毛头鬼伞的生物活性作用

毛头鬼伞具有高蛋白、低脂肪等优良特性。毛头鬼伞中含有20种氨基酸,其中人体必需的8种氨基酸全部具备;毛头鬼伞还含有钾、钠、钙、镁、磷等元素和铁、铜、锰、锌、钼、钴等微量元素。目前,毛头鬼伞已被定为符合联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)要求的,集天然、营养、保健三种功能为一体的16种珍稀食用菌之一。迄今为止,有关毛头鬼伞生物活性作用的研究还开展得很不充分,国内有少量相关报道,国外对此研究甚少。本文对毛头鬼伞的生物学作用研究现状进行综述,为临床治疗肿瘤、糖尿病、感染性疾病等提供参考。     

鸡腿菇液体深层发酵工艺条件的研究

目的：研究碳源、氮源、接种量、初始pH值、温度等对鸡腿菇深层发酵的生物量和多糖产量的影响。方法：通过摇瓶培养确定了该菌株的发酵优化条件,在此条件下,获得了较高的多糖产量。结论：结果表明葡萄糖、酵母浸粉有利于鸡腿菇菌体生长和胞外多糖的形成,在初始pH值6、接种量10％、温度26℃、250ml摇瓶装液量l00ml的条件下,鸡腿菇深层发酵结果最佳,在此基础上进行摇瓶发酵曲线测定,确定了鸡腿菇适宜发酵周期为144h,胞外多糖最高可达1．98g/L。     

毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)多糖的理化性质及体外抗氧化活性

毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)子实体经热水浸提、乙醇沉淀、脱蛋白和真空干燥后得到毛头鬼伞多糖。经定性化学反应和光谱鉴定,毛头鬼伞多糖不含蛋白质、核酸、酚类物质和糖醛酸,为非淀粉类中性多糖,均分子量为947 kD,完全酸水解后经气相色谱分析确定其糖基组成及其摩尔组成比为葡萄糖∶甘露糖∶半乳糖=10.5∶1.7∶1。通过对脱氧核糖体系产生的羟基自由基(.OH)的清除作用和邻苯三酚自氧化系统产生的超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)的清除作用,对毛头鬼伞多糖体外抗氧化活性进行的研究结果表明:该多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性。     

毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)中一种碱性蛋白的纯化及其活性

用离子交换层析(CM-sepharose FF)和凝胶层析(Superdex^TM 75)方法,从新鲜食用菌毛头鬼伞(Coprinus omatus)子实体中分离纯化出一碱性蛋白y3,经SDS-PAGE初步确定其分子量约为14．4kD。活性检测结果显示：当其浓度为12．5μg／mL时,对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)在心叶烟枯斑寄主上的侵染抑制率达83．0%;y3对兔血凝集活性滴度为2^5,对人血凝集活性滴度为26,其浓度分别为1．562μg／mL和0．78lμg／mL;利用胃癌细胞株MGC-803检测y3体外抗肿瘤活性,其IC50为12μg／mL。y3 N-端序列为NRDVAACARFIDDFCDTLTP,为一新的蛋白序列。在SWISS-PORT上登录号为P83477。     

鸡腿菇产溶栓酶液体发酵条件优化

采用鸡腿菇为实验菌株,对其生产溶栓酶的液体发酵条件进行了初步优化,确定的菌株产酶培养基组分及最适培养条件为:碳源为蔗糖,氮源为豆饼粉,蔗糖/豆饼比值为2:5,发酵培养基的初始pH值为自然(6～7),装液量为250mL三角瓶装40mL,接菌量为直径1cm的菌片1片,发酵温度21℃～25℃,CuSO4添加量为0.001%.液态发酵所得溶栓酶活力可稳定达到溶圈面积180mm2以上, 相当于尿激酶活力150IU/mL,较优化前提高5倍.     

Structural elucidation of a neutral fucogalactan from the mycelium of Coprinus comatus

A water-soluble fucogalactan (CMP3), with a molecular mass of 1.03 x 10(4) Da as determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), was obtained from the crude intracellular polysaccharide of Coprinus comatus mycelium. Its chemical structure was characterized by sugar and methylation analysis along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including NOESY and HMBC experiments for linkage and sequence analysis. The polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [structure:see text].     

A constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor causes mating self-compatibility in the mushroom Coprinus.

In the mushroom Coprinus cinereus, the multiallelic B mating type genes are predicted to encode a large family of seven-transmembrane domain receptors and CaaX-modified pheromones. We have shown that a single amino acid change Q229P in transmembrane domain VI of one receptor confers a self-compatible mating phenotype. Using a heterologous yeast assay, we have demonstrated that this C.cinereus pheromone receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor and that the Q229P mutation is constitutively activating. A C.cinereus pheromone precursor was processed to an active species specifically in yeast MATa cells and activated the co-expressed wild-type receptor. Yeast cells expressing the wild-type receptor were used to test the activity of synthetic peptides, enabling us to predict the structure of the mature C.cinereus pheromone and to show that the Q229P mutation does not compromise normal receptor function.     

Action spectra for fruiting of the mushroom Coprinus congregatus

Spectral sensitivity for photostimulated and photoinhibited phases of the development of Coprinus congregatus Bull. ex Fr. was determined from 405–730 nm. The cultures were exposed during 12 h to a constant number of incident quanta. Spectral sensitivity for photoinduction of primordia formation, for photoinhibition of primordia development and for photomaturation of primordia was quite similar, suggesting a common photoreceptor during fruit-body morphogenesis. A defined action spectrum for the photoinhibitory effect of a light break during the inductive night was determined from 407–690 nm. The most effective wavelengths were in the blue (445 nm). Wavelengths longer than 510 nm were ineffective. The general shape of this action spectrum was similar to those obtained for many blue light responses in which a flavoprotein was postulated to be the photoreceptor.     

Xylaria coprinicola, a new species that antagonizes cultivation of Coprinus comatus in China

The species known in China as the chicken-claw fungus is described as a new species, Xylaria coprinicola. This species is known as an antagonist of cultivation of the edible mushroom Coprinus comatus. Stromata of X. coprinicola are cylindrical, terminate in a sterile apex and arise in fascicles from a relative large submerged base; perithecia are immersed and have conspicuously conical ostiolar openings; ascospores are minute. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined partial sequences of rpb2, β-tub and α-act genes showed that X. coprinicola is closely related to those Xylaria species exclusively associated with termite nests.     

毛头鬼伞菌丝体对培养料中不同养分的利用特点

将毛头鬼伞菌丝体接种到不同栽培培养基上,分析了菌丝体对培养基中综纤维素、木质素以及淀粉利用的动态变化。结果表明:毛头鬼伞菌丝体对培养基中的综纤维素、木质素以及淀粉都有较好的利用,在淀粉含量高的情况下,毛头鬼伞菌丝体对综纤维素、木质素的利用表现出一种延迟。另外,通过分析毛头鬼伞菌丝体对综纤维素、木质素利用的比值,得出其对木质素利用的比值高。因此,在毛头鬼伞的稻草栽培培养基中添加适量的木屑是可行的。     

鸡腿菇特有病害鸡爪菌分生孢子萌发特性研究

研究了鸡腿菇特有病害鸡爪菌分生孢子萌发特性。结果表明,鸡爪菌分生孢子以单极萌发为主．在子座上一般不萌发。萌发需要较高的温湿环境和营养条件,pH值中性偏酸,光照对萌发影响不大。致死温度为43℃-45℃。     

毛头鬼伞多糖CCP60a对TMV外壳蛋白的影响

对毛头鬼伞（Coprinus comatus Muell．ex Fr．）子实体中的多糖CCP60a进行了提取分离及检测,研究了不同温度条件下CCP60a对烟草花叶病毒（TMV）外壳蛋白体外聚合的影响,并用Western blotting法研究了CCP60a对TMV外壳蛋白表达的影响。结果表明,经沸水浸提、乙醇分级沉淀、DEAESephadex A-25离子交换柱层析、Sepharose-6B凝胶柱层析和抗TMV活性跟踪检测可得到均一的多糖CCP60a。随温度的提高,CCP60a处理组在320nm处的吸光度值增加幅度明显小于对照组,表明CCP60a对TMV外壳蛋白体外聚合有一定的抑制作用。Western blotting检测结果显示,CCP60a可以使TMV外壳蛋白的表达明显降低。     

The Co-effect of Vanadium and Fermented Mushroom of Coprinus comatus on Glycaemic Metabolism

The effect of fermented mushroom of Coprinus comatus rich in vanadium (CCRV) on glycaemic metabolism was studied in this paper. Alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice were used in this study. The insulin secretion and glycogen synthesis of the mice were analyzed. At the same time, the gluconeogenesis of the normal mice was also determined. The alloxan-damaged pancreatic beta-cells of the mice were also studied in this paper. After the mice were administered (i.g.) with CCRV, the level of insulin secretion and glycogen synthesis of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice elevated (p<0.05, p<0.01) and the gluconeogenesis of the normal mice was inhibited (p<0.01). Also, the alloxan-damaged pancreatic beta-cells of the mice were partly recovered gradually after the mice were administered (i.g.) with CCRV 15 days later. These may account for the causes of CCRV-induced significant decreases of the blood glucose in hyperglycemic mice.     

毛头鬼伞多糖对烟草酶活性和同工酶谱的影响

分析了毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)真菌多糖诱导烟草对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)抗性过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶、-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的变化。结果表明,毛头鬼伞多糖可提高POD、PPO、PAL、几丁质酶和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,接种TMV后毛头鬼伞多糖处理的烟草酶活性显著高于不处理者。上述结果提示,毛头鬼伞多糖处理后烟草酶活性的增强可能与其诱导烟草获得抗性有关。     

Systemic Treatment with Vanadium Absorbed by Coprinus comatus Promotes Femoral Fracture Healing in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of vanadium absorbed by Coprinus comatus (VACC) on fracture healing in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Forty-five male Wistar rats used were divided into three groups: normal rats (control), diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with VACC. A standardized fracture-healing model with a stable plate fixation was established for the rat femoral fracture. After a 4-week stable fixation, callus quality was assessed by microcomputerized tomography and histological and biomechanical examinations. In addition, bone samples were obtained to evaluate the content of mineral substances in bones. Compared with the diabetic group, vanadium treatment significantly increased bone mineral content and biomechanical strength and improved microstructural properties of the callus. The ultimate load was increased by 29.1 % (P?<?0.05), and the total bone volume of callus enhanced by 11.2 % (P?<?0.05) at 4 weeks post fracture. Vanadium also promoted callus bone formation, which caused a 35.5 % increase in the total area of callus. However, VACC did not accelerate the fracture repair process in histological analysis. In conclusion, the current study suggests that systemic treatment with vanadium could promote fracture healing in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.     

鸡腿菇特有病害鸡爪菌生物学研究——危害与形态学研究

鸡爪菌是危害鸡腿菇的一种特有病害,对其危害和形态特征研究结果表明:该菌可使鸡腿菇菌料内菌丝断裂、发黄、消解,菌料松散,子实体畸形、萎缩直至腐烂、死亡。该菌由菌丝体和子座2部分所组成。菌丝无色、有结节、隔膜多、节间长短不一。子座发达,可反复形成分枝;未成熟子座呈灰绿色,表面菌丝顶端专化形成分生孢子梗和圆形分生孢子;成熟子座呈土灰色至黑褐色,表面形成大量梨形子囊壳。子囊圆柱状,内生8个椭圆形子囊孢子。     

Hypoglycemic activity of bio-tea in mice

Administration of bio-tea (1.71 ml/kg) to normal albino mice caused hypoglycemia after 30 min which reached to maximum after 2 hr with a significant decrease in blood sugar level (BSL) and became normal beyond 8 hr. In alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice, repeated treatments of bio-tea for 3 days (five doses) brought about a significant fall in mean BSL. Continuous decrease in BSL was observed after 4 hr of administration of last dose of bio-tea. Hypoglycemic effect was persistent in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Effect on glucose tolerance test showed a significant fall in BSL of bio-tea treated animals after 1 hr of glucose treatment indicating hypoglycemic effect of bio-tea.     

一种食用菌提取物y3对烟草花叶病毒的钝化作用及其机制

测定了从食用菌毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)中提纯的y3蛋白对烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的钝化作用,结果表明y3对TMV有较强的体外钝化作用,在心叶烟枯斑寄主上对TMV的抑制中浓度约为2.0μg/mL;y3在pH9.0时较稳定;TMV与y3混合后用RNase处理,测得侵染率为61.74%,比未用RNase处理的对照降低了38.26%,说明y3具有一定的体外脱衣壳作用;另外电镜观察发现y3可使部分TMV粒体发生裂解,变短.     

Heterologous expression and characterization of a novel laccase isoenzyme with dyes decolorization potential from Coprinus comatus

Two new laccase genes, named lac1 and lac2, were cloned from the edible basidiomycete Coprinus comatus. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed two laccases showed 66.12 % identity and clustered with lac2 and lac3 from Coprinopsis cinerea in same phylogenetic group. Lac1 and lac2 encode proteins of 517 and 523 amino acids preceded by 18 and 21-residue signal peptides, respectively. Lac1 was functionally expressed in Pichia pastoris. The optimum pHs of recombinant Lac1 were 3.0, 6.0, 5.5 and 6.0 and the optimum temperatures were 65, 55, 70 and 50 °C for ABTS, guaiacol, 2,6-dimethylphenol and syringaldazine, respectively. The Km values of Lac1 were 34, 4,317, 7,611 and 14 μM, and the corresponding kcat values were 465.79, 7.67, 1.15 and 0.60 (s^?1 mM), for ABTS, guaiacol, 2,6-dimethylphenol and syringaldazine, respectively. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by sodium azide (NaN₃) and 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) at the concentration of 5 mM. Laccase activity was also inhibited by several metal ions, especially Fe²⁺, while K⁺ and NH₄ ⁺ slightly enhanced laccase activity. Twelve synthetic dyes belonging to anthraquinone, azo and triphenylmethane dyes were decolorized by the recombinant Lac1 at different extents. The recombinant Lac1 decolorized azo dye Reactive Dark Blue KR up to 90 % without any mediator and increasing to 96 % with mediator, indicating its potential in the treatment of industrial effluent containing some recalcitrant synthetic dyes.