Synthesis, properties and solution speciation of lanthanide chloride complexes of triphenylphosphine oxide

The reaction of Ph₃PO with LnCl₃ · nH₂O (Ln=La-Lu ≠ Pm) in a 3.5:1 ratio in acetone produces [LnCl₃(Ph₃PO)₃], whilst from a 6:1 ratio in ethanol the products are [LnCl₂(Ph₃PO)₄]Cl · n(solvate). In the presence of [NH₄][PF₆] in ethanol solution, [LnCl₂(Ph₃PO)₄]PF₆ can be isolated. The last complexes are stable in solution but the [LnCl₃(Ph₃PO)₃] and [LnCl₂(Ph₃PO)₄]Cl partially interconvert in non-coordinating solvents, the neutral species being preferred by the lighter lanthanides, the cationic tetrakis complexes becoming more favoured towards the end of the series. The complexes have been characterised in the solid state by analysis and IR spectroscopy and in solution by ³¹P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy and conductance measurements. The crystal structures of trans-[LnCl₂(Ph₃PO)₄]Cl · nEtOH (Ln=Tb or Yb) and mer-[LnCl₃(Ph₃PO)₃] · 0.5Me₂CO (Ln=La or Ce) are reported and discussed.     

Impact of the Doping Method on Conductivity and Thermopower in Semiconducting Polythiophenes

The development of organic semiconductors for use in thermoelectrics requires the optimization of both their thermopower and electrical conductivity. Here two fundamentally different doping mechanisms are used to investigate the thermoelectric properties of known high hole mobility polymers: poly 3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT), poly(2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) (PBTTT‐C₁₄), and poly(2,5‐bis(thiphen‐2‐yl)‐(3,7‐diheptadecantyltetrathienoacene)) (P2TDC₁₇‐FT4). The small molecule tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F₄TCNQ) is known to effectively dope these polymers, and the thermoelectric properties are studied as a function of the ratio of dopant to polymer repeat unit. Higher electrical conductivity and values of the thermoelectric power factor are achieved by doping with vapor‐deposited fluoroalkyl trichlorosilanes. The combination of these data reveals a striking relationship between thermopower and conductivity in thiophene‐based polymers over a large range of electrical conductivity that is independent of the means of electrical doping. This relationship is not predicted by commonly used transport models for semiconducting polymers and is demonstrated to hold for other semiconducting polymers as well.     

The mononuclear and dinuclear dimethoxyethane adducts of lanthanide trichlorides [LnCl3(DME)2]n, n=1 or 2, fundamental starting materials in lanthanide chemistry: preparation and structures

Some new dimethoxyethane (DME) adducts of lanthanide trichlorides of formula [LnCl₃(DME)₂]_n, n=1 or 2; (n=2, Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd; n=1, Ln=Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, Lu) have been prepared by treating Ln₂O₃, or LnCl₃ · nH₂O, or Ln₂(CO₃)₃, in DME as medium, with thionyl chloride at room temperature, eventually in the presence of water in the case of Ln₂O₃ and Ln₂(CO₃)₃. The complexes from lanthanum to praseodymium included are chloro-bridged dimers. In the case of neodymium, the new results complement the literature data, showing that both the mononuclear and dinuclear species exist: neodymium can therefore be regarded as the turning element from dinuclear to mononuclear structures along the series. Only mononuclear complexes were isolated in the Eu-Lu sequence. The lanthanide contraction has been evaluated on the basis of the Ln-O and Ln-Cl bond distances on the isotypical series of the mononuclear complexes LnCl₃(DME)₂ covering a range of 12 atomic numbers.     

Tin Intercalated Ultrathin MoO3 Nanoribbons for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Heteroatom doping strategies have been widely developed to engineer the conductivity and polarity of 2D materials to improve their performance as the host for sulfur cathode in lithium–sulfur batteries. However, further improvement is limited by the inhomogeneity and the small amount of the doping atoms. An intercalation method to improve the conductivity and polarity of 2D‐layered α‐MoO₃ nanoribbons is developed here, thus, resulting in much improved electrochemical performance as sulfur host with better rate and cycle performance. The first principle calculations show that the binding energy of MoO₃ and lithium polysulfides, lithium sulfide and sulfur is significantly improved after Sn intercalation. The Sn_0.063MoO₃‐S cathode delivers an initial specific capacity of 1390.3 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 C with the Coulombic efficiency up to 99.7% and shows 79.6% retention of the initial capacity over 500 cycles at 1 C rate with a capacity decay of 0.04% per cycle. This intercalation method provides a new strategy to engineer the electrochemical properties of 2D materials.     

Conductive,Solution‐Processed Dioxythiophene Copolymers for Thermoelectric and Transparent Electrode Applications

Conjugated polymers with high electrical conductivities are attractive for applications in capacitors, biosensors, organic thermoelectrics, and transparent electrodes. Here, a series of solution processable dioxythiophene copolymers based on 3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) and 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) is investigated as thermoelectric and transparent electrode materials. Through structural manipulation of the polymer repeat unit, the conductivity of the polymers upon oxidative solution doping is tuned from 1 × 10^?3 to 3 S cm^?1, with a polymer consisting of a solubilizing alkylated ProDOT unit and an electron‐rich biEDOT unit (referred to as PE₂) showing the highest electrical conductivity. Optimization of the film casting method and screening of dopants result in AgPF₆‐doped PE₂ achieving a high electrical conductivity of over 250 S cm^?1 and a thermoelectric power factor of 7 μW m^?1 K^?2. Oxidized spray cast films of PE₂ are also assessed as a transparent electrode material for use with another electrochromic polymer. This bilayer shows reversible electrochemical switching from a colored charge‐neutral state to a highly transmissive color‐neutral, oxidized state. These results demonstrate that dioxythiophene‐based copolymers are a promising class of materials, with ProDOT–biEDOT serving as a soluble analog to the well‐studied PEDOT as a p‐type thermoelectric and electrode material.     

MACl‐Assisted Ge Doping of Pb‐Hybrid Perovskite: A Universal Route to Stabilize High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

Interfacial engineering, grain boundary, and surface passivation in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (HyPSCs) are effective in achieving high performance and enhanced durability. Organic additives and inorganic doping are generally used to chemically modify the surface contacting charge transport layers, and/or grain boundaries so as to reduce the defect density. Here, a simple but tricky one‐step method to dope organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite with Ge for the first time is reported. Unlike Ge doping to all‐inorganic perovskites, application of GeI₂ in organic–inorganic perovskite precursors is challenging due to the extremely poor solubility of GeI₂ in hybrid perovskite ink, leading to failure in the formation of uniform films. However, it is found that addition of methylammonium chloride (MACl) into the precursor remarkably increases the solubility of GeI₂. This MACl‐assisted Ge doping of hybrid perovskites produces high‐quality crystalline film with its surface passivated with nonvolatile GeI₂ (GeO₂) and the volatile MACl additive also improves the uniformity of GeO₂ distribution in the perovskite films. The resulting Ge‐doped mixed cation and mixed halide perovskite films with composition FA_0.83MA_0.17Ge_0.03Pb_0.97(I_0.9Br_0.1)₃ show superior photoluminescence lifetime, power conversion efficiency above 22%, and greater stability toward illumination and humidity, outperforming photovoltaic properties of HyPSCs prepared without the Ge doping.     

Unintentional Bulk Doping of Polymer‐Fullerene Blends from a Thin Interfacial Layer of MoO3

Charge selective interlayers are of critical importance in order for solar cells based on low mobility materials, such as polymer‐fullerene blends, to perform well. Commonly used anode interlayers consist of high work function transition metal oxides, with molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) being arguably the most used. Here, it is shown that a thin interlayer of MoO₃ causes unintentional bulk doping in solar cells based on polymers and polymer‐fullerene blends. The doping concentrations determined from capacitance–voltage measurements are larger than 10¹⁶ cm^?3 and are seen to increase closer to the anode, reference devices without MoO₃ are undoped. Using time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy it is furthermore shown that molybdenum is present on the surface of all films with an interfacial layer of MoO₃ beneath the active layer. Doping concentrations of this magnitude are detrimental for device performance, especially for active layers >100 nm.     

Aluminum inhibits phosphatidic acid formation by blocking the phospholipase C pathway

Aluminum (Al³⁺) has been recognized as a main toxic factor in crop production in acid lands. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is emerging as an important lipid signaling molecule and has been implicated in various stress-signaling pathways in plants. In this paper, we focus on how PA generation is affected by Al³⁺ using Coffea arabica suspension cells. We pre-labeled cells with [³²P]orthophosphate (³²Pi) and assayed for ³²P-PA formation in response to Al³⁺. Treating cells for 15 min with either AlCl₃ or Al(NO₃)₃ inhibited the formation of PA. In order to test how Al³⁺ affected PA signaling, we used the peptide mastoparan-7 (mas-7), which is known as a very potent stimulator of PA formation. The Al³⁺ inhibited mas-7 induction of PA response, both before and after Al³⁺ incubation. The PA involved in signaling is generated by two distinct phospholipid signaling pathways, via phospholipase D (PLD; EC: 3.1.4.4) or via Phospholipase C (PLC; EC: 3.1.4.3), and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK; EC 2.7.1.107). By labeling with ³²Pi for short periods of time, we found that PA formation was inhibited almost 30% when the cells were incubated with AlCl₃ suggesting the involvement of the PLC/DGK pathway. Incubation of cells with PLC inhibitor, U73122, affected PA formation, like AlCl₃ did. PLD in vivo activation by mas-7 was reduced by Al³⁺. These results suggest that PA formation was prevented through the inhibition of the PLC activity, and it provides the first evidence for the role of Al toxicity on PA production.     

Fast and Stable Proton Conduction in Heavily Scandium‐Doped Polycrystalline Barium Zirconate at Intermediate Temperatures

The environmental benefits of fuel cells and electrolyzers have become increasingly recognized in recent years. Fuel cells and electrolyzers that can operate at intermediate temperatures (300–450 °C) require, in principle, neither the precious metal catalysts that are typically used in polymer‐electrolyte‐membrane systems nor the costly heat‐resistant alloys used in balance‐of‐plant components of high‐temperature solid oxide electrochemical cells. These devices require an electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, typically more than 0.01 S cm^?1, and high chemical stability. To date, however, high ionic conductivities have been found in chemically unstable materials such as CsH₂PO₄, In‐doped SnP₂O₇, BaH₂, and LaH_3?2xO_x. Here, fast and stable proton conduction in 60‐at% Sc‐doped barium zirconate polycrystal, with a total conductivity of 0.01 S cm^?1 at 396 °C for 200 h is demonstrated. Heavy doping of Sc in barium zirconate simultaneously enhances the proton concentration, bulk proton diffusivity, specific grain boundary conductivity, and grain growth. An accelerated stability test under a highly concentrated and humidified CO₂ stream using in situ X‐ray diffraction shows that the perovskite phase is stable over 240 h at 400 °C under 0.98 atm of CO₂. These results show great promises as an electrolyte in solid‐state electrochemical devices operated at intermediate temperatures.     

Improving Efficiency of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>:Ag /Si Solar Cell Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has been extensively studied and demonstrated to be suitable to enhance the efficiency of solar cell. In this work, TiO₂ is doped with silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) on glass and the Si substrate by using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), electrical conductivity (σ _dc), Hall coefficient (R_H), current–voltage (I–V), and capacity–voltage (C–V) characterizations have been used to examine the optical, the morphological, and the electrical properties of the films. It has been found that 5 wt.% (Ag) doped TiO₂ thin film has the most effect on efficiency of TiO₂:Ag /Si solar cell. The (I–V) characteristics showed that the (TiO₂) thin film enhances the efficiency of the (p–n) junction solar cell from 1.26 % pure TiO₂ to 7.19 % with doping of noble metal (Ag) representing improvement in the efficiency of solar cell leading to estimate empirical equations between efficiency, extinction coefficient, and energy band gap which have a total fit with the experimental data.     

A Self‐Doping,O2‐Stable,n‐Type Interfacial Layer for Organic Electronics

Solid films of a water‐soluble dicationic perylene diimide salt, perylene bis(2‐ethyltrimethylammonium hydroxide imide), Petma⁺OH^?, are strongly doped n‐type by dehydration and reversibly de‐doped by hydration. The hydrated films consist almost entirely of the neutral perylene diimide, PDI, while the dehydrated films contain ～50% PDI anions. The conductivity increases by five orders of magnitude upon dehydration, probably limited by film roughness, while the work function decreases by 0.74 V, consistent with an n‐type doping density increase of ～12 orders of magnitude. Remarkably, the PDI anions are stable in dry air up to 120 °C. The work function of the doped film, ? (3.96 V vs. vacuum), is unusually negative for an O₂‐stable contact. Petma⁺OH^? is also characterized as an interfacial layer, IFL, in two different types of organic photovoltaic cells. Results are comparable to state of the art cesium carbonate IFLs, but may improve if film morphology can be better controlled. The films are stable and reversible over many months in air and light. The mechanism of this unusual self‐doping process may involve the change in relative potentials of the ions in the film caused by their deshielding and compaction as water is removed, leading to charge transfer when dry.     

Bringing Conducting Polymers to High Order: Toward Conductivities beyond 105 S cm−1 and Thermoelectric Power Factors of 2 mW m−1 K−2

Here, an effective design strategy of polymer thermoelectric materials based on structural control in doped polymer semiconductors is presented. The strategy is illustrated for two archetypical polythiophenes, e.g., poly(2,5‐bis(3‐dodecyl‐2‐thienyl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) (C₁₂‐PBTTT) and regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). FeCl₃ doping of aligned films results in charge conductivities up to 2 × 10⁵ S cm^?1 and metallic‐like thermopowers similar to iodine‐doped polyacetylene. The films are almost optically transparent and show strongly polarized near‐infrared polaronic bands (dichroic ratio >10). The comparative study of structure–property correlations in P3HT and C₁₂‐PBTTT identifies three conditions to obtain conductivities beyond 10⁵ S cm^?1: i) achieve high in‐plane orientation of conjugated polymers with high persistence length; ii) ensure uniform chain oxidation of the polymer backbones by regular intercalation of dopant molecules in the polymer structure without disrupting alignment of π‐stacked layers; and iii) maintain a percolating nanomorphology along the chain direction. The highly anisotropic conducting polymer films are ideal model systems to investigate the correlations between thermopower S and charge conductivity σ. A scaling law S ∝ σ^?1/4 prevails along the chain direction, but a different S ∝ ?ln(σ) relation is observed perpendicular to the chains, suggesting different charge transport mechanisms. The simultaneous increase of charge conductivity and thermopower along the chain direction results in a substantial improvement of thermoelectric power factors up to 2 mW m^?1 K^?2 in C₁₂‐PBTTT.     

Effect of axially coordinated pi-acid ligands on photovoltaic properties of Zn-tetraphenylporphyrin

Following our earlier observations that the well known doping effect of oxygen and water on electrical properties of porphyrin and phthalocyanine films may be attributed to a pi-acid axial interaction throughout the film in the case of PdTPP, we have compared Zn-TPP films supported on transparent n-doped SnO₂ electrodes which had been treated with several pi-acids in contact with an electrolyte to give photoelectrochemical cells. Photovoltages obtained in contact with a series of solution couples were used to obtain approximate photo flat band potentials. The doped films were examined by magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy so that the electronic effect of the dopant could be diagnosed. It was found that pi-acid dopants cause shifts to low energy in the band which indicates “hole stabilization” in the order pyridine < CO < triphenylarsine. The potentials of zero photopotential ‘E_FB’, correlate approximately with spectral shifts. It is concluded that manipulation of axial ligand dopants is a promising method for design of metal porphyrin and perhaps phthalocyanine films with desired photovoltaic properties.     

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O₂ pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (>80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO₂, Al₂O₃, WO₃ and Ag₄O₄.     

Effect of auxinhormone lanthanide complexes on the growth of wheat coleoptile

Naphthalene-1-acetic acid (HNAA), dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (HDAA), and indole-3-acetic acid (HIAA) are auxinhormones that can affect the growth of plants. The lanthanide complexes of the above auxinhormone LnA₃-3H₂O (Ln = La³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sm³⁺, Er³⁺, Yb³⁺; HA = HNAA, HDAA, HIAA; A = NAA^-, DAA^-, IAA^-) were synthesized and are characterized in this paper. The solubility and IR spectra of these complexes were also studied. Experiments of the effects of LnCl₃-nH₂O, HA, and LnA₃-3H₂O on the growth rate of wheat coleoptile sections show, that LnCl₃-nH₂O promotes the growth of wheat coleoptile when this compounds concentration is lower than 2 x 10^-5 M and the promotion is very significant when the concentration of Ln³⁺ is lower than 8 x 10^-6 M. It was also found that the effect of LnA₃· 3H₂O on the growth of wheat coleoptile is stronger than that of LnCl₃·nH₂O and HA, which indicates that the combination of Ln³⁺ with HA act synergistically.     

Syntheses and structures of lanthanide complexes containing a bis(imidazolin-2-imino)pyridine pincer ligand

The Lewis acid-base reaction of 2,6-bis[1,3-di-tert-butylimidazolin-2-imino)methyl]pyridine (TL^tBu) and LnCl₃ in THF leads to the corresponding neutral lanthanide complexes of type [(TL^tBu)LnCl₃], Ln = Y (1a), Er (1b), Lu (1c). The yttrium and lutetium complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The solid state structures reveal that the bulky TL^tBu ligand causes steric crowding around the lanthanide atoms by coordinating to the metal center in a tridentate fashion. In addition, remote C-H?Ln interactions (H?Ln ca. 2.7 Å) involving one of the ^tBu methyl groups are observed in both cases. A DFT (density functional theory) calculation on 1a was able to reproduce this interaction, which was additionally characterized by means of an H?Y compliance constant and by employing the AIM (atoms in molecules) theory.     

Verification of efficacy as an ergogenic aid and safety in doping of sibjeondaebo-tang

[Purpose]

Various kinds of food substances from all over the world have been proposed to use as ergogenic aids for the additional improvement of exercise performance especially in athletes. Herb medicine which usually being applied for the cure of disease is used as a performance booster in several far eastern countries including Korea. Many scientists and coaches have asked very objective verifications on the reality of herb medicines practically used but never been scientifically elucidated well enough. In addition to the possibility as an ergogenic aid, the safety in doping is the critical factor to be examined thoroughly. In this study, Sibjeondaebo-Tang, a leading popular prescribed herb medicine in Korea, was examined.

[Methods]

After the intake of Sibjeondaebo-Tang, its effects on VO₂max, recovery from fatigue, and doping safety through the official process as WADA suggested. Six volunteered male Taekwondo Pumsae players were subjected in a repeatedly examined protocol.

[Results]

First of all, every subjects showed ‘negative’ in doping test, and the treatment did not show any significant improvement on VO₂max even though there was a significant decrease in blood lactate level on a step test.

[Conclusion]

In conclusion, Sibjeondaebo-Tang may have some limited effects as a fatigue delayer and the use of it showed safe to doping test with the strict limitation as the way in this study. So we should abstain from the over-interpreted application of the results so far.     

Understanding Film Formation Morphology and Orientation in High Member 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells

2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskites have recently emerged as promising candidates for hybrid perovskite photovoltaic cells, realizing power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 10% with technologically relevant stability. To achieve solar cell performance comparable to the state‐of‐the‐art 3D perovskite cells, it is highly desirable to increase the conductivity and lower the optical bandgap for enhanced near‐IR region absorption by increasing the perovskite slab thickness. Here, the use of the 2D higher member (n = 5) RP perovskite (n‐butyl‐NH₃)₂(MeNH₃)₄Pb₅I₁₆ in depositing highly oriented thin films from dimethylformamide/dimethylsulfoxide mixtures using the hot‐casting method is reported. In addition, they exhibit superior environmental stability over thin films of their 3D counterpart. These films are assembled into high‐efficiency solar cells with an open‐circuit voltage of ≈1 V and PCE of up to 10%. This is achieved by fine‐tuning the solvent ratio, crystal growth orientation, and grain size in the thin films. The enhanced performance of the optimized devices is ascribed to the growth of micrometer‐sized grains as opposed to more typically obtained nanometer grain size and highly crystalline, densely packed microstructures with the majority of the inorganic slabs preferentially aligned out of plane to the substrate, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering mapping.     

Polysulfonated Fluoro‐oxyPBI Membranes for PEMFCs: An Efficient Strategy to Achieve Good Fuel Cell Performances with Low H3PO4 Doping Levels

Polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) are promising materials to replace Nafion as the electrolyte in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The challenge with these materials is to achieve a good compromise between the H₃PO₄ doping level and membrane stability. This can be obtained by a proper monomer design, which can lead to better performing membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), in terms of durability, acid leaching, and electrode safety. Here the easy and inexpensive synthesis of hexafluoropropylidene oxyPBI (F₆‐oxyPBI) and bisulfonated hexafluoropropylidene oxyPBI (F₆‐oxyPBI‐2SO₃H) is reported. The membranes based on F₆‐oxyPBI‐2SO₃H are more stable in an oxidative environment and more mechanically resistant than standard PBI and F₆‐oxyPBI. Whereas the attainable doping levels are low because of fluorine‐induced hydrophobicity, polysulfonation allows high proton conductivity, and fuel cell performances better than those reported for MEAs with F₆PBI‐ or PBI membranes with much higher doping levels. In the case of MEA with a F₆‐oxyPBI‐2SO₃H membrane, a peak power density of 360 mW cm^?2 is measured. Fuel cell performances of 604 mV at 0.2 A cm^?2 are maintained for 800 h without membrane degradation. Low H₂ permeability is measured, which remains almost unaffected during a 1000 h life‐test.     

Polyelectrolyte complexes of glycol chitosan with some polysaccharides. II. Electrical conductivity

The dc electrical conductivity of films of the polyelectrolyte complexes of glycol chitosan (GlChi) with the sodium salts of dextran sulfate (DS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polygalacturonic acid (GalUA)_n, and alginic acid (AlgA) was measured at temperatures above and below room temperature. The maximum field strength in the thinnest film used amounted to 3 × 10⁴ V/cm. A plot of normalized current against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature revealed two regions with different slopes, and activation energies in these two regions have been obtained for all the complexes. The activation energies in the high-temperature region vary from 0.85 to 1.18 eV and in the low-temperature region from 0 to 0.22 eV. Reasons are given to show that the conductivity is probably ionic. Near room temperature, the current–voltage relation is almost linear in the GlChi–DS complex, while in the other three complexes the current varies as a power n of the voltage with the value of n ranging from 1.7 to 2.5. A rise in temperatures causes an increase in the slope of the log I vs log V plot in GlChi–DS and GlChi–CMC complexes. The nonlinear current–voltage relation is ascribed to a space-charge-limited conductivity.