大花蕙兰的栽培管理技术

本文从大花蕙兰生长所需的生态环境、营养基质及组培苗特性等方面,对大花蕙兰的栽培技术进行讨论,并提出组培苗各发育阶段的栽培措施。     

不同管理模式对温室土壤螨群落结构的影响

为了解日光温室内不同农业管理模式对土壤螨群落的影响,以日光温室长期定位试验为研究对象,于2012年8月至2012年12月进行了5次取样,调查了有机(ORG)、无公害(LOW)和常规(CON)管理模式下土壤螨的丰度与群落结构。结果显示:管理模式对螨的丰度、各亚目的比例、菌食性隐气门螨和捕食性螨比例均无显著影响,仅对菌食性非隐气门螨和食线虫螨有显著影响。土壤螨的总数及各营养类群的数量呈现不同程度的时间波动,且波动程度在不同的管理模式下存在差异。粉螨是温室土壤中最为丰富的类群(平均37.8%)。尽管螨的类群数目呈现ORG(26)LOW(21)CON(18)的趋势,但香农指数和优势度指数没有显著变化。总之,在高投入、高扰动日光温室环境中,管理模式对土壤螨的数量和群落结构影响均较小。     

不同耕作方式结合秸秆还田对玉米内生细菌多样性的影响

【目的】研究土默川平原不同耕作方式与秸秆还田模式下玉米内生细菌群落组成及功能,揭示不同耕作与秸秆还田方式促进玉米秸秆降解的内生菌资源,并为其选择性分离培养及其功能验证奠定基础。【方法】以内蒙古自治区土默川平原灌区连作玉米茎秆为研究对象,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析不同耕作及其秸秆还田方式连年定位试验条件下,玉米成熟期内生微生物多样性及群落结构差异。【结果】综合分析表明,免耕及深翻对玉米内生细菌群落多样性影响显著。不同耕作方式对玉米内生细菌群落组成结构的影响大于秸秆还田,玉米内生细菌群落结构首先可分为2类,第一类是免耕及其秸秆还田,第二类是其他7种耕作方式。从属水平来看,9种耕作方式共有的优势菌群分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌科未分类属(unclassified_f__ Enterobacteriaceae)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、拉乌尔菌属(Raoultella)、拉恩氏菌属(Rahnella1),秸秆还田可增加拉乌尔菌属及肠杆菌科未分类属的丰度。【结论】不同耕作方式改变了玉米内生细菌多样性、群落组成和结构;秸秆还田处理能够增加玉米茎秆中对秸秆降解有积极作用的拉乌尔菌属及乳球菌属(Lactococcus)的相对丰度。     

陆地生态系统中人为因素对DOM影响研究进展

尽管DOM和WEOM只占土壤有机质的一小部分,却是土壤溶液的重要组成部分,参与众多土壤过程。本文着重介绍DOM和WEOM的定义、研究方法及森林和农田两种不同生态系统中DOM和WEOM的研究现状及耕作、施肥等农业措施对DOM和WEOM的影响。已有研究主要集中于DOC,而缺乏对DON、DOP的研究,且研究方法间差异较大。森林生态系统DOM／WEOM含量要高于草地和耕地。土地利用方式变化对DOM的影响主要取决于改变后的土地利用方式。管理措施对DOM／WEOM通常只有短暂的影响．且不同因素作用结果不一。     

Management of jute yellow mosaic virus disease through cultural practices

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of some management practices to minimise jute yellow mosaic virus disease. The management practices were employed at natural condition and placed randomly with four replications. The treatments were spraying malathion 57 EC, rouging and field sanitation, top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser, mulching with straw and untreated control. The highest percentage of mosaic incidence was recorded in control and the lowest incidence was recorded in top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser. Among the treatments, top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser showed the best performance in terms of increasing yield (3.05?t/ha). The second highest was obtained in rouging and field sanitation which was statistically similar to spraying malathion 57 EC. The best gross margin ($379.02/ha) and increase of gross margin (63.00%) compared to control were achieved in top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser with the highest benefit-cost ratio (4.84). However, the treatments were found significantly profitable compared to the control indicating the usefulness of the cultural practices in integrated disease management programme for healthy and profitable jute cultivation.     

Migration models of prehistoric postmarital residence

It has previously been suggested that residential practices can be inferred from within- or between-group analysis of male and female skeletal morphology. Arguments have proceeded from intuitively derived hypotheses about the genetic consequences of drift and migration. In this paper, a formal basis is presented for these hypotheses using modified versions of Wright's island model and the migration matrix method. It is shown that the usual measures of standardized genetic variance or genetic kinship can be decomposed into male, female, and male/female components. The male and female components can in turn be used separately to assess the effect of different residential practices on the population genetic structure of the two sexes. Following upon these models, nonmetric cranial trait data from prehistoric sites in west-central Illinois are used to delineate the probable residential practices for this region.     

以能力培养为导向的基于工厂化生产实践指导的“发酵工程”教学研究与应用

"发酵工程"是生物技术和生物工程等专业的核心基础课程,应用性非常强,其工艺流程包括上游的菌种和培养基,中游发酵动力学和过程控制,以及下游的发酵产物分离制备与精制等。在实际生产过程中,工艺流程的每个阶段都是理论知识在生产实践中的具体应用。授课过程中,如果教师只介绍教材的基础理论知识,而不结合具体生产实践,学生不仅难以掌握知识点,而且对利用发酵工程生产产品的工艺流程没有深刻的认识,更不知道如何去应用理论知识指导实际生产。由于发酵工程应用的重要性,发酵工程教学质量的好坏直接影响学生的专业素质与就业情况。因此,本课程组开展了基于生产实践指导的发酵工程教学方法的研究与应用,在发酵工程课程教学中,结合生产实践中的科研经验,总结教材的理论知识与生产实践的结合点,使教材中较为抽象、复杂的理论知识具体化。这样不仅激发了学生的学习兴趣,加强了学生对理论知识的理解,更为重要的是,结合实际科研、生产过程中曾面临的问题,引导学生如何利用基础理论知识去解决这些问题,这种授人以渔的方法对于指导学生的科研和毕业后的生产实践具有重要的应用价值。     

Creating a bubble…and an understanding of scientific practices

The use of creativity in science practices is many times lost on secondary students. Creativity is seen as something central to the arts and humanities, but tangential at best in the sciences. However, an examination of many great scientific discoveries and the work of everyday contemporary scientists shows the depth and breadth of the use of creativity in the scientific process. Creating a Bubble is an activity that can be used in a secondary classroom to help students understand not only the importance of creativity in science practices, but also the role of communication, the open-endedness of scientific endeavors, and the use of others’ ideas. Students are given a straw, Styrofoam cup, and dish soap and asked to create a big bubble consistently. At first, the techniques that are used produce many small bubbles. Eventually, someone asks how big a big bubble is. Armed with the knowledge that a big bubble is at least 33?cm (13-inches) in diameter, students become very creative in the techniques they try. They learn from each other and eventually are successful in their quest. Frustration and persistence are also key ingredients along their journey.     

Tissue banking in South Africa: a 19-year history

The establishment of a Tissue Bank and the science of Tissue Banking in South Africa started in the 1960s and is still developing. This article describes the development and growth of Tissue Banking in South Africa. The current emphasis is to supply viable bone products that have been produced under the best possible quality controlled circumstances; with the collaboration between different Organ Donation Organisations. Through collaboration, a dramatic increase in the number of donors was noted over the years. Concurrently, there was a dramatic increase in the usage of different allograft products and now necessitates the development of new graft materials for expanding patient options. As an ongoing concern, the Tissue Bank in South Africa experienced an ever increase in costs to enhance quality/safety controls: increase in historical patient information, documentation and serological testing in a population struggling to control HIV. To date, the South African Tissue Bank has not experienced any untoward patient incidence since the 1960s and currently is getting over 500 donors per year.     

The fruit fly scourge: has Zimbabwe been spared?

We conducted a questionnaire survey to assess fruit growers’ knowledge and practices regarding fruit fly pests and a fruit fly trapping inspection to capture any fruit fly species present at 10 points of 23 wards of Marondera district. Most growers were not aware of the pest, although they had reported that fruits were rotting in orchards. Most growers therefore took no action against fruit flies on their farms. The trapping inspection confirmed that three fruit fly species, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Dacus, are already present in Zimbabwe in general and in Marondera district in particular and the Bactrocera species dominates. There is a need for government, through extension agents, and other stakeholders to compile and communicate accurate data on the presence and status of the fruit fly in addition to investing in the continuous monitoring of the pest.     

Intentional cutmarks on an early mesolithic human calvaria from Margaux Cave (Dinant,Belgium)

Margaux Cave (Belgium) yielded a Pre‐Boreal Early Mesolithic burial covered by what resembled a burial mound. The hundreds of human bones excavated belonged to 7 to 10 adult females. Among these bones, the CR3 cranium presents numerous cutmarks on both zygomatic processes, on the frontal squama and along the two coronal sutures, as well as on the left part of the posterior cranium. The cutmarks on the zygomatic processes correspond to the removal of the mandible while those on the top of the forehead and the occipital may result from the removal of the scalp. Therefore, these cutmarks may be interpreted as part of a mortuary ritual. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effect of crop and soil management practices on soil compatibility in maize and groundnut plots in a Paleustult in Southeastern Nigeria

Frequent occurrences of soil compaction damage resulting from high raindrop impact energy, and from human and animal trafficking during field operations pose a problem to farmers around the tropics. We studied the effect of some crop and soil management practices (manure, mulch, NPK applications, tillage and crop type) on some soil compactibility indices (dry bulk density, cone index, total soil porosity, gravimetric soil water content) in a Typic Paleustult in southeastern Nigeria. The study was carried out for three consecutive planting seasons using two tillage systems and four other soil management practices (poultry droppings + NPK, mulch + NPK, NPK alone and no amendment). These were laid out as split-plot in a RCB design replicated three times and using maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) as test crops. Results indicate that the different soil management techniques adopted influenced dry bulk density, penetration resistance, total soil porosity and gravimetric soil water content at 44 and 66 days after planting (DAP) whereas only gravimetric soil water content was affected at 90 DAP. The dry bulk density of tilled maize and groundnut plots increased significantly (P<0.05) by between 2 and 14% relative to no-till plots at 44 and 66 DAP. In both maize and groundnut plots, dry bulk density decreased significantly (P<0.05) in plots amended with poultry droppings +NPK relative to the control plots by 3–10% at 44 and 66 DAP. Tilled maize and groundnut plots had 37–45% lower (P< 0.05) penetration resistance than their corresponding no-till plots at both 44 and 66 DAP. Penetration resistance measurements were lower by 16.5–25% in plots amended with poultry droppings + NPK relative to unamended plots at 44 and 66 DAP. Cumulative (1996, 1997, 1998) data indicate that gravimetric soil water content in maize and groundnut plots generally increased significantly (P<0.05) in no-till plots relative to tilled plots by 18–27% at both 44 and 66 DAP. Plots amended with poultry droppings + NPK had between 24 and 111% increase (P<0.05) in soil gravimetric soil water content at both 44 and 66 DAP. Results are indicative that all soil compactibility indices measured were not affected at 90 DAP except for soil gravimetric soil water content in 1996 and 1998. Results from this work demonstrate that some crop and soil management practices could be used to reduce soil compactibility problems thus increasing productivity of such soils.     

白术根茎腐烂与栽培措施的相关性

白术的根茎腐烂是白术生产中存在的重要问题,其发生面广,危害严重。据调查,此类病害的发生与栽培措施有直接关系。土壤重茬和移栽时修剪造成的伤口感染是病害流行的主要菌源;田间积水是病害发生的主要环境条件。改进栽培技术可减少白术根茎腐烂的发生。     

土壤多样性理论在欧美的实践及在我国土壤景观研究中的应用前景

介绍了土壤多样性理论的基本概念与研究方法以及在西班牙、美国等欧美国家的研究实践 ,包括在欧盟 CORINE数据库和美国 STATSGO数据库支持下进行的多样性主要指数 (多样性指数、均匀度指数和多度指数等 )的算法、主要模型 (多度分布模型、幂律模型等 )的分析、GIS和地统计学方法的应用等。通过这些研究实践 ,可以看出土壤多样性理论在研究土壤的空间可变性、土壤景观格局的相互关系 ,土地利用与城市化过程对土壤多样性的影响等方面确有独到之处 ,为解决当前我国土壤学面临的环境资源可持续发展、环境监控、基因保护、城市化过程等热点问题提供了一个崭新的研究思路 ,展现出良好的应用前景     

三角梅生物学特性及引种栽培

本文介绍厦门园林植物园收集保存的近30个三角梅品种的生物学特性、栽培管理和繁殖技术。     

Short-term plant community response to grassland management intended to improve forage quality for the endangered Pampas deer

The Pampas deer is a medium-sized neotropical cervid whose population has been affected by the advancement of the agricultural frontier, poaching and depredation by introduced species. As a consequence, the population of the deer has dramatically decreased and its distribution has contracted. At present, Samborombón Bay remains one of the last populations of this deer in Argentina. The management of natural pastures to improve forage quality is one of the policies adopted by authorities at this site for the conservation of this cervid species. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of grassland management practices (burning and cutting) to promote better forage quality for Pampas deer. The work was carried out in the Campos del Tuyú National Park where two plots were managed to improve the available natural pastures. These plots were burned at the beginning of autumn and intensely defoliated at the end of spring, followed by mechanical cuts in the following autumn and late spring. Multivariate analyses revealed that structure and composition varied between treatments. Green biomass, total plant cover, and forage quality of grasses increased in the plots under management for winter pastures, although no significant differences were detected between summer pastures. The results indicate that grassland management would be a useful tool to improve habitat quality for Pampas deer; however, managed grassland also lost structural heterogeneity. Despite the fact that this study reveals a short-time response of grassland to management, our study shows promising results to continue and expand this practice for the improvement of the habitat quality for Pampas deers.     

Macroinvertebrate community convergence between natural,rehabilitated, and created wetlands

Wetland restoration practices can include rehabilitating degraded wetlands or creating new wetlands. Empirical evidence is needed to determine if both rehabilitated and created wetlands can support the same macroinvertebrate communities as their natural counterparts. We measured long‐term macroinvertebrate community change in seasonal wetlands known as Delmarva Bays in Maryland, U.S.A. We compared a rehabilitated, a created, and a natural Delmarva Bay. We hypothesized that the created and rehabilitated wetlands would develop different macroinvertebrate communities. We also hypothesized that the community composition of the rehabilitated wetland would become more similar to that of the natural wetland than to that of the created wetland over 9 years encompassed by this study. We monitored the macroinvertebrates, including both predators and primary consumers, and environmental conditions in the three wetlands from March to August in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2012. Cluster analysis indicated that from 2005 to 2007, the macroinvertebrate community of the rehabilitated wetland and the created wetland were more similar to each other than to the natural wetland. In 2012, the rehabilitated wetland was more similar to the natural wetland than to the created wetland. This similarity was driven principally by changes in the composition of primary consumer taxa. Our results suggest that rehabilitated Delmarva Bays are more likely to support a natural macroinvertebrate community than are created wetlands. Restoration practices that rehabilitate existing wetlands may be preferred over practices that create new wetlands when restoration project goals include developing natural macroinvertebrate communities in a short period of time.     

不同耕作措施对土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征的影响

以传统耕作（T）为对照,研究了免耕秸秆覆盖（NTS）、免耕（NT）、秸秆还田（TS）3种保护性耕作措施对黄土高原西部雨养农业区耕层土壤真菌数量、垂直分布及群落结构的影响。结果表明：不同耕作措施对土壤真菌数量有一定影响,耕层土壤真菌总数．TS〉T,NTS〉NT,T〉NT;耕作措施对真菌群落结构的影响比较明显,3种保护性耕作处理其土壤均以绿僵菌属（Metarrhizium）、腐霉属（Phythium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）占绝对优势,B-P优势度指数三者之和都在0．6左右;而T处理占绝对优势的菌属是绿僵菌属（Metarrhizium）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）,B—P优势度指数二者之和在0．7左右;土壤真菌群落的多样性指数和均匀性指数均呈现NTS〉TS〉T〉NT。因此,在黄土高原西部雨养农业区实施NTS和TS耕作措施,既有利于土壤有益真菌数量的增加,提高养分转化率,又有利于促进该区农业的可持续发展。