风光旖旎,美不胜收。     

夏蜡梅种群结构与分布格局研究

在夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)主要分布地设置11个代表性样地,研究了种群结构与空间分布格局,并对种群密度与主要环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明,大多数夏蜡梅种群幼年阶段的个体较丰富,种群自然更新良好;样地群落夏蜡梅以集群分布为主;在透光率低、林分郁闭的群落中夏蜡梅聚集强度高,但种群更新不良、幼苗缺乏。因此,夏蜡梅适合在相对开敞的遮阴环境下生长,过于郁闭林地应采取适度间伐上层乔木、疏除过密灌木的抚育保护措施。     

Chemistry of Chinese yew, Taxus chinensis var. mairei

Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu is an evergreen tall tree ubiquitous to the southeastern region in China. The first chemical study on this species was published in 1987. Since then about 163 compounds including taxoids and non-taxane compounds were isolated from seeds, root, bark and leaves of this species. This review summarized the chemical investigation on T. chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu in the past 20 years. T. chinensis var. mairei (Lemée et Lévl) Cheng et L.K. Fu was assigned as a variation of T. chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. in Flora of China. However, present chemotaxonomic data would suggest that these two plants might belong to two different chemotypes; further genetic investigation and comprehensive chemical studies on them are warranted to address this issue.     

Population genetic differentiation of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera as revealed by ISSR analysis

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. are well-known Chinese medicinal plants. The population genetic variation of the two species was studied using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. High levels of genetic diversity are revealed in both S. chinensis (P = 88.36%, h = 0.2894, I = 0.4396) and S. sphenanthera (P = 84.09%, H = 0.2782, I = 0.4280). However, the population genetic differentiation is significantly different between the two species. The S. sphenanthera harbors as high as 27% of the genetic variation among populations but 73% within populations, whereas in S. chinensis 17% of the genetic variation occurs among populations and 83% within populations. Both significant (P < 0.05) heterozygosity excess and shifted mode of allele frequency distribution are detected in four out of six populations of S. chinensis and one out of five populations of S. sphenanthera, suggesting the occurrence of recent population bottlenecks in the two species. The different patterns of genetic variation in S. chinensis and S. sphenanthera are discussed in relation to their differences in pollination mechanism, geographic distribution and historical events, and the level of gene flow and genetic drift.     

High-density interspecific genetic maps of kiwifruit and the identification of sex-specific markers

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planchon) is an important specialty fruit crop that suffers from narrow genetic diversity stemming from recent global commercialization and limited cultivar improvement. Here, we present high-density RAD-seq-based genetic maps using an interspecific F₁ cross between Actinidia rufa ‘MT570001’ and A. chinensis ‘Guihai No4’. The A. rufa (maternal) map consists of 2,426 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with a total length of 2,651 cM in 29 linkage groups (LGs) corresponding to the 29 chromosomes. The A. chinensis (paternal) map consists of 4,214 SNP markers over 3,142 cM in 29 LGs. Using these maps, we were able to anchor an additional 440 scaffolds from the kiwifruit draft genome assembly. Kiwifruit is functionally dioecious, which presents unique challenges for breeding and production. Three sex-specific simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers can be used to accurately sex type male and female kiwifruit in breeding programmes. The sex-determination region (SDR) in kiwifruit was narrowed to a 1-Mb subtelomeric region on chromosome 25. Localizing the SDR will expedite the discovery of genes controlling carpel abortion in males and pollen sterility in females.     

Inhibition of female mating receptivity by male-derived extracts in two Callosobruchus species: Consequences for interspecific mating

We investigated the effects of injecting male-derived extracts on congeneric female receptivity in two species of Callosobruchus beetle, C. chinensis and C. maculatus. We also examined the influence of interspecific mating on female remating behaviour in these two species. Male-derived extracts reduced congeneric female receptivity in both species. As quick-acting components, extracts of C. chinensis male seminal vesicles reduced the receptivity of C. maculatus females, whereas extracts of C. maculatus male testes reduced the receptivity of C. chinensis females. As slow-acting components, extracts of male accessory glands of other species reduced the receptivity of both C. maculatus and chinensis females. After interspecific mating, the sperm of C. maculatus males were transferred to the reproductive organs of C. chinensis females, thereby reducing their receptivity. In contrast, no C. chinensis sperm were transferred to the reproductive organs of C. maculatus females; accordingly, the latter's receptivity was not reduced. Furthermore, the survival rate of C. chinensis females decreased markedly after interspecific mating. These results raise the possibility that under circumstances where populations of these two species share the same habitat, reproductive interference would occur only in the interactions between C. maculatus males and C. chinensis females.     

基因拷贝数和甲醇浓度对重组毕赤酵母产华根霉脂肪酶的影响

将华根霉脂肪酶基因克隆到甲基营养型毕赤酵母中表达,以甲醇利用快型菌株为宿主,在7 L发酵罐水平对脂肪酶基因拷贝数分别为3、5、6的3株基因重组菌——XY RCL-3、XY RCL-5、XY RCL-6进行高密度发酵调控,同时研究了甲醇浓度对表达华根霉脂肪酶的影响。结果表明,XY RCL-5在相同条件下发酵产酶能力高于XY RCL-6和XY RCL-3,最适甲醇诱导浓度控制在0.1%±0.02%时,酶活可达到12 500 U/mL,菌体干重达到204 g/L,蛋白浓度也能达到8.02 g/L。     

灵空山油松-辽东栎林乔木树种群落学特征及空间分布格局

参照CTFS技术规范对灵空山自然保护区油松(Pinus tabuliformis)-辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林的乔木进行每木调查的基础上分析了不同乔木树种的群落学特征及空间分布格局。结果表明,4hm2样地中共有乔木树种25种,总计8210株。隶属于12科18属,种的区系以东亚、温带亚洲及中国特有分布类型为主。油松、辽东栎是群落中的共优种,个体占总个体的86.81%,杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia)、白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis)、漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifluum)为群落中主要的伴生种。优势种的径级结构与所有乔木个体的径级结构相似,近似于倒"J"形,以小径级个体居多,林下更新良好。主要树种的空间分布格局在小尺度上表现为聚集分布。油松小径级个体在20 m以内的尺度上呈聚集分布,当空间尺度超过60 m时表现为随机分布,大径级个体在所有尺度上均呈随机分布;辽东栎不同径级个体在小尺度范围内呈现聚集分布,随着尺度增大由随机分布趋于均匀分布。主要树种除漆树外在坡度较缓的生境下分布密度大。灵空山自然保护区油松-辽东栎林中油松种群优势地位更显著,各个乔木种群处于相对稳定状态。     

Molecular phylogenetics and population structure of Sousa chinensis in Chinese waters inferred from mitochondrial control region sequences

Phylogenetic analyses of the genus Sousa were carried out across their geographic range and focused especially on the genetic variation patterns and population structure of Sousa chinensis in Chinese waters. The analyses were based on 287-bp of the mitochondrial control region from 122 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and two Atlantic humpback dolphins (Sousa teuszii). All specimens from China grouped together in a well-supported clade with high bootstrap (BS) and Bayesian posterior probability values (BPP), strongly suggesting that only one species of Sousa exists in China. Six haplotypes were identified in 65 individuals from Xiamen and Pearl River Estuary in China. The extremely low level of detected mtDNA genetic diversity strongly suggests a high priority in conservation of Sousa. The highly significant genetic differentiation between the two populations in Xiamen and Pearl River Estuary supports the designation of these two populations as separate management units (MUs) when designing management programs for this species.     

不同群落中米氏冰草和羊草的年龄结构动态

米氏冰草和羊草都是根茎型禾草,是典型的无性系植物。采取单位面积挖掘取样法,对呼伦贝尔沙地植被次生演替过程中的米氏冰草和羊草种群分株年龄结构进行调查。结果表明,在单生和混合群落中,米氏冰草分株分别由3和4个年龄级组成,羊草均由2个年龄级组成;米氏冰草分株数量和生物量年龄结构变化基本一致,即随着生长年限的延长,呈减少低龄级和增加高龄级比例的趋势,使单生群落中始终为增长型,但接近于稳定型,混生群落中由增长型变为稳定型。羊草分株数量和生物量年龄结构在连续2a均为明显的增长型。羊草各龄级平均单株生产力均高于米氏冰草,平均是米氏冰草的5.2倍。米氏冰草和羊草种群分株年龄结构的变化,蕴含着米氏冰草种群的优势地位将被羊草种群取代的趋势。     

石竹花粉母细胞减数分裂的观察

采用常规压片法对石竹(Dianthus chinensis L.)花粉母细胞减数分裂进行了细胞学观察。结果表明,减数分裂过程中存在二价体提前分离、赤道板外染色体、落后染色体、染色体不均等分离等异常现象,各时期的畸形率都低于3%,石竹的减数分裂过程基本正常,石竹染色体数目2n=2x=30。