一个新的家蚕油蚕白卵系BH863的基因型研究

家蚕卵色正常型为黑褐色,其突变种类丰富,其中白色卵系列不失为一特色。迄今研究报道的家蚕白卵突变基因有１２种之多（向仲怀,１９９４;江口正治等,１９８６;Ｆｕｊｉｉ,１９９８;Ｃｈｉｓｈｕｓｈｉ,１９７２;Ｋｉｎｇ,１９７６）。本研究室发现１９９４年由广东省农科院蚕业所移送西南农业大学家蚕基因库保存和鉴定的ＢＨ８６３系是一种新的油蚕白卵突变。ＢＨ８６３系是以家蚕品种湖２０４（♀）为受体,蓖麻蚕品种斑马（♂）为供体,经人工授精产生的子代中的家蚕变异品系（陈元霖等,１９９３）。其主要性状特征为：浆液膜…     

利用基因与环境互作控制家蚕性别

S伴、K05、伴1、S1、D01 5个蚕品种,在胚胎期对高温干燥的催青条件表现敏感性,农 4、新九、限抗对高温干燥催青条件有较高的耐受能力,当用新九的雌与S伴、K05、伴1、S1、D01的雄蛾杂交时,其杂种一代的蚕卵,在高温干燥条件下催青,雌蚕因在胚胎发育过程中对环境条件表现敏感而不能孵化,雄蚕则能正常孵化,因而利用基因与环境的相互作用可以控制家蚕的性别。雌蚕高温干燥条件的敏感性,主要发生在胚胎发育至后期阶段。对S伴等5个温敏性品种的亲缘关系进行RAPD分析,经统计计算,相似率在63.04%~76.47%之间。 Abstract:The silkworm embryo of the varieties,sBan,K05,Ban1,S1 and D05 was sensitive to the high temperature and low humidity incubating condition,while that of Nong4,Xinjiu and Xiankang was more endurable.By crossing the female Xinjiu with the male of sensitive varieties,such as sBaa,K05,Ban1,S1 or D05,their female progenies were sensitive to the high temperature and low humidity during incubation and could not hatch,while the males could hatch normally.Experiment showed that silkworm sex could be controlled by the interaction between gene and environment. The sensitive period was at late stage during the embryo development.The RAPD analysis showed that the similarity index of the five temperature-sensitive varieties of sBan,K05,Ban1,S1 and D05 was 63.04-76.47%.     

适应性突变的遗传学特征

基于大肠杆菌FC40菌株的研究结果表明,适应性突变依赖RecBCD重组途径的酶,要求SOS反应的部分基因功能,lac+回复突变序列都是在单核苷酸短重复序列处的一个碱基缺失。有证据表明有的适应性突变来自一个或多个暂时性的超突变的细胞亚群,它们的基因组发生大量的突变,转座子高频丢失。产生这种暂时性的超突变的增变子可能是因为细胞的MMR活性暂时不足,或是因错误翻译产生丧失了校读活性的DNA聚合酶III。其他一些研究系统虽然得到了一些同FC40菌株不一致的结论,但所有实验证据都表明,在饥饿等环境胁迫因子作用下,非生长或缓慢生长的细胞可以产生突变,这种突变具有生长依赖的自发突变所不同的一些遗传学特征。 Abstract:The research based on the Escherichia coli FC40 showed that adaptive mutations required the enzymes of RecBCD recombination pathway and some unknown proteins of SOS response,and the mutation spectrum of lac+ revertants is single-base deletions in the small mononucleotide repeats.Some evidence showed that the revertants with adaptive mutations partly come from one (or some) subset of transient hypermutable subpopulation of cells,in which high frequently losing of transposons and genome-wide mutations were observed.It was suggested that this kind of transient hypermutability may be due to the transient deficient activity of mismatch repair (MMR) system,or a defective epsilon unit of DNA polymerase III generated by mistranslation.Although other systems demonstrated some different mechanisms from FC40,all research works suggested that,adaptive mutations occurred in nondividing or nongrowing cells under environmental stresses,for example,starvation,displayed different genetic features from growth-dependent spontaneous mutation.     

家蚕胚胎期对高温干燥催青耐受性的遗传分析

本文运用完全双列杂交的方法,估测了家蚕在胚胎期对高温干燥催青条件耐受性的有关遗传参数。家蚕种对高温干燥催青的耐受性,在原种间和杂交组合间有明显差异。耐受性是一种遗传性性状,由遗传基因控制。经估算的广义遗传力大于狭义遗传力。有超显性现象。控制家蚕对高温干燥催青的耐受性的基因数目不少于两个。显性效应大于加性效应。显性效应为非单向性的。显性位点上的基因分布为不对称性。 Abstract:Some genetic parameters about endurance of silkworm to high temperature and low humidity condition during embryo stage were calculated in complete diallel crossing(6×6).There was clear variation in the endurance of both parents and F1 to the incubating condition of high temperature and low humidity.Endurance is a supper-dominant character controlled by genes not less than two.The generalized heritability is greater than narrow heritability .The effects of dominant genes were non-unidirection,with the dominant effect greater than additive effect.The distribution of genes on the location of the dominance is not symmetric.     

家蚕保存系统红色卵的遗传分析

用遗传背景清楚的家蚕Bombyx mori红卵（re）、白卵(w-2、pe)、第4褐卵（b-4）的标志基因系统和正常型黑卵系统与我国家蚕基因库保存的20个红色卵系统杂交,进行顺反测验,分析了它们的卵色支配基因及遗传规律。结果发现：①在03-310系统中存在家蚕卵色新突变pink egg,与红卵re 等位,基因符号为re^p,表型特征为：卵淡红色,成虫蛾眼也为淡红色;②6个系统为红卵（re）的纯合系统,还有５个系统除具有re／re基因型外,还具有支配白色卵或浅红色或橙红色卵的突变基因;③２个系统为第4褐卵（b4）的纯合系统; ④6个系统的红褐色卵为母性影响遗传;⑤发现家蚕卵色基因b-4和r-e的互补关系,b-4/b-4 re/re基因型表现为新的卵色——橙黄色。     

视网膜色素变性的分子遗传学研究进展

视网膜色素变性（RP）是常见的遗传性眼病,具有高度的遗传异质性,患者常有进行性夜盲和视野缺损。对于常染色体显性遗传RP已经发现有12个基因座与之有关,其中6个致病基因已被克隆,对于这些致病基因的结构、突变及其功能目前已有了新的研究进展。 Abstract:Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) describes a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by gradual degeneration of photoreceptor cells.Common clinical features include a progressive loss of night vision,leading to night blindness and peripheral-visual-field loss.At least 12 loci have been mapped to chromosomes,and mutations in an ever increasing number of genes have been found to cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP).Six of the 12 genes known to cause ADRP have been cloned.New progress has been made on the studies of structure,mutation and function of these genes.     

人类单纯性先天性心脏病中TBX5基因的突变及表达研究

本文首次较为完整地报道了藏汉通婚子代群体的14项肤纹参数（其中藏父汉思及汉父藏母各100 例）,并将这些肤纹参数分别与其藏汉父母样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较,再与1000例藏族及1040例 汉族两个大样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较。结果表明：藏汉后代的肤纹特征介于藏族和汉族之间,提示 肤纹参数的多因子遗传本质。     

表遗传学推动新一轮遗传学的发展

科学的发展孕育着突破,表遗传学研究推动着新一轮的遗传学的发展。表遗传学是研究没有DNA序列变化的、可遗传的表达改变。表遗传学不仅对医学和农业有重要的实践意义,而且还提供了理解遗传和进化的新观点。研究表明,人类基因组含有两类遗传信息,遗传学信息提供了合成生命所必需蛋白质的模板,而表遗传学信息提供了何时、何地和怎样地应用遗传学信息的指令;遗传学和表遗传学的关系有如“阴阳”,它们既相区别又协同参与调节生命活动。同时还讨论了基因的概念、进化和epigenetics的中文译名等问题。表遗传学研究应引起国内学术界的关注。Abstract: Scientific development is pregnant with a breakthrough, epigenetic studies are pushing the genetics forward. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occurs without a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetics not only has practical significance for medicine and agriculture, but also provides new views on understanding heredity and evolution. Human genome contains information in two forms: the genetic information provides the blueprint for the manufacture of all the proteins necessary to create a living thing while the epigenetic information provides instructions on how, where, and when the genetic information should be used. The interrelationship of genetics and epigenetics is like a yin-yan, they are different from each other, and cooperatively take part in regulation of a variety of living activities. In this paper concept of gene and problems of evolution has been also discussed according to epigenetic viewpoints.     

蓖麻蚕DNA导入家蚕引起遗传变异的研究-基因组DNA的RAPD检测

借助于精子介导,在家蚕受精的过程中将蓖麻蚕DNA转入家蚕卵内,从它们后代获得了新的变异品系。本文采用RAPD技术对这些品系基因组DNA进行了分析。结果表明,所用50种10mer随机引物中有49个检测出DNA的多态性,统计分析图谱中各类扩增带,其中变异品系与其相应受体的差异带占其总带数的26-37%,提示外源DNA导入受体后引起后代基因组的显著变异,并对这些变异的意义了讨论。 Abstract:With the aid of domesticated silkworm sperms,eri silkworm DNA was transferred into domesticated silkworm eggs during insemination,and variant strains were obtained from the progenies.Genomes of three new strains were analyzed using RAPD assay.Polymorphic fingerprints were obtained from 49 out of 50 primers.Different kinds of amplified bands in RAPD patterns were calculated and analyzed,the variant bands between variants and their recipients counted for 26~37% of the total bands of each variant.The results indicated that exogenous DNA introduced into recipients induced remarkable variation in progeny genomes.The significance of the variation was discussed.     

拟南芥SUPERMAN基因表观突变的研究进展

本文综述了拟南芥SUPERMAN基因表观突变体clark kent（clk）的表型、基因型、DNA甲基化及表观突变机制等方面的研究进展。主要研究结果有：clk是SUPERMAN(SUP)的等位基因,能遗传但不稳定,其对称位点（CpG和CPXPG）和非对称位点的胞嘧啶高度甲基化,伴随着SUP转录水平的下降;CpG和CPXPG胞嘧啶甲基转移酶分别是METHYLTRANSFERASE1（MET1）和受KRYPTONITE基因调控的CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3)。 Abstract:The SUPERMAN gene in Arabidopsis has its epigenetic mutants (the clark kent alleles,clk). The phenotype of clk and its genotype and methylated patterns and the epi-mutation mechanisms of SUPERMAN were summarized in the review. Heritable but unstable sup epi-alleles are associated with nearly identical patterns of excess cytosine methylation within the SUP gene and a decreased level of SUP RNA. The methylation of cytosine at CpG and CPXPG is controlled by METHYLTRANSFERASE1（MET1）and CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3) which is regulated by KRYPTONITE gene,respectively.     

鸡蛋清蛋白的组分分析

我们在实验教学中,以鸡蛋清进行醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳,它具有材料廉价、取材方便等特点。对鸡蛋清蛋白进行电泳,表明鸡蛋清蛋白中至少含有6种主要的蛋白质,其中5种蛋白质的等电点小于pH8．6,一种大于pH8．6。其相对含量分别是：30．85％、22．62％、10．83％、8．67％、19．46％和4．91％。     

Analysis of Core Region from Egg White Lysozyme Forming Amyloid Fibrils

Some of the lysozyme mutants in humans cause systemic amyloidosis. Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) has been well studied as a model protein of amyloid fibrils formation. We previously identified an amyloid core region consisting of nine amino acids (designated as the K peptide), which is present at 54-62 in HEWL. The K peptide, with tryptophan at its C- terminus, has the ability of self-aggregation. In the present work we focused on its structural properties in relation to the formation of fibrils. The K peptide alone formed definite fibrils having β-sheet structures by incubation of 7 days under acidic conditions at 37°C. A substantial number of fibrils were generated under this pH condition and incubation period. Deletion and substitution of tryptophan in the K peptide resulted in no formation of fibrils. Tryptophan 62 in lysozyme was suggested to be especially crucial to forming amyloid fibrils. We also show that amyloid fibrils formation of the K peptide requires not only tryptophan 62 but also a certain length containing hydrophobic amino acids. A core region is involved in the significant formation of amyloid fibrils of lysozyme.     

Structural and Physicochemical Characteristics of Novel Basic Proteins Isolated from Duck Egg White

Novel basic proteins, duck basic protein small 1 (dBPS₁) and 2 (dBPS₂), were isolated from duck egg white by cation-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Protein sequence analyses indicated that they possessed 39 amino acid residues with three disulfide bonds. The amino acid sequence of dBPS₁ showed 45% identity with dBPS₂. The amino acid sequence of dBPS₂ was the same as cygnin, a small protein from black swan, and strongly homologous with meleagrin from turkey and chicken. Phylogenic relationships implied that dBPS₁ and dBPS₂ share a common ancestry with cygnin and meleagrin. Based on MALDI-TOF mass spectra, the molecular masses of dBPS₁ and dBPS₂ were 4,373, and the 4,486 Da. pI of dBPS₁ and dBPS₂ elucidated by isoelectric focusing were 9.35 and 9.44. FT-IR spectra classified these proteins as (β) proteins. Both dBPS₁ and dBPS₂, possessed high heat stability, Td 101.2 and 98.3 °C. Indirect ELISA results showed that the dBPS₁/dBPS₂-related proteins were distributed in the oviduct and gallbladder.     

Induction of Non-diapause Eggs by Imidazole Derivative KK-42 in the Diapause Type of Bombyx mori Silkworm

The injection of an imidazole compound, KK-42, into fifth instar larvae of a silkworm (Bombyx mori, Daizo strain), which had been destined to produce diapause eggs, induced the moths to lay non-diapause eggs. The critical period for KK-42 injection in the induction of non-diapause eggs was 24 h to 72 h after the fourth ecdysis. Topical application of KK-42 to 48 h-old fifth instar larvae also induced non-diapause eggs.     

Purification Process for the Preparation and Characterizations of Hen Egg White Ovalbumin,Lysozyme, Ovotransferrin,and Ovomucoid

Abstract

In this study, four major egg white proteins were purified by two step ion exchange chromatography followed by precipitation. Lysozyme and ovalbumin were separated with Q Sepharose Fast Flow anion exchange chromatography in the first step, resulting in two peaks of lysozyme and three peaks of ovalbumin with 87% and 70% purity by HPLC, respectively. Ovotransferrin was separated with CM-Toyopearl 650 M cation exchange chromatography in the second step, giving 80% purity. Ovomucoid was precipitated from the partial purified protein fraction from the first two steps, and concentrated in the final step to yield 90% purity. Protein recoveries were estimated to be 55, 21, 54, and 21% for lysozyme, ovotransferrin, ovalbumin, and ovomuciod, respectively. Lysozyme was identified from the purified peaks using zymogram refolding gel, whereas ovalbumin was identified by western blotting. Purified ovotransferrin and ovomucoid was identified by mass spectrometry. The results indicate that this purification process is adequate for preparation of lysozyme, ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, and ovomucoid, at least on a laboratory scale.     

利用宿主范围扩大的杂交病毒HyNPV在家蚕中表达对虾白斑综合症病毒VP19基因

对虾白斑综合症其病原是对虾白斑综合症病毒（White spot syndrome virus,简称WSSV）。 VP19是 WSSV的一个囊膜蛋白,HyNPV（Hybrid of AcNPV and BmNPV,简称HyNPV）是BmNPV和AcNPV通过基因重组后得到的一个具有BmNPV和AcNPV双重优点的新型杂交病毒,在克隆了VP19基因的基础上,成功构建了重组转移载体pBlueBicHisC-vp19和重组杆状病毒 HyNPV-VP19。用重组病毒注射接种5龄起蚕,经SDS-PAGE 和Western blotting分析,结果表明,WSSV-VP19基因在家蚕体内得到了表达,特异性条带大小与预计的基本一致,约为21kD。     

蜕皮激素对家蚕卵黄原蛋白基因表达的调控

蜕皮激素（20-hydroxy ecdysone,20E）是由前胸腺分泌的能调节节肢动物昆虫纲、甲壳纲等动物蜕皮的激素. 家蚕属于完全变态昆虫,一生经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个发育时期. 20E在家蚕发育过程中有不可替代的作用. 本研究通过酶联免疫吸附反应（ELISA）测定家蚕变态期前后血淋巴中20E滴度,发现在卵黄原蛋白基因 (Bombyx mori vitellogenin, BmVg) 高量表达前的雌雄血淋巴中20E含量没有明显差异,但含量变化趋势与BmVg表达趋势相一致. 用20E注射上蔟后60 h的家蚕和添食5龄家蚕, 能诱导雌性和雄性脂肪体中BmVg表达和蛋白合成. 调查处理后的家蚕所产卵中的卵黄磷蛋白（BmVn）含量及重量,发现蚕卵中BmVn含量及蚕卵重量都明显增加|本研究还通过脂肪体体外培养,证明了20E是直接作用于脂肪体来诱导BmVg的表达. 本研究结果表明,20E是通过诱导脂肪体中BmVg的转录来增加蚕卵中BmVn积累,从而最终使得蚕卵重量也相应增加.     

乙肝病毒s基因在家蚕细胞及蚕体内高效表达

把人乙型肝炎病毒(adr)的表面抗原S基因插入到家蚕核型多角体病毒基因组中,构建了重组病毒BmNPVS。用重组病毒感染家蚕细胞,测得每毫升培养物(1×10⁶细胞)HBsAg表达量达35．5μg;感染家蚕幼虫和蛹,经检测表明HBSAg产量平均为每头蚕约750μg,每只蛹约为690μg。初步纯化的表达产物经Westefn blotting和电镜观察证实,表达产物是直径为22nm的颗粒,并主要以糖基化形式存在。表达产物的浮力密度为1．2g／ml,与病人血清的HBsAg一致。     

紫菜色素突变体研究进展

色素变异是紫菜常见的突变性状。发生色素突变的紫菜可以为其遗传育种提供优秀的种质资源,并为其生理及基因功能研究提供理想的实验材料。结合色素突变体在育种工作和遗传基础研究等领域逐步显示出的广阔应用前景,本文重点论述了紫菜色素突变体的诱变、遗传特征、突变分子机制及应用等方面的研究进展。     

植物叶绿素缺失突变体分子机制研究进展

植物叶绿素缺失突变体在自然界中广泛存在,是研究叶绿素形成和叶绿体发育等代谢途径的良好材料.该文主要从分子层面上阐述了叶绿素缺失突变体产生的原因,如叶绿素合成受阻、叶绿体光合蛋白合成或输入受阻、叶绿体RNA转录物未被编辑、过量光损伤和卟啉循环各物质之间的相互抑制,并归纳了近年来鉴定出来的一些叶绿素缺失突变基因,简要介绍了叶绿素和叶绿体之间的关系以及叶绿素缺失突变体的应用.