Marinobacter nanhaiticus sp. nov., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from the sediment of the South China Sea

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, slightly halophilic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain D15-8W^T, was isolated from the sediment of the South China Sea. Growth was found to occur optimally at 25 °C, between pH 7.0 and 8.0 and with 1–5 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain was observed to utilize a variety of organic substrates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 58.7 %. The predominant respiratory quinone was found to be Q-9. The significant fatty acids were determined to be C_16:0, C_16:1 ω9c, C_18:1 ω9c, C_12:0 and C_14:0 3OH. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain D15-8W^T fits within the phylogenetic cluster of the genus Marinobacter and is most closely related to Marinobacter segnicrescens CGMCC 1.6489^T, Marinobacter bryozoorum DSM 15401^T, Marinobacter lacisalsi CECT 7297^T and Marinobacter daqiaonensis CGMCC1.9167^T. The DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain D15-8W^T and the type strains of the most closely related species were 42.3 % (CGMCC 1.6489^T), 39.8 % (DSM 15401^T), 37.3 % (CECT 7297^T) and 35.2 % (CGMCC1.9167^T). The results of this polyphasic study indicate that strain D15-8W^T represents a novel species of the genus Marinobacter, for which the name Marinobacter nanhaiticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D15-8W^T (=CGMCC 1.11019^T=KCTC 23749^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Halomonas heilongjiangensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline and alkaline soil

A moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain 9-2^T, was isolated from saline and alkaline soil collected in Lindian county, Heilongjiang province, China. The strain was observed to be strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and motile. It was found to require NaCl for growth and to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0.5–14 % (w/v) (optimum, 7–10 %, w/v), at temperatures of 10–45 °C (optimum 25–30 °C) and at pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum pH 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 9-2^T is a member of the genus Halomonas and is closely related to Halomonas desiderata DSM 9502^T (96.68 %), Halomonas campaniensis DSM 1293^T (96.46 %), Halomonas ventosae DSM 15911^T (96.27 %) and Halomonas kenyensis DSM 17331^T (96.27 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization value was 38.9 ± 0.66 % between the novel isolate 9-2^T and H. desiderata DSM 9502^T. The predominant ubiquinones were identified as Q9 (75.1 %) and Q8 (24.9 %). The major fatty acids were identified as C_16:0 (22.0 %), Summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/C_18:1 ω7c, 19.6 %), Summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c, 12.6 %), C_12:0 3-OH (12.0 %) and C_10:0 (11.7 %). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 69.7 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain 9-2^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas heilongjiangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9-2^T (=DSM 26881^T = CGMCC 1.12467^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Marinobacter piscensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from Salty Food in Tunisia

An aerobic, Gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium, oxidase, and catalase positive-designated Abdou3^T, was isolated from salted traditional foods (Anchovies) in Tunisia. Cells were rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile. Growth occurred at 15–45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 5.5–8.75 (optimum, 7.3), and in the presence of 1–15 % NaCl (optimum, 10 %). Strain Abdou3^T used glucose, d-arabinose, and sucrose. Strain Abdou3^T had Q9 as the major respiratory quinone and C_18:1 ω9c and C_16:0 as predominant fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 55.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence indicated that strain Abdou3^T had as its closest relative Marinobacter maritimus (identity of 96 %). Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and taxonomic characteristics, strain Abdou3^T is proposed as a novel species of the genus Marinobacter within the order Alteromonadales, for which the name M. piscensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Abdou3^T (=DSM 26804^T).     

Solirubrobacter taibaiensis sp. nov., isolated from a stem of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.

A white-coloured bacterium, designated strain GTJR-20^T, was isolated from a stem of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. collected from Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi Province, north-west China, and was subjected to a taxonomic study by using a polyphasic approach. The novel isolate was found to grow optimally at 28–30 °C, at pH 7.5–8.0 and in the absence of NaCl. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain positive, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7(H₄) and the major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_16:0 (35.8 %), C_18:1 ω9c (17.7 %), C_17:1 ω6c (11.0 %), C_17:1 ω8c (7.8 %) and C_18:3 ω6c (6, 9, 12) (7.2 %). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 71.6 mol %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GTJR-20^T is a member of the genus Solirubrobacter and is closely related to Solirubrobacter phytolaccae GTGR-8^T (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 98.4 %), Solirubrobacter soli KCTC 12628^T (97.8 %), Solirubrobacter pauli KCTC 9974^T (97.7 %) and Solirubrobacter ginsenosidimutans KCTC 19420^T (97.6 %). No other recognized bacterial species showed more than 94.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the novel isolate. DNA–DNA relatedness values for strain GTJR-20^T with respect to its closely related neighbours S. phytolaccae GTGR-8^T, S. soli KCTC 12628^T, S. pauli KCTC 9974^T and S. ginsenosidimutans KCTC 19420^T were 48.3 ± 8.6, 21.3 ± 5.2, 36.8 ± 6.2 and 36.0 ± 5.5 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain GTJR-20^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Solirubrobacter, for which the name Solirubrobacter taibaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GTJR-20^T (=CCTCC AB 2013308^T = KCTC 29222^T).     

Klebsiella michiganensis sp. nov., A New Bacterium Isolated from a Tooth Brush Holder

Isolate W14^T recovered from a household tooth brush holder was found to be gram-negative, a facultative anaerobic, non-motile, capsulated, and a non-endospore-forming straight rod. Based on phylogenetic analysis with 16S rRNA gene sequence, isolate W14^T was affiliated to the genus Klebsiella. The closest phylogenetic relative was K. oxytoca with 99 % similarity in the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The major whole-cell fatty acids were C_16:0 (31.23 %), C_18:1ω6c/C_18:1ω7c (21.10 %), and C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c (19.05 %). The sequence similarities of isolate W14^T based on rpoB, gyrA, and gyrB were 97, 98, and 98 % with K. oxytoca, and 97, 93, and 90 % with K. mobilis (=Enterobacter aerogenes), respectively. The ribotyping pattern showed a 0.46 similarity with K. oxytoca ATCC 13182^T and 0.24 with K. mobilis ATCC 13048^T. The DNA G+C content of isolate W14^T was 54.6 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness was 55.7 % with K. oxytoca ATCC 13182^T. Using the identification technology of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the top matches for this isolate were K. oxytoca ATCC 13182^T (Match Factor Score 1.998) and K. mobilis (Score 1.797). On the basis of phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and molecular studies, isolate W14^T could be differentiated from other members of the genus Klebsiella including K. mobilis. Therefore, it is proposed that isolate W14^T (=ATCC BAA-2403^T=DSM 25444^T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Klebsiella, K. michiganensis sp. nov.     

Sphingomonas ginsenosidivorax sp. nov., with the ability to transform ginsenosides

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated KHI67^T was isolated from sediment of the Gapcheon River in South Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain KHI67^T was observed to grow optimally at 25–30 °C and at pH 7.0 on nutrient and R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain KHI67^T was shown to belong to the family Sphingomonadaceae and was related to Sphingomonas faeni MA-olki^T (97.6 % sequence similarity), Sphingomonas aerolata NW12^T (97.5 %) and Sphingomonas aurantiaca MA101b^T (97.3 %). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 65.6 %. The major ubiquinone was found to be Q-10, the major polyamine was identified as homospermidine and the major fatty acids identified were summed feature 8 (comprising C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c; 37.0 %), C_16:0 (13.0 %), summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c; 12.8 %) and C_14:0 2OH (9.3 %). DNA and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain KHI67^T to the genus Sphingomonas. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain KHI67^T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 15 %. Strain KHI67^T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognised species of the genus Sphingomonas. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingomonas ginsenosidivorax sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain KHI67^T (=KACC 14951^T = JCM 17076^T = LMG 25801^T).     

Maricoccus atlantica gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from deep sea sediment of the Atlantic Ocean

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S10r2^T, which was isolated from the deep sea sediment of the Atlantic Ocean using oil-degrading enrichment. The bacterium was Gram-negative, oxidase positive and catalase negative, spherical in shape, and motile by polar flagella. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5–7 % and at temperatures of 10–41 °C. The isolate was capable of aesculin hydrolysis, but unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite or degrade Tween 80 or gelatine. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S10r2^T belonged to the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae, with highest sequence similarity to Thioalkalivibrio sulfidiphilus HL-EbGR7^T (90.9 % similarity). The principal fatty acids were Sum In Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c (29.9 %), C_18:1 ω9c (13.5 %), C_16:1 ω5c (12.3 %), C_12:03OH (6.8 %), C_18:1 ω5c (5.7 %) and C_16:0 (5.3 %). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 60.7 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-7 (25 %) and Q-8 (75 %). Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, glycolipid, three phospholipids and lipid were present. The strain was aerobic, non-phototrophic and non-chemolithoautotrophic. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S10r2^T represents a novel species within a novel genus, for which the name Maricoccus atlantica gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S10r2^T (=CGMCC NO.1.12317^T = LMG 27155^T = MCCC 1A09384^T).     

Roseivivax atlanticus sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S10s^T, which was isolated from the surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was found to be Gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive, rod shaped and motile by subpolar flagella. The isolate was capable of gelatine hydrolysis but unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite or degrade Tween 80 or aesculin. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5–18 % (optimum, 2–12 %), at pH of 3–10 (optimum, 7) and at temperatures of 10–41 °C (optimum 28 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S10s^T belongs to the genus Roseivivax, with highest sequence similarity to Roseivivax halodurans JCM 10272^T (97.2 %), followed by Roseivivax isoporae LMG 25204^T (97.0 %); other species of genus Roseivivax shared 95.2–96.7 % sequence similarity. The DNA–DNA hybridization estimate values between strain 22II-S10s^T and the two type strains (R. halodurans JCM 10272^T and R. isoporae LMG 25204^T) were 22.00 and 21.40 %. The principal fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c) (67.4 %), C_18:0 (7.2 %), C_19:0 cyclo ω8c (7.1 %), C_18:1 ω7c 11-methyl (6.8 %) and C_16:0 (5.9 %). The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an aminolipid, a glycolipid and three phospholipids were present. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 67.5 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S10s^T represents a novel species within the genus Roseivivax, for which the name Roseivivax atlanticus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S10s^T (= MCCC 1A09150^T = LMG 27156^T).     

Pseudomonas sihuiensis sp. nov., isolated from a forest soil in South China

A Gram-stain negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain WM-2^T, was isolated from a forest soil in Sihui City, South China, and characterized by means of a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred with 0–5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0–1 %) and at pH 5.0–10.5 (optimum pH 8.5) and 4–40 °C (optimum 30 °C) in Luria–Bertani medium. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain WM-2^T is a member of the genus Pseudomonas and most closely related to P. guguanensis, P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis, P. toyotomiensis, P. alcaliphila and P. mendocina with 97.1–96.6 % sequence similarities. In terms of gyrB and rpoB gene sequences, strain WM-2^T showed the highest similarity with the type strains of the species P. toyotomiensis and P. alcaliphila. The DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain WM-2^T with P. guguanensis and P. oleovorans subsp. lubricantis was 48.7 and 37.2 %, respectively. Chemotaxonomic characteristics (the main ubiquinone Q-9, major fatty acids C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c, C_16:0 and C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c and DNA G+C content 65.2 ± 0.7 mol%) were similar to those of members of the genus Pseudomonas. Polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminophospholipid, an unknown phospholipid and five unknown lipids. According to the results of polyphasic analyses, strain WM-2^T represents a novel species in the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas sihuiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WM-2^T (=KCTC 32246^T=CGMCC 1.12407^T).     

Marinomonas profundimaris sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment sample of the Arctic Ocean

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain D104^T, which was isolated from deep-sea subsurface sediment sample from the Arctic Ocean. The bacterium was found to be Gram-negative, oxidase negative and catalase weakly positive, rod shaped, motile by means of polar flagellum. The organism grows between 4 and 37 °C (optimum 25–28 °C) and 0.5–6 % NaCl (optimum 3 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain D104^T belongs to the genus Marinomonas, with highest sequence similarities of 97.7 % to Marinomonas ushuaiensis DSM 15871^T, followed by M. dokdonensis DSW10-10^T (96.9 %), M. arenicola KMM 3893^T (96.7 %), M. arctica 328^T (96.6 %) and other 18 species of the genus Marinomonas (94.4–96.5 %). The average nucleotide identity and estimated DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain D104^T and M. ushuaiensis DSM 15871^T were 84.24 % and 20.80 ± 2.33 % respectively. The principal fatty acids were C_16:0, sum in feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c), sum in feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c) and C_12:1 3OH. The G + C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 44.8 mol%. The respiratory quinone was found to be Q8 (100 %). Polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine as major phospholipids and aminolipid and phospholipid as minor components. The results of the genotypic and phenotypic analyses indicate that strain D104^T represents a novel species of the genus Marinomonas, for which the name Marinomonas profundimaris sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain D104^T (=MCCC 1A07573^T = LMG 27696^T).     

Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Chloroethylenes Contaminated Soil

The strain designated as AB21^T was isolated from chloroethylenes contaminated soil. Cells are gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, and motile rods. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that it belonged to the genus Rhizobium, and was closely related to Rhizobium sullae IS 123^T (97.4 %), Rhizobium yanglingense SH 22623^T (97.2 %), Rhizobium gallicum R 602sp^T (97.1 %), Rhizobium alamii GBV 016^T (97.0 %), and Rhizobium monogolense USDA 1844^T (97.0 %). It showed less than 97 % identity with the remaining Rhizobium species. This novel isolate grew optimally at 25–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6–9 (optimum, pH 8.0). It grew in the presence of 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl, tolerating a 4 % (w/v) NaCl. DNA–DNA hybridization experiment shows less than 53 % binding with closely related Rhizobium. Predominant quinone is ubiquinone (Q-10). The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (composed of C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c), C_19:0 cyclo ω8c, and C_16:0. The G+C molar content is 62.5 mol%. Based on the polyphasic analysis, strain AB21^T is referred to be a novel species of the genus Rhizobium for which the name Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AB21^T (=KEMC 224-056^T = JCM 17536^T).     

Halomonas cibimaris sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood

Two moderately halophilic, facultatively aerobic, motile bacteria with flagella, designated strains 10-C-3^T and 30-C-3, were isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood. Cells of the strains were observed to be ovoid-rods showing catalase- and oxidase-positive reactions and production of creamy-pink pigments. Growth of strain 10-C-3^T was observed at 15–35 °C (optimum, 25–30 °C), at pH 5.5–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–7.5), and in the presence of 3–15 % (w/v) salts (optimum: 5–10 %). The two strains were found to contain C_18:1 ω7c, C_16:0, summed feature 3 (as defined by the MIDI system, comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), and C_12:0 3-OH as the major cellular fatty acids. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strains 10-C-3^T and 30-C-3 were determined to be 63.2 and 63.1 mol%, respectively and the respiratory quinone detected was ubiquinone 9 (Q-9) only. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains 10-C-3^Tand 30-C-3 formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Halomonas and are most closely related to Halomonas fontilapidosi 5CR^T with 95.2 % of 16S rRNA sequence similarity. Strains 10-C-3^Tand 30-C-3 shared 99.2 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and their DNA–DNA relatedness value was 96.6 ± 0.9 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strains 10-C-3^Tand 30-C-3 represent a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas cibimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10-C-3^T (= KACC 14932^T = JCM 16914^T).     

Actibacterium atlanticum sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S11-z10^T, which was isolated from the surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was found to be Gram-stain negative, oxidase and catalase positive, oval- to rod-shaped and non-motile. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5–9 % and at temperatures of 10–41 °C. The isolate can reduce nitrate to nitrite, degrade gelatin and aesculin, but can not degrade Tween 80. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S11-z10^T belongs to the genus Actibacterium, with the highest sequence similarity to the type strain Actibacterium mucosum CECT 7668^T (97.3 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization estimate value between strain 22II-S11-z10^T and A. mucosum CECT 7668^T was 19.30 ± 2.29 %. The principal fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω6c as defined by the MIDI system, 75.2 %) and Summed Feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/ω6c, 6.9 %). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 59.0 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two phospholipids, two aminolipids and two lipids were identified in the polar lipids. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S11-z10^T represents a novel species within the genus Actibacterium, for which the name Actibacterium atlanticum sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S11-z10^T (=MCCC 1A09298^T = LMG 27158^T).     

Nonhongiella spirulinensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from a cultivation pond of Spirulina platensis in Sanya, China

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile rod strain, designated Ma-20^T, was isolated from a pool of marine Spirulina platensis cultivation, Sanya, China, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomy study. Strain Ma-20^T can grow in the presence of 0.5–11 % (w/v) NaCl, 10–43 °C and pH 6–10, and grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7.5–9.0 in natural seawater medium. The polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) and the major fatty acids were C_18:1ω6c/C_18:1ω7c (summed feature 8, 32.84 %), C_16:1ω6c/C_16:1ω7c (summed feature 3, 30.76 %), C_16:0 (13.54 %), C_12:03-OH (4.63 %), and C_12:0 (4.09 %). The DNA G+C content of strain Ma-20^T was 58 mol %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Ma-20^T belonging to Gammaproteobacteria, it shared 88.46–91.55 and 89.21–91.26 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains in genus Hahella and Marinobacter, respectively. In addition to the large 16S rRNA gene sequence difference, Ma-20^T can also be distinguished from the reference type strains Hahella ganghwensis FR1050^T and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus sp. 17^T by several phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic properties. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain Ma-20^T is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus in Gammaproteobacteria, for which the name Nonhongiella spirulinensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Ma-20^T (=KCTC 32221^T=LMG 27470^T).     

Colwellia meonggei sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium isolated from sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated MA1-3^T, was isolated from a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South sea in South Korea. Strain MA1-3^T was found to grow optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MA1-3^T fell within the clade comprising Colwellia species, clustering coherently with the type strains of Colwellia aestuarii, Colwellia polaris and Colwellia chukchiensis, showing sequence similarity values of 97.2, 96.4 and 95.6 %, respectively. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.9–96.1 % to the type strains of the other Colwellia species. Strain MA1-3^T was found to contain Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c, C_16:0 and C_16:1 ω9c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain MA1-3^T was determined to be 39.1 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with the type strain of C. aestuarii was 13 ± 5.4 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that the novel strain is separated from other Colwellia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain MA1-3^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia meonggei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA1-3^T (=KCTC 32380^T = CECT 8302^T).     

Salinicola peritrichatus sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment

A Gram stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, strain DY22^T, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment collected from the east Pacific Ocean. The isolate was found to grow in the presence of 0–20.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 4.5–8.5; optimum growth was observed with 0.5–2.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 5.0–7.0. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed the presence of ubiquinone-9 as predominant respiratory quinone and C_16:0, C_19:0 ω8c cyclo and C_12:0 3-OH as major cellular fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 59.6 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the novel isolate belongs to the genus Salinicola. Strain DY22^T exhibited the closest phylogenetic affinity to the type strain of Salinicola salarius with 97.2 % sequence similarity and less than 97 % sequence similarity with respect to other Salinicola species with validly published names. The DNA–DNA reassociation values between strain DY22^T and S. salarius DSM 18044^T was 52 ± 4 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain DY22^T represents a novel species of the genus Salinicola, for which the name Salinicola peritrichatus sp. nov. (type strain DY22^T = CGMCC 1.12381^T = JCM 18795^T) is proposed.     

Salinicola zeshunii sp. nov., a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from Soil of a Chicken Farm

The taxonomic status of a moderately halophilic bacterium, strain N4^T, isolated from soil of a chicken farm in China was determined. It was Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that this strain belonged to the genus Salinicola, as it showed the highest sequence similarities to Salinicola salaries M27^T (98.3 %), Salinicola socius SMB35^T (98.1 %), and Salinicola halophilus CG4.1^T (98.1 %). The major cellular fatty acids were C_16:0 (25.6 %), C_18:1ω7c (35.0 %), and C_19:0 cyclo ω8c (11.9 %), which are properties shared by members of the genus Salinicola. The DNA G+C content of strain N4^T was 69.1 mol %. The level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain N4^T and the other three type strains of the genus of Salinicola salaries M27^T, Salinicola socius SMB35^T, and Salinicola halophilus CG4.1^T were 34.3, 28.7, and 26.9 %, respectively. Based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, DNA–DNA relatedness, and phylogenetic analysis, strain N4^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Salinicola, for which the name Salinicola zeshunii sp. nov. is proposed, with strain N4^T (=KACC 16602^T = CCTCC AB 2012912^T) as the type strain.     

Halomonas nanhaiensis sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from a sediment sample from the South China Sea

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, slightly halophilic, yellow-pigmented, oxidase-negative, Voges–Proskauer positive, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated YIM M 13059^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the South China Sea at a depth of 310 m. Optimal growth was found to occur at 28–30 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 3–4 % (w/v) NaCl. Cells were observed to be rod-shaped and motile by peritrichous flagella. The polar lipids of strain YIM M 13059^T were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, a ninhydrin-positive phospholipid, one glycolipid and two unknown phospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-9. The major fatty acids were identified as C_18:1 ω7c, C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c, C_16:0 and C_12:0 3-OH. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 54.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Halomonas in the family Halomonadaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain YIM M 13059 ^T and the type strains of members of the genus Halomonas were in the range 93.3–98.3 %. However, the levels of DNA–DNA relatedness values between YIM M 13059 and the type strains of the most closely related species, Halomonas zhangjiangensis, Halomonas variabilis, Halomonas neptunia, Halomonas boliviensis and Halomonas sulfadieris were 50.2 ± 0.68 %, 46.8 ± 1.9 %, 28.5 ± 0.74 %, 42.9 ± 0.55 % and 37.1 ± 0.68 %, respectively. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, the strain YIM M 13059^T is proposed to represent a novel member of the genus Halomonas, with the name Halomonas nanhaiensis sp. nov. The type strain is YIM M 13059^T (=JCM 18142^T =CCTCC AB 2012911^T).     

Thalassomonas fusca sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, dark brown-coloured and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated G-MB1^T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the South Sea, South Korea. Strain G-MB1^T was found to grow optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain G-MB1^T fell within the clade comprising Thalassomonas species, clustering with the type strains of Thalassomonas agarivorans, Thalassomonas loyana, Thalassomonas ganghwensis and Thalassomonas agariperforans, with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 96.0–96.9 %. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain G-MB1^T and the type strains of the other Thalassomonas species were 94.6–95.1 %. Strain G-MB1^T was found to contain Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_16:0, C_17:1 ω8c, C_16:1 ω9c, C_12:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain G-MB1^T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain G-MB1^T was determined to be 42.4 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain G-MB1^T is separated from other Thalassomonas species. On the basis of the data presented, strain G-MB1^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Thalassomonas, for which the name Thalassomonas fusca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G-MB1^T (=KCTC 32499^T = NBRC 109830^T).     

Simiduia aestuariiviva sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from a tidal flat sediment

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated J-MY2^T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the South Sea, South Korea. Strain J-MY2^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain J-MY2^T forms a cluster with the type strains of Simiduia species. Strain J-MY2^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.62–98.77 % to the type strains of four Simiduia species and of <92.95 % sequence similarity to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain J-MY2^T was found to contain Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:0, C_18:1 ω7c and C_17:1 ω8c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain J-MY2^T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified glycolipids and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain J-MY2^T was determined to be 54.8 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with the type strains of the four Simiduia species were in the range 21–34 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain J-MY2^T is separated from other Simiduia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain J-MY2^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Simiduia, for which the name Simiduia aestuariiviva sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is J-MY2^T ( = KCTC 42073^T = CECT 8571^T).