具非线性饱和功能反应的捕食者-食饵系统的定性分析

研究了一类具有非线性饱和功能反应的捕食者—食饵系统的定性行为.结果表明:当正平衡点稳定时,系统为全局渐近稳定的;当正平衡点不稳定时,系统存在唯一稳定的极限环.     

具常数投放率功能反应为x~(1/2)的食饵-捕食系统的定性分析

本文研究一类具有常数投放率的食饵-捕食系统的定性行为,得到了正平衡点全局渐近稳定以及在正平衡点周围存在唯一极限环的充分条件.利用数值模拟检验了结论.     

对"功能反应函数为x的食饵——捕食系统的定性分析"一文的注记

重新分析了文[1]所讨论过的功能反应函数为x的捕食系统(1),分析了此系统在第一象限内轨线的拓朴结构,证明了系统(1)的唯一正平衡点如果不稳定,则存在唯一(稳定)极限环;如果稳定,则全局稳定于此正平衡点,纠正了文[1]中关于系统(1)极限环的存在性、稳定性等方面的一些结论.     

具常数投放率功能反应为／x的食饵-捕食系统的定性分析

本文研究一类具有常数投放率的食饵-捕食系统的定性行为,得到了正平衡点全局渐近稳定以及在正平衡点周围存在唯一极限环的充分条件．利用数值模拟检验了结论．     

对“功能反应函数为√x的食饵——捕食系统的定性分析”一文的注记

重新分析了文「１」所讨论过的功能反应函数为√ｘ的捕食系统（１）,分析了此系统在第一象限内轨线的拓扑结构,证明了系统（１）的唯一正平衡点如果不稳定,则存在唯一（稳定）极限环;如果稳定,则全局稳定于此正平衡点,纠正了文「１」中关系统（１）极限环的存在性、稳定性等方面的一些结论。     

对“功能反应函数为x~(1/2)的食饵-捕食系统的定性分析”一文的注记

重新分析了文［１］所讨论过的功能反应函数为ｘ~（１／２）的捕食系统（１）,分析了此系统在第一象限内轨线的拓朴结构,证明了系统（１）的唯一正平衡点如果不稳定,则存在唯一（稳定）极限环;如果稳定,则全局稳定于此正平衡点,纠正了文［１］中关于系统（１）极限环的存在性、稳定性等方面的一些结论．     

具Holling第Ⅱ类功能性反应的捕食者--食饵系统的定性分析

考虑捕食者无密度制约,食饵具有非线性密度制约的第二类Holling功能性反应捕食者－食饵系统。对该系统给出了完整的定性分析,证明了该系统至多有一个极限环,存在极限环的充要条件是平衡点不稳定。     

具有变消耗率微生物连续培养模型的定性分析

研究了一类具有变消耗率的微生物连续培养系统,当消耗率是线性函数时得到了正平衡点全局渐近稳定的充要条件,当消耗率是二次函数时得到了系统存在极限环的充分条件,同时利用分支理论研究系统存在Hopf分支的条件,判定了极限环的稳定性．     

一类功能响应的捕食-食饵系统的稳定性分析

本文考虑了具有可变功能响应的捕食-食饵系统,运用微分方程的定性与稳定性理论,给出了系统平衡点的存在性和稳定性以及极限环不存在的充分条件,讨论了在不同的功能响应系统中极限环的存在性,并进行数值模拟验证了该系统结果的正确性.     

一类具功能反应的食饵-捕食者模型的定性分析

对一类具功能反应的食饵-捕食者模型：x=xg（x）-yφ（x）,y=y（-d＋eφ（x））进行了研究,讨论了该系统平衡点的性态,系统无环的充分条件及正平衡点外围存在唯一稳定极限环的条件．     

Multiple limit cycles in the standard model of three species competition for three essential resources

We consider the dynamics of the standard model of 3 species competing for 3 essential (non-substitutable) resources in a chemostat using Liebig's law of the minimum functional response. A subset of these systems which possess cyclic symmetry such that its three single-population equilibria are part of a heteroclinic cycle bounding the two-dimensional carrying simplex is examined. We show that a subcritical Hopf bifurcation from the coexistence equilibrium together with a repelling heteroclinic cycle leads to the existence of at least two limit cycles enclosing the coexistence equilibrium on the carrying simplex- the ``inside' one is an unstable separatrix and the ``outside' one is at least semi-stable relative to the carrying simplex. Numerical simulations suggest that there are exactly two limit cycles and that almost every positive solution approaches either the stable limit cycle or the stable coexistence equilibrium, depending on initial conditions. Bifurcation diagrams confirm this picture and show additional features. In an alternative scenario, we show that the subcritical Hopf together with an attracting heteroclinic cycle leads to an unstable periodic orbit separatrix. This research was partially supported by NSF grant DMS 0211614. KY 40292, USA. This author's research was supported in part by NSF grant DMS 0107160     

一类具有非单调增长率和功能反应的捕食者-食饵系统的定性分析

考虑一类食饵密度具有非单调增长率,捕食者具有功能性反应的捕食者一食饵系统。得到系统在第一象限内正平衡点的区域稳定的条件和极限环存在唯一的条件,完整地讨论了系统(1)的拓扑结构。     

Global behaviour of a predator–prey like model with piecewise constant arguments

The present study deals with the analysis of a predator–prey like model consisting of system of differential equations with piecewise constant arguments. A solution of the system with piecewise constant arguments leads to a system of difference equations which is examined to study boundedness, local and global asymptotic behaviour of the positive solutions. Using Schur–Cohn criterion and a Lyapunov function, we derive sufficient conditions under which the positive equilibrium point is local and global asymptotically stable. Moreover, we show numerically that periodic solutions arise as a consequence of Neimark-Sacker bifurcation of a limit cycle.     

The elephant problem–an alternative hypothesis

Published hypotheses to account for habitat changes wrought by elephants begin from the assumption that elephant-forest systems possess a stable equilibrium point. The ‘elephant problem’ is conceived as a displacement of this equilibrium by man. Controversy centres around which human activities caused the dislocation of equilibrium and by which mechanisms these activities resulted in local high densities of the elephant Loxodonta africana. A study on elephant-forest relationships in the Luangwa Valley of Zambia casts doubt upon the basic assumption of these hypotheses and an alternative hypothesis is therefore offered. It begins from the opposite assumption–that there is no attainable natural equilibrium between elephants and forests in eastern and southern Africa. The relationship is viewed instead as a stable limit cycle in which elephants increase while thinning the forest and decline until reaching a low density that allows resurgence of the forest. This in turn triggers an increase of elephants and the cycle repeats. The period of the cycle, if the hypothesis is correct, is in the order of 200 years in the Luangwa Valley. The activities of man can impose an artificial equilibrium on the system such that trees and elephants are trapped at the low density phase of the cycle. When interference is relaxed, as with the conversion of an area to a national park, the cyclic relationship reasserts. The parameters of a system possessing a stable limit cycle need not differ in kind or interrelationship from those of a system with a stable equilibrium. Whether one or other outcome manifests may depend only on the numerical values of the parameters. If the elephant-forest system is characterized by a stable limit cycle the period and amplitude should change along a climatic gradient and may contract to a stable equilibrium in some climatic zones. A set of predictions is offered to facilitate rejection of the hypothesis.     

具有捕食正效应的捕食-食饵系统

在经典的捕食食饵系统中考虑到由于捕食效应对食饵种群带来的正向调节作用后,提出了具有捕食正效应的捕食-食饵系统.通过对模型的动力学行为的分析,从理论上说明了正向调节作用对系统的影响,并就第一象限内平衡点存在时的相图解释了捕食正效应的作用.结果表明:(1)捕食系统中适当的正向调节作用会增加系统的稳定性;(2)当捕食正效应达到一定的程度后系统拥有一个不稳定的极限环;(3)当捕食正效应过大时会使系统的稳定性发生变化,使捕食者种群与食饵种群同时趋向无穷,出现了调节放纵现象.这些结果在保护生物学中具有重要的意义.     

Destabilizing effect of cannibalism on a structured predator-prey system

The dynamics of a predator-prey system, where the predator has two stages, a juvenile stage and a mature stage, are modelled by a system of three ordinary differential equations. The mature predators prey on the juvenile predators in addition to the prey. If the mortality rate of juveniles is low and/or the recruitment rate to the mature population is high, then there is a stable equilibrium with all three population sizes positive. On the other hand, if the mortality rate of juveniles is high and/or the recruitment rate to the mature population is low, then the equilibrium will be stable for low levels of cannibalism, but a loss of stability by a Hopf bifurcation will take place as the level of cannibalism increases. Numerical studies indicate that a stable limit cycle appears. Cannibalism can therefore be a destabilizing force in a predator-prey system.     

On evolution under symmetric and asymmetric competitions

This paper considers the coevolution of phenotypic traits in a community comprising two competitive species subject to strong Allee effects. Firstly, we investigate the ecological and evolutionary conditions that allow for continuously stable strategy under symmetric competition. Secondly, we find that evolutionary suicide is impossible when the two species undergo symmetric competition, however, evolutionary suicide can occur in an asymmetric competition model with strong Allee effects. Thirdly, it is found that evolutionary bistability is a likely outcome of the process under both symmetric and asymmetric competitions, which depends on the properties of symmetric and asymmetric competitions. Fourthly, under asymmetric competition, we find that evolutionary cycle is a likely outcome of the process, which depends on the properties of both intraspecific and interspecific competition. When interspecific and intraspecific asymmetries vary continuously, we also find that the evolutionary dynamics may admit a stable equilibrium and two limit cycles or two stable equilibria separated by an unstable limit cycle or a stable equilibrium and a stable limit cycle.     

Multiple Limit Cycles in a Gause Type Predator–Prey Model with Holling Type III Functional Response and Allee Effect on Prey

This work aims to examine the global behavior of a Gause type predator–prey model considering two aspects: (i) the functional response is Holling type III and, (ii) the prey growth is affected by the Allee effect. We prove the origin of the system is an attractor equilibrium point for all parameter values. It has also been shown that it is the ω-limit of a wide set of trajectories of the system, due to the existence of a separatrix curve determined by the stable manifold of the equilibrium point (m,0), which is associated to the Allee effect on prey. When a weak Allee effect on the prey is assumed, an important result is obtained, involving the existence of two limit cycles surrounding a unique positive equilibrium point: the innermost cycle is unstable and the outermost stable. This property, not yet reported in models considering a sigmoid functional response, is an important aspect for ecologists to acknowledge as regards the kind of tristability shown here: (1) the origin; (2) an interior equilibrium; and (3) a limit cycle of large amplitude. These models have undoubtedly been rather sensitive to disturbances and require careful management in applied conservation and renewable resource contexts.     

Dynamical behavior of two predators competing over a single prey

Dynamical behavior of a food web comprising two predators competing over a single prey has been investigated. The analysis of the food web model shows that the persistence is not possible for two competing predators sharing a single prey species in the cases when any one of the boundary prey–predator planes has a stable equilibrium point. The principle of competitive exclusion holds in such cases. However, numerical simulations exhibit persistence in the presence of periodic solutions in the boundary planes. The system exhibits quasi-periodic behavior in the positive octant. The co-existence in the form of a limit cycle is also possible in some cases.