A new,widely distributed species of the Exocelina ekari-group from West Papua (Coleoptera,Dytiscidae, Copelatinae)

Exocelina manokwariensis sp. n. from West Papua is placed into the Exocelina ekari-group based on the structure of its male genitalia. The new species is described, including its three subspecies, from the mainland of West Papua, Waigeo Island, Batanta and Salawati Islands, and Bomberai peninsula. An identification key to the subspecies as well as data on species distribution are provided.     

Neotropical Emerald moths: a review of the genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae)

The classification of the Neotropical genera of the Geometrinae is reviewed and 38 genera are recognized (including one nomen dubium). Seven generic synonyms are newly established and the genus Gnathosocia is described as new. Other changes established in this work include 1 species synonym and 36 new or reinstated combinations. A key to genera, based on external features, is provided for their identification. External features and genitalia of representatives of each genus are illustrated. All the 506 known Neotropical species and subspecies of Geometrinae are catalogued and details of type material, examined extensively, are given.     

Study on the foraging behaviour of the European nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus reveals the need for a change in conservation strategy in Belgium

Effective nature conservation requires coherent actions based on the best available evidence concerning protected species. Recent studies have suggested that European nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus forage outside their recognized breeding habitats, yet, for Flanders (northern Belgium) information on nightjar foraging behaviour and key foraging habitats is lacking. To assess whether the foraging ecology of nightjars in Flanders is similar to that observed in other parts of Europe, we studied the crepuscular behaviour of this species in Bosland (northeastern Flanders) during a five‐year radio telemetry study. Tracking of 48 individuals within a coniferous forest was standardized and home ranges were calculated using a kernel density estimator (fixed kernel). Habitat use was investigated by comparing kernel placement to available habitat. Average maximal foraging distance was 2603 ± 1094 m and home ranges extended up to 691 ha. We identified the key foraging habitats to be extensively‐cultivated grasslands and recreational areas, areas that were previously assumed unsuitable for Belgian nightjars. Our results indicate the importance of foraging sites outside the breeding territory, confirming the findings of previous studies performed elsewhere in Europe. Incorporating our findings into future conservation plans could, therefore, lead to improved efficiency of EU conservation measures, designed for the protection of this bird species in Flanders.     

Taxonomy of the Polygonum douglasii (Polygonaceae) complex with a new species from Oregon

The taxonomy of the Polygonum douglasii complex is revised. A summary of relevant taxonomic information is provided, along with a key to the species and subspecies, plus typification, synonymy, discussion, distribution, and ecology. Morphology and micromorphology of stems, leaves, perianth, pollen, and achenes are analyzed and illustrated. Based on these data, 12 species and two subspecies are recognized. A new species, P. gabrielae, is described and illustrated from Oregon.     

THE ENGLISH NAMES OF THE AFROTROPICAL NIGHTJARS (CAPRIMULGIDAE)

Jackson, H. D. 1993. The English names of the Afrotropical nightjars (Caprimulgidae). Ostrich 64: 148–159.

At least 172 different English names have been used on the nightjars of Africa and its related islands, including Madagascar. A review of the literature chronicles the name changes within each species. Problems created by some duplication and transposition of names between species are discussed. A key to all the names is provided by an alphabetical list cross referenced to the species concerned. The orthography of names is discussed and it is recommended that all animal names be capitalized and freed of unnecessary hyphens. The nightjar names used in The Birds of Africa are accepted as the standard to be followed subject to a few changes.     

A synopsis of the genus Cypholoba Chaudoir (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Anthiini) known to occur in the Republic of South Africa

Nearly one third of the described species of Cypholoba Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are known to inhabit the Republic of South Africa. A key and diagnostic notes are provided for their identification, as well as notes about way of life for some of the species based on observations in the Kruger National Park. Fifteen species and subspecies of the genus are recorded from the Republic of South Africa; adult specimens of each species and subspecies are illustrated and information about the distribution of each species in the Republic of South Africa is summarized and mapped: Cypholoba alstoni (Péringuey), Cypholoba alveolata (Brême), Cypholoba amatonga Péringuey, Cypholoba fritschi (Chaudoir), Cypholoba gracilis gracilis (Dejean), Cypholoba gracilis scrobiculata (Bertoloni), Cypholoba gracilis zuluana Basilewsky, Cypholoba graphipteroides graphipteroides (Guérin-Méneville), Cypholoba leucospilota semilaevis (Chaudoir), Cypholoba macilenta (Olivier), Cypholoba notata (Perroud), Cypholoba oberthueri seruana Strohmeyer, Cypholoba opulenta (Boheman), Cypholoba rutata (Péringuey), and Cypholoba tenuicollis aenigma (Dohrn).     

To the knowledge of the leaf beetle genus Cystocnemis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

Four subspecies of Cystocnemis discoidea are distinguished; two subspecies are described as new to science based on investigation of intraspecific variation in different parts of the species range, and ssp. gebleri was resurrected from synonymy. The ways of speciation in highland-hollow landscapes are discussed. The alpine subspecies C. discoidea oreas ssp. n. has an altibiome disjunction with the nominotypical subspecies. Similarity of the alpine subspecies of C. discoidea to the species from the subgenus Entomomela was found to be the reason of permanent confusion of representatives of these taxa. The subgenus Entomomela is transferred from the genus Oreomela to the genus Cystocnemis. A key to species and subspecies of the genus Cystocnemis is given.     

A note on a code for the identification of the 'viridans' streptococci

A simple numerical code for the identification of 'viridans' streptococci was devised with Facklam's system of classification. This is based on biochemical criteria and consists of nine tests, with an additional five for the identification of closely related species and the subspecies or biotype of Streptococcus mutans. The 'viridans' streptococci can be divided into 10 species with the aid of this scheme while five subspecies and an additional biotype of Streptococcus mutans can be recognized. Advantages of this scheme are that the numerical code differentiates between isolates of the same species, distinguishes between biochemically active and non-active species and indicates similarities between species.     

A note on a code for the identification of the 'viridans' streptococci

A simple numerical code for the identification of 'viridans' streptococci was devised with Facklam's system of classification. This is based on biochemical criteria and consists of nine tests, with an additional five for the identification of closely related species and the subspecies or biotype of Streptococcus mutans. The 'viridans' streptococci can be divided into 10 species with the aid of this scheme while five subspecies and an additional biotype of Streptococcus mutans can be recognized. Advantages of this scheme are that the numerical code differentiates between isolates of the same species, distinguishes between biochemically active and non-active species and indicates similarities between species.     

中国拟毛蚁属分类研究（膜翅目：蚁科）

在中国已记载拟毛蚁属Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｌａｓｉｕｓ Ｅｍｅｒｙ昆虫８种１亚种,其中２个根据雌蚁描述的种Ｐ．ｈｍｍｅｌｉ Ｓｔｉｔｚ和Ｐ。．ｓａｕｔｅｒｉ Ｆｏｒｅｌ的地位有待确认,亚种Ｐ．ｂｉｎｇｈａｍｉ ｔａｉｖａｎａｅ Ｆｏｒｅｌdisplay structure     

中国鳞刺蛾属订正(鳞翅目,刺蛾科)(英文)

经过系统研究,发现我国的鳞刺蛾并不是一直被称为的眼鳞刺蛾Squamosa ocellata(Moore),共有2种和1亚种.首次报道了姹鳞刺蛾S.chalcites Orhant在我国有分布,描述了1新种,短爪鳞刺蛾S.brevisunca和1新亚种,云南亚种S.brevisunca yunnanensis.本文还描述了云南亚种的茧和老熟幼虫形态,编制了分种和亚种检索表,提供了成虫彩色照片和外生殖器特征图.模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所国家动物博物馆.     

A taxonomic and cladistic analysis of the west European genus Monobella (Collembola, Neanuridae)

The genus Monobellu Cassagnau, 1979 (Collembola) is redefined. Four new species and one new subspecies are described from Pyrenees and Cevennes (France) on the basis of labrum morphology, tubercle arrangement on tergites and chaetotaxy of somites: Monobellu culvu sp. n., Monobellu eduphica sp. n., Monobellu grussei minor ssp. n., Monobellu juu sp. n., and Monobellu rousseti sp. n. The subspecies Monobellu grussei dubiu Deharveng, 1986 is reassigned to specific level. A key to the 14 species and subspecies of Monobellu is given. Except M. g. minor ssp. n. which is present in the Pyrenees and the Massif Central and the widespread M. g. grussei (Denis, 1923), all Monobellu species and subspecies are narrow endemics of the Pyrenean range; their distribution is mapped in details. A phylogenetic analysis is performed, taking into account the high level of polymorphism of some characters and the incomplete genetic isolation between certain subspecies, indicated in the field by the presence of narrow hybrid zones. Though obtained under different assumptions and constraints, the most parsimonious cladograms exhibit only slight differences, and the proposed phyletic reconstruction can be considered as robust. It adequately reflects the known distribution of the species in the Pyrenees, it confirms the monophyly of the species M. grussei and supports, in agreement with field distribution data, the idea that reticulate evolution might have occurred in this taxon. © The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters     

Tetracha hope 1838 of the Turks and Caicos Islands (coleoptera, carabidae, cicindelinae)

A new species, Tetracha (Neotetracha) naviauxi, and a new subspecies, Tetracha (Tetracha) sobrina caicosensis, are described from the Turks and Caicos Islands. The key to Tetracha species in Naviaux (2007) is adapted to accommodate Tetracha naviauxi. Tetracha sobrina caicosensis is compared to other Caribbean subspecies of Tetracha sobrina.     

中国波翅青尺蛾属分类研究(鳞翅目:尺蛾科:尺蛾亚科)

波翅青尺蛾属Thalera世界共记录6种和5亚种。中国已知3种和3亚种,本文记述5种和3亚种,其中包括采自四川巴塘1新种淡波翅青尺蛾Thalera simpliria sp.nov.和1新纪录种。文中给出了中国波翅青尺蛾属分种检索表和新种的成虫及外生殖器图。淡波翅青尺蛾,新种Thalera simpliria sp.nov.(图2,3,6,7）新种与Th.lacerataria Graeser,1889相似,但有以下不同：新种前翅外缘在M1与M3之间的缺刻极浅;前后翅外线较圆滑：♂外生殖器抱器瓣基部的三角形骨化片细尖,囊形突较细,钩形突较短粗;♀外生殖器后阴片有一方形弱骨化区域。     

An evaluation of the species and subspecies of the genus Salmonella with whole genome sequence data: Proposal of type strains and epithets for novel S. enterica subspecies VII,VIII, IX,X and XI

Species and subspecies within the Salmonella genus have been defined for public health purposes by biochemical properties; however, reference laboratories have increasingly adopted sequence-based, and especially whole genome sequence (WGS), methods for surveillance and routine identification. This leads to potential disparities in subspecies definitions, routine typing, and the ability to detect novel subspecies. A large-scale analysis of WGS data from the routine sequencing of clinical isolates was employed to define and characterise Salmonella subspecies population structure, demonstrating that the Salmonella species and subspecies were genetically distinct, including those previously identified through phylogenetic approaches, namely: S. enterica subspecies londinensis (VII), subspecies brasiliensis (VIII), subspecies hibernicus (IX) and subspecies essexiensis (X). The analysis also identified an additional novel subspecies, reptilium (XI). Further, these analyses indicated that S. enterica subspecies arizonae (IIIa) isolates were divergent from the other S. enterica subspecies, which clustered together and, on the basis of ANI analysis, subspecies IIIa was sufficiently distinct to be classified as a separate species, S. arizonae. Multiple phylogenetic and statistical approaches generated congruent results, suggesting that the proposed species and subspecies structure was sufficiently biologically robust for routine application. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that not all subspecies were distinguishable by these means and that biochemical approaches did not capture the genomic diversity of the genus. We recommend the adoption of standardised genomic definitions of species and subspecies and a genome sequence-based approach to routine typing for the identification and definition of novel subspecies.     

Review of the Eospilarctia yuennanica group (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) from the Indo - Himalayan region, with description of two new species and one subspecies

Twonew Eospilarctia species and one new subspecies from China, Myanmar and Vietnam, respectively, are described. Superficially the new species Eospilarctia maciaisp. n., Eospilarctia naumannisp. n. and Eospilarctia yuennanica fansipanassp. n. resemble related congeners but they can be distinguished by the differences in wing pattern, genitalia and distribution provided. Eospilarctia yuennanica guangdonga Dubatolov, Kishida & Wang, 2008 is upgraded to species level. A checklist of the genus Eospilarctia and a key to the Eospilarctia yuennanica (Daniel, 1943) species-group, based on external characters and male genitalia, is presented.     

GyrB sequence analysis and MALDI-TOF MS as identification tools for plant pathogenic Clavibacter

The bacterial genus Clavibacter has only one species, Clavibacter michiganensis, containing five subspecies. All five are plant pathogens, among which three are recognized as quarantine pests (mentioned on the EPPO A2 list). Prevention of their introduction and epidemic outbreaks requires a reliable and accurate identification. Currently, identification of these bacteria is time consuming and often problematic, mainly because of cross-reactions with other plant-associated bacteria in immunological tests and false-negative results in PCR detection methods. Furthermore, distinguishing closely related subspecies is not straightforward. This study aimed at evaluating the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and a fragment of the gyrB sequence for the reliable and fast identification of the Clavibacter subspecies. Amplification and sequencing of gyrB using a single primer set had sufficient resolution and specificity to identify each subspecies based on both sequence similarities in cluster analyses and specific signatures within the sequences. All five subspecies also generated distinct and reproducible MALDI-TOF MS profiles, with unique and specific ion peaks for each subspecies, which could be used as biomarkers for identification. Results from both methods were in agreement and were able to distinguish the five Clavibacter subspecies from each other and from representatives of closely related Rathayibacter, Leifsonia or Curtobacterium species. Our study suggests that proteomic analysis using MALDI-TOF MS and gyrB sequence are powerful diagnostic tools for the accurate identification of Clavibacter plant pathogens.