Deactivation of alpha-chymotrypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin-CNBr-Sepharose 4B conjugates in aliphatic alcohols

A new way for reconstituting highly fusogenic Sendai virus envelopes is described. As opposed to previously described methods, in the present one the detergent (Triton X-100) is removed by direct addition of SM-2 Bio-beads to the detergent solubilized mixture of the viral phospholipids and glycoproteins, thus avoiding the long dialysis step. The vesicles obtained in the present work resemble, in their composition, size and features, envelopes of intact Sendai virus particles. The present method allows the enclosure of low and high molecular weight material within the reconstituted viral envelopes.     

The influence of aliphatic alcohols on leaf senescence

Because of the effects of ethanol used as a solvent in other experiments, the action of aliphatic alcohols on leaf senescence in the dark has been studied systematically. These compounds both maintain chlorophyll and prevent proteolysis in the dark, much as do the cytokinins and other senescence-delaying substances. The activity of the straight-chain alcohols increases in a log-linear fashion with increasing chain length up to 1-octanol. Introduction of a branch in the chain or of a second OH group greatly decreases, or in some cases annuls, the antisenescence activity. In all cases, the action on senescence is closely (although not always exactly) paralleled by opening of the stomata. Abscisic acid and exposure to high concentrations of osmoticum, both of which close the stomata, antagonize the action of the alcohols. Some interactions with other agents are noted. The effects are compared with reported effects on seed germination, on hemolysis and animal membranes, and especially on permeability to K⁺ ions, and a tentative basis for the mechanism of action is advanced.     

Tungsten complexes of aromatic and aliphatic thioaldehydes

Reaction of PPN[W(CO)₃(R₂PC₂H₄PR₂)(SH)] (PPN=Ph₃PNPPh₃; R=Me, 1; R=Ph, 2) with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid gave tungsten complexes of thiobenzaldehydes mer-[W(CO)₃(R₂PC₂H₄PR₂)(η²-SCHR^′)] (R=Me, 3a-3f; R=Ph, 4a-4e) in high yields. Analogous complexes of aliphatic thioaldehydes mer-[W(CO)₃(Me₂PC₂H₄PMe₂)(η²-SCHR^′)] (3g-3l) could only be obtained from the highly electron-rich thiolate complex 1. The structure of 3i (R^′=i-Bu) was determined by X-ray crystallography. In solution the complexes 3 and 4 are in equilibrium with small quantities of their isomers fac-[W(CO)₃(R₂PC₂H₄PR₂)(η²-SCHR^′)]. Reaction of complexes 3 with dimethylsulfate followed by salt metathesis with NH₄PF₆ gave the alkylation products mer-[W(CO)₃(Me₂PC₂H₄PMe₂)(η²-MeSCHR^′)]PF₆ (5a-5l) as mixtures of E and Z isomers. The methylated thioformaldehyde complex mer-[W(CO)₃(Me₂PC₂H₄PMe₂)(η²-MeSCH₂)]PF₆ (5m) was prepared similarly. Nucleophilic addition of hydride (from LiAlH₄) to 5 initially gave thioether complexes mer-[W(CO)₃(Me₂PC₂H₄PMe₂)(MeSCH₂R^′)] (mer-6) which rapidly isomerized to fac-[W(CO)₃(Me₂PC₂H₄PMe₂)(MeSCH₂R^′)] (fac-6).     

Stereospecific oxidation of aliphatic alcohols catalyzed by galactose oxidase

The stereospecificity of galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) from Dactylium dendroides in the oxidation of simple three-carbon alcohols has been examined. The enzyme oxidizes glycerol to optically pure S(?)glyceraldehyde. In addition to this prochiral stereospecificity, galactose oxidase also exhibits enantiomeric stereospecificity in the oxidation of 3-halo-1,2-propanediols: the R isomer appears to be a better substrate than its S counterpart. The above stereochemistry of galactose oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of “unnatural” substrates, non-sugar alcohols, can be predicted on the basis of the conformation of the natural substrate of the enzyme, D-galactose.     

Solubilities of normal aliphatic acids,alcohols and alkanes in water

A literature survey of the measurement of the solubilities of the normal fatty acids, alcohols and alkanes has been carried out. This has allowed the reliability of the data to be assessed and the most reliable values available to be chosen. The dissociation constants of the acids are also briefly discussed.     

Olfactory discrimination ability for homologous series of aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes.

We tested the ability of human subjects to distinguish between members of homologous series of aliphatic alcohols (ethanol to n-octanol) and aldehydes (n-butanal to n-decanal). In a forced-choice triangular test procedure 20 subjects per series were repeatedly presented with all 21 binary combinations of the seven stimuli and asked to identify the bottle containing the odd stimulus. We found (i) that as a group, the subjects performed significantly above chance level in all tasks but two with the alcohols and all tasks but four with the aldehydes, and thus were clearly able to discriminate between most of the odor pairs presented; (ii) marked interindividual differences in discrimination performance, ranging from subjects who were able to significantly distinguish between all 21 odor pairs of a series to subjects who failed to do so with the majority of tasks; and (iii) a significant negative correlation between discrimination performance and structural similarity of odorants in terms of differences in carbon chain length for both homologous series. This suggests that carbon chain length may be one of presumably several determinants of the interaction between stimulus molecule and receptor, and thus may be a molecular property affecting odor quality of aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes.     

Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Melolontha melolontha to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic alcohols

Male Melolontha cockchafers are known to use green leaf volatiles induced by female feeding on host plants for their mate location. Earlier studies of the response of the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), to different green leaf aldehydes, alcohols, and acetates revealed that only green leaf alcohols were attractive to males in the field. Females were not attracted at all by these volatiles. Here, we present a study that aimed to elucidate the structure–activity relationships of aliphatic alcohols. Both behavioural and physiological responses were studied in male and female M. melolontha by field tests and electroantennography. The compounds tested were saturated aliphatic alcohols with chain lengths between five and eight carbon atoms. Furthermore, the cockchafer's response to six‐carbon alcohols with (E)‐2‐, (E)‐3‐, (Z)‐2‐, (Z)‐3‐, and (Z)‐4‐configurated double bonds was tested. All compounds elicited dose‐dependent responses on the antennae of both sexes. In general, males showed a stronger normalized EAG response to the stimuli than females. However, only the naturally occurring six‐carbon alcohols, i.e., 1‐hexanol (E)‐2‐, (Z)‐3, and (E)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol were attractive to M. melolontha males in the field. Females were not attracted to any of the tested compounds, confirming previous results on the olfactory orientation of Melolontha cockchafers.     

Mechanisms of aliphatic alcohols oxidation by enzymatic systems of the liver]

The main pathways of aliphatic alcohols oxidation in human and mammalian liver, i.e. dehydration of alcohols by cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenases and oxidation in the presence of microsomal enzymatic system, catalase and hydrogen peroxide are described. A special emphasis is laid upon the interaction of alcohols with terminal oxidase of the microsomal hydroxylating system, i.e. cytochrome P-450. The relative role of these three oxidative pathways in alcohol conversions is evaluated.     

直链脂肪醇对豚鼠乳头肌慢动作电位的影响

本工作用相平面法观察和分析了乙醇、丁醇、己醇和辛醇对豚鼠乳头肌慢动作电位(APA,APD50,APD90,(?)_(max),(?)′_(max))及其所对应的钙电流(I_(max))和钾电流(I′_(max))的影响。结果表明:这四种脂肪醇对钙电流均有抑制作用,而对钾电流的影响,随碳原子数的加大从增强(乙醇)逐渐转化为削弱(已醇,辛醇)。并且碳链越长,产生这些效应所需脂肪醇的浓度越低,这提示醇的作用可能与它们的疏水性相关。