西北绿洲种植密度对冬小麦产量及生理指标的影响

合理密度是群体高产的基础.在西北绿洲生态条件下,研究了密度对冬小麦产量及相关指标的影响.以冬小麦品种临抗2号为材料,在播种量225～450kg.hm-2范围内设6个处理,处理间对应的密度范围为275～516基本苗·m-2.处理间单位面积籽粒产量、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株穗数、单株茎数、叶面积指数、株高、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)以及群体光合速率(CAP)存在着显著或极显著的差异,以密度390·m-2的处理籽粒产量最高(8650kg·hm-2).籽粒产量与单位面积穗数高度正相关(r=O.89**),而与穗粒数和千粒重相关不显著.籽粒产量与生育期分5次测定的单叶Pn、Tr、Ga之间均没有显著相关,而与开花期测定的CAP、灌浆前期和中期的叶面积指数显著正相关.不同密度处理的Pn、Tr、Gs在生育期间的变化都呈双峰曲线,三者的高峰值分别出现在抽穗期和灌浆前期,Pn的最大峰值出现在抽穗期,而Tr、Gs的最大峰值出现在灌浆前期.虽然Pn、Tr、Gs的5次测定平均值之间高度正相关(r=0.94**～0.97**),但它们间的相关程度随生育阶段的不同仍有较大差异(r=0.53～0.99**).各时期测定的Pn、Tr、Gs与CAP没有显著相关.     

Physiological responses and tolerance threshold to cadmium contamination in Eremochloa ophiuroides

Plant tolerance is one of the preconditions in soil phytoremediation. The physiological responses and tolerance threshold of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) were investigated under eight different Cd concentrations (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, and 420 mg Cd kg(-1)) in a sand culture system. The results showed that turf quality, leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), leaf osmotic potential did not show significant changes under 180 mg Cd kg(-1) compared with the control, and relative growth rate (RGR), turf density, leaf chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) did not show significant changes under 240 mg Cd kg(-1) compared with the control throughout the whole experiment. Regression analysis was used to determine the threshold Cd concentrations for each physiological parameter and the most sensitive parameter occurred by RWC of 197 mg Cd kg(-1) which was chose as Cd tolerance threshold in centipedegrass because under this concentration the plant did not show any significant difference with the control in all growth and physiological parameters measured in this experiment. The phytoextration rate of centipedegrass reached 0.87% in 36 d under 180 mg Cd kg(-10 treatment.     

弱光胁迫影响夏玉米光合效率的生理机制初探

大田条件下, 以普通夏玉米(Zea mays) ‘泰玉2号’为材料, 于授粉后1-20天遮光55% (+S), 以大田自然光照条件下生长的玉米作为对照(-S), 研究了遮光及恢复过程中玉米植株的光合性能、叶绿体荧光参数、叶黄素循环以及光能分配的变化, 初步揭示夏玉米开花后弱光条件下光适应的生理机制, 为玉米高产稳产提供理论依据。结果表明, 遮光后玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白含量均减少, RuBP羧化酶和PEP羧化酶活性显著降低, 导致穗位叶净光合速率(P_n)迅速下降, 光饱和点也明显降低; 恢复初期P_n迅速升高, 光合关键酶活性有所增强。遮光后植株的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)显著降低, 非光化学淬灭(NPQ)则显著升高, 而恢复初期植株穗位叶Ф_PSII有所升高, 表明突然暴露在自然光下的光合电子传递速率明显加快, 这与其光合速率及光合酶活性的趋势保持一致; 遮光处理对穗位叶叶黄素循环库的大小(紫黄质+花药黄质+玉米黄质(V + A + Z))影响不显著, 但使叶黄素循环的脱环氧化状态(A + Z)/(V + A + Z)增加; 遮光后植株分配于光化学反应的光能明显减少, 天线耗散光能比率显著增加, 恢复过程中植株主要以过剩非光化学反应的形式耗散过剩的光能。遮光后及恢复初期, 玉米植株的PSII原初光化学活性明显下降, 限制了光合碳代谢的电子供应从而抑制了光合作用, 主要依赖叶黄素循环途径进行能量耗散, 而在光照转换后遮光的玉米叶片在适应自然光过程中的光保护机制不断完善, 光合能力逐渐得到 恢复。     

沉水植物性状对不同氨氮脉冲的响应差异

全球气候变化背景下,未来降水强度和频率发生改变,极端降水事件可使水体中的氨氮含量在短时间内显著增加,对沉水植物的生长造成影响。然而,沉水植物对氨氮脉冲式变化(浓度与频率)的形态和生理响应机制仍不明确。选取两种常见的沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata),设置不同底质(黏土和砂土)、不同氨氮脉冲模式(CK:对照组,即不加氨氮;P1:低浓度×高频率;P2:高浓度×低频率)和处理阶段(氨氮脉冲阶段和解除脉冲阶段),测定植株形态和生理性状,研究不同脉冲模式的影响差异和脉冲解除后的潜在影响。研究结果表明,(1)氨氮脉冲改变沉水植物的形态和生理性状,其中高浓度低频率氨氮脉冲对沉水植物的生长抑制作用最大。(2)氨氮脉冲解除一个月后,两种沉水植物的生物量较对照组无显著差异,而生理性状(如游离氨基酸和可溶性碳水化合物含量)较对照组差异较为明显,表明形态性状基本得到恢复,而氨氮脉冲对沉水植物生理性状的影响更为强烈而持久。(3)在解除脉冲阶段,苦草游离氨基酸含量仍显著高于对照组,而黑藻游离氨基酸含量较对照组差异较小,表明黑藻对氮的利用周转效率更高。(4)底质类型影响了苦草生理性状对氨氮脉冲的响应,即砂土中游离氨基酸和可溶性碳水化合物含量的变化幅度较黏土中更大。因此,氨氮脉冲效应与脉冲浓度和频率、底质类型、植物种类及其形态和生理性状密切相关。研究结果说明了沉水植物生理性状作为评估植物环境适应性的重要性,可为全球气候变化背景下湖泊生态系统沉水植被的管理提供科学参考。     

Can upwelling signals be detected in intertidal fishes of different trophic levels?

For intertidal fishes belonging to three species, the herbivore Scartichthys viridis (Blenniidae), the omnivore Girella laevifrons (Kyphosidae) and the carnivore Graus nigra (Kyphosidae), mass and body size relationships were higher in individuals from an upwelling zone compared with those from a non‐upwelling zone. RNA:DNA were higher in the herbivores and omnivores from the upwelling zone. Higher biomass and RNA:DNA in the upwelling intertidal fishes may be a consequence of an increased exposure to higher nutrient availability, suggesting that increased physiological conditioning in vertebrates from upwelling areas can be detected and measured using intertidal fishes of different trophic levels.     

小麦抗旱相关生理性状的QTL分析

利用RIL群体131个系,在小麦中首次对超氧化物岐化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、硝酸还原酶活性、气孔导度等5个抗旱相关生理性状进行了QTL定位,共检测到超氧化物岐化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性等3个性状5个加性QTL,涉及1D、2B、5A、7B共4条染色体,可解释表型变异的8.74％～36.96％。其中．3个QTL即QSDd,sdau-7B、Qspc,sdau-1D、QNra,sdau-1D贡献率较大,分别为29.28％、23.11％和36．96％,其加性效应都源于山农483。讨论了可能用于标记辅助选择的QTL及其分子标记。     

The evolution of threshold traits: effects of selection on fecundity and correlated response in wing dimorphism in the sand cricket

The quantitative genetic basis of traits can be determined using a pedigree analysis or a selection experiment. Each approach is valuable and the combined data can contribute more than either method alone. Analysis using both sib analysis and selection is particularly essential when there are likely to be nonlinearities in the functional relationships among traits. A class of traits for which this occurs is that of threshold traits, which are characterized by a dichotomous phenotype that is determined by a threshold of sensitivity and a continuously distributed underlying trait called the liability. In this case, traits that are correlated with the liability may show a nonlinear relationship due to the dichotomy of expression at the phenotypic level. For example, in wing dimorphic insects fecundity of the macropterous (long-winged) females appears in part to be determined by the allocation of resources to the flight muscles, which are almost invariably small or absent in the micropterous (short-winged, flightless) females. Pedigree analysis of the cricket Gryllus firmus has shown that wing morph, fecundity and the trade-off between the two have additive genetic (co)variance. It has also been shown that selection on proportion macroptery produced an asymmetric correlated response of fecundity. The present paper details the results of direct selection on fecundity and the correlated response in proportion macroptery. Selection for increased fecundity resulted in increased fecundity within both wing morphs and a correlated decrease in proportion macroptery. Similarly, selection for decreased fecundity resulted in a decrease within morphs and a correlated increase in the proportion of macropterous females. This provides additional evidence that the trade-off between fecundity and wing morphology has a genetic basis and will thus modulate the evolution of the two traits.     

Genetic components of litter size variability in sheep

Classical selection for increasing prolificacy in sheep leads to a concomitant increase in its variability, even though the objective of the breeder is to maximise the frequency of an intermediate litter size rather than the frequency of high litter sizes. For instance, in the Lacaune sheep breed raised in semi-intensive conditions, ewes lambing twins represent the economic optimum. Data for this breed, obtained from the national recording scheme, were analysed. Variance components were estimated in an infinitesimal model involving genes controlling the mean level as well as its environmental variability. Large heritability was found for the mean prolificacy, but a high potential for increasing the percentage of twins at lambing while reducing the environmental variability of prolificacy is also suspected. Quantification of the response to such a canalising selection was achieved.     

滤减UV-B辐射对烤烟蛋白质组变化的影响

为研究不同UV-B辐射强度对烤烟生理代谢及调控途径的影响,应用蛋白质双向电泳联用质谱技术,以云南普遍种植的烤烟K326为试验材料,通过覆盖不同透明薄膜滤减UV-B辐射的方式,对75.8%(聚乙烯膜,处理1)和37.5%(麦拉膜,处理2)UV-B辐射透过率处理下K326的蛋白质组和相关生理性状进行了比较。结果表明:在蛋白质组中有10个蛋白在这两类处理下蛋白差异表达显著;与处理1相比,在处理2的K326叶片中有5个蛋白上调表达,5个蛋白下调表达;通过质谱分析共鉴定出8种功能明确的蛋白质,其中差异表达的10个蛋白中有3个与氧化还原相关,3个与光合作用相关,1个是参与能量代谢的激酶蛋白,1个是RNA结合蛋白,另外还有2个未知功能的蛋白待探明,在蛋白质组水平对不同UV-B辐射强度与烤烟生长发育的关系进行了初步研究;而在K326的生理成熟期、过渡期及工艺成熟期,处理2的净光合速率(Pn)均高于处理1,这与所鉴定出的3个与光合作用有光的蛋白在处理2中上调表达趋势一致;相比之下,处理1的K326发育进程较快,茎粗等形态指标及比叶重均比处理2高。     

Fitness trade-offs and the maintenance of alternative male morphs in the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini)

Alternative reproductive phenotypes (ARPs) occur across a wide range of taxa. Most ARPs are conditionally expressed in response to a cue, for example body size, that reliably correlates with the status of the environment: individuals below the (body size) threshold then develop into one morph, and individuals above the threshold develop into the alternative morph. The environmental threshold model provides a theoretical framework to understand the evolution and maintenance of such ARPs, yet no study has examined the underlying fitness functions that are necessary to realize this. Here, we empirically examined fitness functions for the two male morphs of the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini). Fitness functions were derived in relation to male size for solitary males and in relation to female size under competition. In both cases, the fitness functions of the two morphs intersected, and the resulting fitness trade-offs may play a role in the maintenance of this male dimorphism. We furthermore found that competition was strongest between males of the same morph, suggesting that fitness trade-off in relation to male size may persist under competition. Our results are a first step towards unravelling fitness functions of ARPs that are environmentally cued threshold traits, which is essential for understanding their maintenance and in explaining the response to selection against alternative morphs.     

外源激素对脱毒马铃薯扦插苗生长及生理效应研究

以‘早大白’马铃薯脱毒苗为试验材料,通过人工温室苗床栽培探讨外源激素萘乙酸(NAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)和硼酸生根处理对扦插脱毒苗生长和生理特征的影响,为马铃薯微型薯的实际生产提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)外源激素生根处理较对照扦插苗根系长势好,根活力、根系可溶性蛋白含量增加。(2)外源激素生根处理较对照脱毒扦插苗光合速率提高、叶绿素含量增加,光合物质的形成与积累增多。(3)外源激素生根处理较对照叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性和游离氨基酸含量均表现出不同程度的上升,MDA含量下降,衰老减缓。(4)外源激素生根处理有利于小区产量和单株结薯数的增加。研究表明,不同外源激素生根处理可改善脱毒马铃薯扦插苗农艺性状和生理指标,并以NAA 100mg/L+IBA 50mg/L+硼酸17.5mg/L配方处理植株的长势最好,叶绿素含量、保护酶活性及游离氨基酸含量最高,净光合速率大、小薯膨大速度快且单株结薯数量及产量增加显著,更利于发挥脱毒薯的增产优势。     

放牧草地健康管理的生理指标

依据草地对席子和牧的生理响应,用牧草生理低限（PLL）,生理上限（PUL）和再生长期（R期）长度/放牧期（G期）长度的比值（R/G）等指标。构建了放牧草地健康评价的生理阈限双因子法,并以光合作用及其相关参数分析了多年生黑麦草轮牧草地的健康指标。维持草地适宜的双因子生理阈限的R/G比值,旨在放牧后草地功能与健康的完全恢复,是放牧草地可持续经营的目标。