Effect of incorporating sugar beet pulp in the finisher diet on performance of geese

The aim of this work was to study the effects of incorporating sugar beet pulp (SBP) into the diet on the development of the crop and performance of geese. A total of 480 1-day-old ganders were divided into three groups differing in the composition and mode of distribution of the diet offered from day 56 to 89. The following two diets were used: a standard diet (nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy, AME_n 11.44 MJ/kg; 160 g/kg CP) or a diet containing 10% of SBP (SBP diet; AME_n 11.47 MJ/kg; 160 g/kg CP). The swelling capacity (SC) hydration was higher for SBP than for the standard diet (3.62 v. 2.72 ml of H₂O/g of dry matter at 60 min; P<0.05). In the Control group, birds were fed with a controlled time of access to a standard diet. Other birds were fed the SBP diet with a controlled time of access (SBPt group) or a controlled quantity offered (SBPq). From day 90 to 104, 88 birds/group were overfed with a mixture containing mainly corn. Body traits including volume of the crop were measured at day 89. Fatty liver weight and commercial grading were measured at d 104. Feed intake from day 56 to 89 was higher in the Control group than in the SBPt group (8097 v. 7545 g; P<0.05), feed intake in the SBPq group being intermediate (7801 g); however, live weights (LW) of the birds were similar in the three groups measured at day 89 (5746 g; P>0.05). At day 89, the volume of the crop tended to be higher in the SBPt compared with the Control group (52.8 v. 48.8 ml/kg of LW; P=0.101). After overfeeding, feed intake (12 922 g), weight gain (2412 g), LW (8170 g), fatty liver weight (875 g) and commercial grading of the fatty liver were similar (P>0.1) for all the three groups. Therefore, SBP could help adapt the digestive tract of waterfowl to high feed intake through an increase in the crop volume, but its method of use – that is, level of incorporation and mode of distribution – should continue to be investigated.     

Simultaneous saccharification and protein enrichment fermentation of sugar beet pulp

Summary A product with 40 % protein content was obtained from sugar beet pulp (1.25–2.0 mm) in 48 h one stage (simultaneous) saccharification/fermentation process under optimized conditions using a specific enzyme mixture andCandida tropicalis strain, also saving about 40 % enzymes in comparison to a 2-stage process.     

Selection of preculture conditions for solid state fermentation of sugar beet pulp

Summary For the protein upgrading of sugar-beet pulp in solid state fermentation byTrichoderma reesei andFusarium oxysporum, serveral conditions were studied to prepare an economical preculture for large scale process. The best performance was shown by a preculture obtained in 24 h from 1.5 % molasses solution at pH 4.5–5.0 with 1.0 % milled beet pulp.     

Enzymic saccharification of sugar beet pulp

Culture filtrates of Talaromyces emersonii UCG 208 grown on beet pulp can convert the polysaccharide components of this agricultural waste to soluble sugars. The saccharification process is facilitated if the pulp is milled or incubated with alkali or peracetic acid before addition of enzyme. However, treatment of unmilled pulp with commercial pectinase prior to incubation with Talaromyces filtrate is also very effective; under suitable conditions, complete hydrolysis of total polysaccharides has been achieved.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet pulp

Summary In order to prepare fermentable sugars from cellulosic raw materials, we have tested the effect of different pretreatments (heat, chemicals, pectinase) on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet pulp. Best results (90% hydrolysis) have been obtained after heat treatment (30 mn at 120°C) with 16 IU.Fp.g^–1 of fresh pulp in 48 hours.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of sugar beet pulp

Sugar beet pulp is a by-product of sugar production and consists mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Its composition is suitable for biological degradation. A possible alternative for the utilization of this material (besides cattle feeding) can be anaerobic methanogenic degradation. It has an additional advantage – biogas production. Beet pulp was treated by a two-step anaerobic process. The first step consisted of hydrolysis andacidification. The second step was methanogenesis. In this paper, observation ofthe process of anaerobic degradation and determination of optimal parameters is discussed. A laboratory-scale model for sugar beet pulp anaerobic biodegradation was operated. Results of model performance have shown very good pulp digestion characteristics. In addition, high efficiency removal of organic matter was achieved. Methane yield was over 0.360 m³ kg^-1 dried pulp and excess sludge production was 0.094 g per gram COD added.     

Pectinolytic activity ofClostridium thermocellum: Its use for anaerobic fermentation of sugar beet pulp

Summary Clostridium thermocellum is well known for its ability to convert cellulose into ethanol and to hydrolyse hemicellulose. The present work shows its ability to hydrolyse model pectins and to use them for growth. The main products on these substrates as well as on sugar beet pulps were as follows: acetate, ethanol and methanol. Galacturonase and lyase activities were measured in the fermentation broths. As shown by the accumulation of methanol in the medium, there is a pectin esterase activity but this one seems to be very low.     

Addendum: Recovery of cellulases from spent broth of sugar beet pulp fermentation byTrichoderma reesei

Summary The exo- and endo-glucanases ofTrichoderma reesei were recovered after growth on sugar beet pulp by vacuum concentration followed by (NH₄)₂SO₄ or acetone precipitation. Final respective recoveries were 53% and 57% for the exoglucanase and 41% and 42% for the endoglucanase. The resuspended acetone precipitates of both enzymes showed no loss of activity after 30 d at 4°C, pH 4.8 and in the presence of 0.5% sorbic acid. (NH₄)₂SO₄-precipitated exoglucanase lost activity in the same period.

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Resumen Las exo y endoglucanasas deTrichoderma reesei se recuperaron después de su crecimiento en pulpa de remolacha azucarera mediante concentración al vacío seguida de precipitación con (NH₄)₂SO₄ o acetona. La recuperación final fue de 53% y 57% para la exoglucanasa y de 41% y 42% para la endoglucanasa. La resuspensión de los precipitados cetónicos de ambos enzimas no mostró perdidas de actividad después de 30 d a 4°C y pH 4.8 en presencia de ácido sórbico. La exoglucanasa precipitada con (NH₄)₂SO₄ perdió actividad durante este mismo periodo.

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Résumé Les exo- et endoglucanases deTrichoderma reesei ont été récupérées après croissance sur pulpe de betterave sucrière, par concentration sous vide après précipitation par le sulfate ammonique ou l'acétone. Les récupérations ont été respectivement de 53% et 57% pour l'exoglucanase et de 41% et 42% pour l'endoglucanase. Les resuspensions des deux enzymes après précipitation à l'acétone n'ont révélé aucune perte d'activité après 30 jours à 4°C, pH 4.8 et en présence de 0.5% d'acide sorbique. L'exoglucanase précipitée au sulfate ammonique avait perdu toute activité dans le même laps de temps.

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(Based on a paper presented at the First Latin American Congress on Biotechnology, Tucumán, Argentina, October 4–8, 1987)     

Decolorization of sugar syrups using commercial and sugar beet pulp based activated carbons

Sugar syrup decolorization was studied using two commercial and eight beet pulp based activated carbons. In an attempt to relate decolorizing performances to other characteristics, surface areas, pore volumes, bulk densities and ash contents of the carbons in the powdered form; pH and electrical conductivities of their suspensions and their color adsorption properties from iodine and molasses solution were determined. The color removal capabilities of all carbons were measured at 1/100 (w/w) dosage, and isotherms were determined on better samples. The two commercial activated carbons showed different decolorization efficiencies; which could be related to their physical and chemical properties. The decolorization efficiency of beet pulp carbon prepared at 750 degrees C and activated for 5h using CO2 was much better than the others and close to the better one of the commercial activated carbons used. It is evident that beet pulp is an inexpensive potential precursor for activated carbons for use in sugar refining.     

In vitro fermentation of sugar beet arabinan and arabino-oligosaccharides by the human gut microflora

AIMS: To determine the fermentation profiles by human gut bacteria of arabino-oligosaccharides of varying degree of polymerization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sugar beet arabinan was hydrolyzed with a commercial pectinase and eight fractions, of varying molecular weight, were isolated by gel-filtration chromatography. Hydrolysis fractions, arabinose, arabinan and fructo-oligosaccharides were fermented anaerobically by gut bacteria. Total bacteria, bifidobacteria, bacteroides, lactobacilli and the Clostridium perfringens/histolyticum sub. grp. were enumerated using fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Bifidobacteria were stimulated to different extents depending on molecular weight, i.e. maximum increase in bifidobacteria after 48 h was seen on the lower molecular weight fractions. Lactobacilli fluctuated depending on the initial inoculum levels. Bacteroides numbers varied according to fraction; arabinan, arabinose and higher oligosaccharides (degree of polymerization, dp > 8) resulted in significant increases at 24 h. Only carbohydrate mixtures with dp of 1-2 resulted in significant increases at 48 h (log 8.77 +/- 0.23). Clostridia decreased on all substrates. CONCLUSIONS: Arabino-oligosaccharides can be considered as potential prebiotics. Significance and Impact of the Study: Arabinan is widely available as it is a component of sugar beet pulp, a co-product from the sugar beet industry. Generation of prebiotic functionality from arabinan would represent significant added value to a renewable resource.     

Saccharification and protein enrichment of sugar beet pulp byPleurotus florida

Summary Pleurotus florida was grown in submerged culture with different concentrations of sugar beet pulp with a view to its nutritional upgrading. Micelial growth, protein enrichment and dry weight loss of the solid residues of cultures, as well as the evolution of reducing sugars in the liquid medium, were followed for 14 days. A product with 45% (w/w) protein and a saccharification extent as high as 35% (w/w) were obtained after 7 days with 1% (w/v) sugar beet pulp.     

Continuous anaerobic conversion of sugar beet pulp to biogas

Summary A continuous two step anaerobic digestion of sugar beet pulp as carbon and energy source was carried out. The loading rates in the acidification reactor were varied from 5 g·1^–1·d^–1 to 15 g·1^–1·d^–1 while the hydraulic retention time was in the range of 10 hours to 30 hours; the corresponding values for the methane reactor varied from 2 days to nearly 6 days.With this reactor configuration a biogas yield of more than 85% of the theoretical value for total carbon conversion was achieved resulting in a corresponding COD reduction.     

Fractionation of sugar beet pulp by introducing ion-exchange groups

Sugar beet pulp (SBP) was chemically modified with the goal to utilize this method for the preparation of water-soluble polysaccharides. Yields of the trimethylammoniumhydroxypropylated (TMAHP) polysaccharide fractions prepared under vacuum in absence of NaOH or KOH, as well as their molar masses, were higher than those obtained when the samples were only extracted with hydroxide at ambient pressure. The hydroxypropylsulfonated (HPS) fractions extracted at ambient pressure with NaOH had higher yields and molar mass than the TMAHP fractions extracted under vacuum with KOH. Introduction of both ion-exchange groups in one step under vacuum with NaOH gave better yields than with KOH, but smaller than for the solely sulfonated sample. The molar masses of chemically modified fractions were smaller than those extracted only with alkali or water. According to the monosaccharide composition all the fractions are mixtures of arabinogalactans and rhamnogalacturonoans.     

Oxidative cross-linking of pectic polysaccharides from sugar beet pulp

Oxidative cross-linking of three beet pectin extracts with hydrogen peroxide/peroxidase resulted in an increase in viscosity at low concentrations and in the formation of a gel at higher concentrations. Gels were formed using concentrations of 1.5% for an autoclave preparation and one obtained by an acid extraction and of 3% for a second autoclaved extract. It was shown that in the autoclave extracts only rhamnogalacturonans and possibly the arabinans participated in the cross-linking reaction. Cross-linking of the autoclave extracts with ammonium persulfate resulted in a decrease in reduced viscosity and molecular weight, although ferulic acid dehydrodimers were formed. Treatment of the acid extracted pectin with ammonium persulfate gave a slow increase in viscosity and the formation of a high-molecular-weight population was observed. For both oxidative systems, the 8-5 dehydrodimer was predominant after cross-linking.     

A new pilot reactor for solid-state fermentation: Application to the protein enrichment of sugar beet pulp

A new pilot reactor for solid-state fermentation has been used for single-cell protein production on raw sugar beet pulp with a mutant, Trichoderma viride T.S. This pilot plant, having a maximum working capacity of one ton (ca. 200 kg dry matter) can be scaled up to the production plant level. During the process, the protein content increases from 9 to 20-21% (on the basis of dry matter) in 48 h. A material and heat balance is presented in relation with temperature and moisture level regulation during the process.     

Effects of ensilage on storage and enzymatic degradability of sugar beet pulp

Ensiling was investigated for the long-term storage of Sugar Beet Pulp (SBP). Eight strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and a non-inoculated control were screened based on their ability to rapidly reduce pH, produce a large amount of lactic acid and inhibit undesirable fermentations. Lactobacillus brevis B-1836 (LAB #120), Lactobacillus fermentum NRRL B-4524 (LAB #137) and a non-inoculated control were selected for further research to determine the effects of LAB inoculation level and packing density on SBP silage quality and sugar yield upon enzymatic hydrolysis. Both SBP preservation and prevention of cellulose and hemicellulose loss were better when SBP was treated with LAB #137 compared to LAB #120 and the non-inoculated control. Additionally, the ensiling process was found to significantly improve the enzymatic digestibility of SBP by as much as 35%. The results suggest that ensiling may be a promising technology for SBP stabilization and pretreatment for bioconversion to products.     

A pilot process of solid state fermentation from sugar beet pulp for the production of microbial protein

The bioconversion of sugar beet pulp (SBP) into microbial protein by the process of solid state fermentation (SSF) was studied. Two SSF reactors (each having overall dimensions of 17.6 × 3.6 × 2.0 m) with appropriate control systems were constructed. This pilot plant has a maximum working capacity of 50 metric tons (20% dry metter). The production strain used was Aspergillus tamarii 827, which was isolated by our laboratory. The protein content of the products amounted to 22.4% in 48 h.     

Pectolytic clostridia isolated from sugar beet pulp silages in Italy

Twenty-eight strains of pectolytic clostridia were isolated from sugar beet pulp silages. Seventeen non-pigmented strains were presumed to be Clostridium acetobutylicum ; the remaining 11 pigmented strains were similar to Cl. felsineum. The addition of molasses to sugar beet pulps favoured the growth of other bacteria, particularly lactic acid organisms, whereas pectolytic clostridia were only occasionally found. The pectolytic clostridia promoted the structure loss of simulated silages. The use of molasses in sugar beet pulp ensiling was suggested to prevent texture loss of the ensiled mass.     

Synergistic effects of cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes in degrading sugar beet pulp

Three cellulases, one hemicellulase and three pectinases were used, separately or in binary and ternary combinations, to hydrolyze dried beet-pulp, a by-product of the sugar industry. By IE-HPLC the compositions and concentrations of the sugars released were determined. The results obtained by enzymatic saccharification were compared to those obtained by acid hydrolysis. The synergistic action of cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes in release of total monosaccharides, and of glucose, arabinose and galacturonic acid was also studied. The combination of cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase, commercially available, was as effective in degrading the beet pulp as the acid hydrolysis. Pectinase appeared to be the most important enzyme, since by hydrolyzing the pectic surface of the lignocellulosic substrate, it favoured the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose by the respective enzymes.     

Solid substrate fermentation of leached beet pulp withTrichoderma aureoviride

Optimum production of cellulases on leached beet pulp by native and mutant strains ofTrichoderma aureoviride in column-type, solid-substrate fermenters, at controlled temperature and aeration rate, was with a mutant strain, that produced 11 and 29 filter paper units of activity/g solids on raw and acid pre-treated leached beet pulp, respectively. The former value was 40% higher than in the native strain and 70% higher than in the reference strain. protein enrichment of residual solid was significant in all cases, with values up to 40% of total dry weight. Results are suitable for scale-up to pilot level.