铅中毒的暴露生物标志物

铅是严重威胁人类健康的一种环境污染物,尤其对儿童神经系统的发育以及学习记忆等产生不良的影响。因此,铅毒性的早期预防、早期诊断以及早期治疗尤为重要。生物标志物是公共卫生领域尤其是环境医学领域的一个研究热点,选择合适的生物标志物对于开展铅毒性的生物监测,实现铅生物效应的早期预警、早期干预等都具有重要的作用。本文就现有的主要铅暴露生物标志物的现状作一归纳。     

犬猫常见药物过敏反应及其防治

犬猫常见的药物过敏反应包括皮疹、荨麻疹、皮炎、发热、血管神经性水肿、哮喘、过敏性休克等,其中以荨麻疹最为常见,以过敏性休克最为严重。1992-1998上半年,我中心动物医院发生药物过敏性休克多例,其中青霉素致死1例,链霉素致死3例,洁霉素致死4例,庆大霉素致死3例,银黄注射液致死1例。引起犬猫过敏反应的药物有:青霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、卡拉霉素、洁霉素、维生素Ｂ1、地塞米松、维丁胶性钙、柴胡、红花、银黄、板蓝根、维生素Ｋ、疫苗等。由于动物本身的生理特性,毛长、皮厚、肤色多样等特点,不适宜做皮肤过敏试验。所以在给动物注射各…     

铅中毒的暴露生物标志物

铅是严重威胁人类健康的一种环境污染物,尤其对儿童神经系统的发育以及学习记忆等产生不良的影响.因此,铅毒性的早期预防、早期诊断以及早期治疗尤为重要.生物标志物是公共卫生领域尤其是环境医学领域的一个研究热点,选择合适的生物标志物对于开展铅毒性的生物监测,实现铅生物效应的早期预警、早期干预等都具有重要的作用.本文就现有的主要铅暴露生物标志物的现状作一归纳.     

人膜联蛋白A5:从生物标志物到药物候选物

人膜联蛋白A5 (human annexin A5,hAnxA5)是人体中一种重要的功能蛋白质分子,广泛存在于人体的细胞和体液中。hAnxA5作为具有特定结构、隶属于一个复杂成员膜联蛋白家族的一个成员分子,其生化特性也是非常独特的。它以钙离子依赖方式,可逆、特异性、高效地结合磷脂酰丝氨酸分子;并基于此特性发挥重要生物学功能,在诸多人体生理、病理现象中发挥重要作用。本文就hAnxA5的结构特点、生化特性、作用机制、影响效应以及在生物医学领域中的重要应用进行了较为系统的归纳与总结。游离态hAnxA5以单体形式存在,发挥生物学活性时通常形成聚合体形式。hAnxA5影响了人体的血管血栓疾病、自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤疾病、肺纤维化及肺损伤、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎等病理现象的发生与发展;hAnxA5作为疾病生物标志物,也应用在肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、心力衰竭、急性肾损伤和哮喘等疾病的研究中;作为新型药物候选物,hAnxA5及其衍生物被多次设计、运用于多类疾病的治疗探索,尤其在血管血栓类疾病的治疗探索上。对于hAnxA5的研究,仍存在某些空白与不足。对其研究的深入,不仅将拓展对于hAnxA5结构与功能关系的认...     

生物标志物在前列腺炎中的研究进展

前列腺炎是男性泌尿系统的常见疾病,由于前列腺炎存在病因和发病机制复杂,导致临床症状表现多种、药物治疗缺乏特异性和复发率较高等问题,因此前列腺炎的诊断、治疗和预后判断标准一直是临床关注的焦点。目前还没有诊断前列腺炎的"金标准",而生物标志物的检测有助于临床诊断、治疗和预后诊断,本文检索近年相关,对敏感性较高和特异性较好的一些前列腺炎生物标志物(细胞因子和趋化因子等)及今后研究的侧重点进行综述,从而为前列腺炎的诊断、分型治疗和预后观察提供依据。     

关于我国药典单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物总论的思考

单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物目前是国内外生物药中增长最快的领域。药品的规范生产与质量控制与其安全有效性息息相关,欧美药典中均设有对此类药品质量控制的总体要求,2015版《中国药典》在进一步保障药品安全和提高质量控制水平的编制指导思想下,也拟纳入对单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物的总体要求,就相关起草工作从产品涉及范畴、制造与产品检定等方面进行阐述。     

骨关节炎相关生物标志物

骨关节炎（osteoarthritis）是关节软骨进展的退化性疾病,并累及周围组织结构的病变,是致老年人伤残主要原因之一。目前,以临床表现和影像学诊断为主,缺乏早期检测和预后评估的有效方法。生物标志物的检查是具有前景的研究方向,在关节软骨结构改变之前,各种生物标志物代谢发生变化,其能帮助诊断和预测骨关节炎的发生发展及其预后。然而,生物标志物在临床诊断和治疗相关的应用仍需加以证实。通过广泛查阅近年有关骨关节炎相关分子生物诊断的相关文献,有助于了解生物标志物对于骨关节炎的早期诊断意义和临床应用前景。本文就关节软骨、骨和滑膜等不同组织类型相关的生物标志物进行综述。     

乳腺癌免疫治疗：生物标志物、药物及疫苗

虽然近年来肿瘤的治疗取得较大进展,乳腺癌依旧是威胁女性健康的主要杀手。近年来,乳腺癌相关的免疫治疗取得较大进展,肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TILs)、程序性死亡受体 1(PD 1)及其配体PD L1、肿瘤突变负荷等肿瘤标志物对乳腺癌免疫治疗具有预测作用,并与乳腺癌的预后相关。免疫检查点抑制剂,例如PD-1/PD-L1及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4(CTLA 4)抑制剂在乳腺癌中取得极大进展,各期临床试验结果显示不同的效用。肿瘤疫苗的使用为乳腺癌免疫治疗的另一途径,虽然部分疫苗在临床试验中取得较好成效,但绝大多数仍需深入研究,乳腺癌免疫治疗之途仅为开端,依旧需要大量研究。本文简要介绍了乳腺癌免疫治疗相关的生物标志物、免疫检查点抑制剂以及肿瘤疫苗的研究进展。     

癌症的生物标志物

虽然新的生物标志物诊断技术已经表现出可观的前景，但是它们的诊断结果仍然困扰着医生和研究人员。     

MicroRNA：从生物标志物到基因治疗

microRNA（miRNA）作为生物标志物和治疗靶点的价值已被公认。简介miRNA及其生物合成与功能,探讨 miRNA与疾病 及癌症的关系,综述miRNA在疾病治疗中及作为生物标志物的应用研究。     

Chemiluminescence (CL) in blood samples reflects leukocyte activation (LA) during anaphylactoid reactions in dogs

Inflammation is accompanied by leukocyte activation (LA). We decribe a simple ex vivo technique for studying LA that might help to find new LA inhibitors for the treatment of pathologic events related to LA. Arterial and venous blood samples obtained from six permanently catheterized beagle dogs ?60, 0, +15 min and +23 h after i.v. challenge with C 48/80, and also blood samples from six normal beagles, were minimally diluted 1:2.5 with buffer. Total leukocyte counts (LC), and luminol amplified CL, induced by opsonized zymosan (C₃-Z), were estimated. Blood samples from dogs elicited CL responses of almost 1/10 the magnitude of erythrocyte-free human leukocytes, whereas blood samples from rats reacted three orders of magnitude less. Obviously quenching of CL by accompanying erythrocytes in blood samples from dogs is not important, for CL correlated almost linearly with the CL in differently diluted samples. In arterial, but not in venous samples from catheterized dogs, absolute CL and LC, both were significantly depressed (p < 0.05) 15 min after C 48/80 challenge. CL/10⁶ leukocytes was augmented twofold. All leukocyte deviations returned to pre-values 23 h post-challenge.     

Vasculitis and anaphylactoid shock in mice induced by the polysaccharide fraction secreted into culture supernatants by the fungus Candida metapsilosis

The biological effects of Candida metapsilosis water-soluble fraction (CMWS), prepared using a completely synthesized medium, were examined to determine whether CMWS induces vasculitis similar to that seen in Kawasaki disease, and anaphylactoid shock, in mice. It was found that intraperitoneal injection of CMWS induces coronary arteritis and i.v. injection induces acute anaphylactoid shock in mice, similar to Candida albicans water-soluble fraction (CAWS)-induced arteritis and anaphylactoid shock. The mannan structure of the polysaccharide fraction was then analyzed by performing antiserum reactivity tests and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The mannan structure was investigated because the present authors have recently found that the mannan moiety within the polysaccharide fraction might be responsible for these pathogenic activities. The structural analysis showed that the mannan structure within CMWS expresses α-mannan residues, but not β-mannan. In addition, the mannan structure of CMWS is quite similar to that of CAWS. The present findings indicate that the polysaccharide fraction from C. metapsilosis, which is mainly composed of mannan, contributes to coronary arteritis and acute shock, and that the mannan structure could be responsible for this pathogenicity.     

Translation of proteomic biomarkers into FDA approved cancer diagnostics: issues and challenges

Tremendous efforts have been made over the past few decades to discover novel cancer biomarkers for use in clinical practice. However, a striking discrepancy exists between the effort directed toward biomarker discovery and the number of markers that make it into clinical practice. One of the confounding issues in translating a novel discovery into clinical practice is that quite often the scientists working on biomarker discovery have limited knowledge of the analytical, diagnostic, and regulatory requirements for a clinical assay. This review provides an introduction to such considerations with the aim of generating more extensive discussion for study design, assay performance, and regulatory approval in the process of translating new proteomic biomarkers from discovery into cancer diagnostics. We first describe the analytical requirements for a robust clinical biomarker assay, including concepts of precision, trueness, specificity and analytical interference, and carryover. We next introduce the clinical considerations of diagnostic accuracy, receiver operating characteristic analysis, positive and negative predictive values, and clinical utility. We finish the review by describing components of the FDA approval process for protein-based biomarkers, including classification of biomarker assays as medical devices, analytical and clinical performance requirements, and the approval process workflow. While we recognize that the road from biomarker discovery, validation, and regulatory approval to the translation into the clinical setting could be long and difficult, the reward for patients, clinicians and scientists could be rather significant.     

Molecular insights into cancer drug resistance from a proteomics perspective

Introduction: Resistance to chemotherapy and development of specific and effective molecular targeted therapies are major obstacles facing current cancer treatment. Comparative proteomic approaches have been employed for the discovery of putative biomarkers associated with cancer drug resistance and have yielded a number of candidate proteins, showing great promise for both novel drug target identification and personalized medicine for the treatment of drug-resistant cancer.

Areas covered: Herein, we review the recent advances and challenges in proteomics studies on cancer drug resistance with an emphasis on biomarker discovery, as well as understanding the interconnectivity of proteins in disease-related signaling pathways. In addition, we highlight the critical role that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play in the mechanisms of cancer drug resistance.

Expert opinion: Revealing changes in proteome profiles and the role of PTMs in drug-resistant cancer is key to deciphering the mechanisms of treatment resistance. With the development of sensitive and specific mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and related technologies, it is now possible to investigate in depth potential biomarkers and the molecular mechanisms of cancer drug resistance, assisting the development of individualized therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.     

The effect of diabetes mellitus on pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics and adverse drug reactions of anticancer drugs

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer are global problems carrying huge human, social, and economic impact. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk for a number of cancers, including breast, pancreatic, and liver cancer. Moreover, adverse drug reactions are higher in paitents with cancer with T2DM compared to cancer patients without T2DM. Cellular mechanisms of hyperglycemia and chemotherapy efficacy may be different depending upon the particular cancer type and the condition of the patient. This review evaluates the effect of DM on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and adverse drug reactions of commonly used anticancer drugs such as cisplatin, methotrexate, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and adriamycin in both clinical and animal models. A literature search was conducted in scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar including the relevant keywords. The results of the effectiveness of anticancer therapies in patients with DM are, however, inconsistent because DM can negatively impact multiple diverse entities including nerves and vascular structures, insulin-like growth factor 1, the function of the innate immune system, drug pharmacokinetics, the expression levels of hepatic CYP₄₅₀, Mdr _1b and enzymes that then lead to drug toxicity. However, in a few circumstances, DM led to attenuation of the toxicity of anticancer drugs secondary to attenuation of the energy-dependent renal uptake process. Overall, the impact of DM on patients with cancer is variable because of the diverse types of cancers and the spectrum of anticancer drugs. With respect to the evidence for cancer involvement in DM pathophysiology and the response to anticancer treatment in patients with DM, many questions still remain and further clinical trials are needed.     

Proteomics in biomarker discovery and drug development

Proteomics is a research field aiming to characterize molecular and cellular dynamics in protein expression and function on a global level. The introduction of proteomics has been greatly broadening our view and accelerating our path in various medical researches. The most significant advantage of proteomics is its ability to examine a whole proteome or sub-proteome in a single experiment so that the protein alterations corresponding to a pathological or biochemical condition at a given time can be considered in an integrated way. Proteomic technology has been extensively used to tackle a wide variety of medical subjects including biomarker discovery and drug development. By complement with other new technique advances in genomics and bioinformatics, proteomics has a great potential to make considerable contribution to biomarker identification and to revolutionize drug development process. This article provides a brief overview of the proteomic technologies and their application in biomarker discovery and drug development.     

The potential biomarkers of drug addiction: proteomic and metabolomics challenges

Drug addiction places a significant burden on society and individuals. Proteomics and metabolomics approaches pave the road for searching potential biomarkers to assist the diagnosis and treatment. This review summarized putative drug addiction-related biomarkers in proteomics and metabolomics studies and discussed challenges and prospects in future studies. Alterations of several hundred proteins and metabolites were reported when exposure to abused drug, which enriched in energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, protein modification and degradation, synaptic function and neurotrasmission, etc. Hsp70, peroxiredoxin-6 and α- and β-synuclein, as well as n-methylserotonin and purine metabolites, were promising as potential biomarker for drug addiction.     

Major depressive disorder: insight into candidate cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers from proteomics studies

Introduction: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of global disability, and an increasing body of literature suggests different cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins as biomarkers of MDD. The aim of this review is to summarize the suggested CSF biomarkers and to analyze the MDD proteomics studies of CSF and brain tissues for promising biomarker candidates.

Areas covered: The review includes the human studies found by a PubMed search using the following terms: ‘depression cerebrospinal fluid biomarker’, ‘major depression biomarker CSF’, ‘depression CSF biomarker’, ‘proteomics depression’, ‘proteomics biomarkers in depression’, ‘proteomics CSF biomarker in depression’, and ‘major depressive disorder CSF’. The literature analysis highlights promising biomarker candidates and demonstrates conflicting results on others. It reveals 42 differentially regulated proteins in MDD that were identified in more than one proteomics study. It discusses the diagnostic potential of the biomarker candidates and their association with the suggested pathologies.

Expert commentary: One ultimate goal of finding biomarkers for MDD is to improve the diagnostic accuracy to achieve better treatment outcomes; due to the heterogeneous nature of MDD, using bio-signatures could be a good strategy to differentiate MDD from other neuropsychiatric disorders. Notably, further validation studies of the suggested biomarkers are still needed.     

非侵入性脑内给药

血脑屏障使许多具有中枢神经活性的药物无法到达脑部发挥作用,非侵入性脑内给药因对机体无创伤而受到研究者广泛关注。本文介绍了血脑屏障的物质转运系统以及经鼻粘膜、渗透性血脑屏障开放、纳米粒载体和转运载体法等非侵入性脑内给药方法的机制和特点。     

Edge biomarkers for classification and prediction of phenotypes

In general, a disease manifests not from malfunction of individual molecules but from failure of the relevant system or network, which can be considered as a set of interactions or edges among molecules. Thus, instead of individual molecules, networks or edges are stable forms to reliably characterize complex diseases. This paper reviews both traditional node biomarkers and edge biomarkers, which have been newly proposed. These biomarkers are classified in terms of their contained information. In particular, we show that edge and network biomarkers provide novel ways of stably and reliably diagnosing the disease state of a sample. First, we categorize the biomarkers based on the information used in the learning and prediction steps. We then briefly introduce conventional node biomarkers, or molecular biomarkers without network information, and their computational approaches. The main focus of this paper is edge and network biomarkers, which exploit network information to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, by extracting both network and dynamic information from the data, we can develop dynamical network and edge biomarkers. These biomarkers not only diagnose the immediate pre-disease state but also detect the critical molecules or networks by which the biological system progresses from the healthy to the disease state. The identified critical molecules can be used as drug targets, and the critical state indicates the critical point of disease control. The paper also discusses representative biomarker-based methods.