共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 819 毫秒
1.
The Influence of Root Zone Temperature on Photosynthetic Acclimation to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Soybean (Glycine maxClark) was grown from germinationto 21 d after sowing (DAS) at ambient ( 相似文献
2.
This study was conducted with Lolium temulentum, Festuca pratensis,and the two hybrids L. multiflorum x F. pratensis Elmetand L. perenne x F. pratensis Prior. In a comparisonof various durations (742 d) of pretreatment at 4 or7 °C the highest yield of microspore-derived callus of L.temulentum was obtained after pretreatment of spikes at 7 °Cfor 28 d, conditions which also proved optimal for panicle pretreatmentwith F. pratensis. For Elmet, durations of 2142d were optimal, and for Prior the responses tendedto decline with increasing duration. In L. temulentum addition of charcoal (12 g l1)to medium containing 2, 4-D and KN wa 相似文献
3.
Plants of four isolines of soyabean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill]Clark, vizL71-920 (maturity genecomplemente1e2e3 ), L80-5914 (E1e2e3), Clark(e1E2E3), and L65-3366 (E1E2E3), were grown inshort (12.25 h d - 1natural light) and long days (12.25 h d- 1natural light supplemented with 2.75 h d - 1low-irradianceartificial light) from first flowering to maturity in a polythenetunnel maintained at 30/24°C (day/night). Whereas therewere few differences among the isolines grown in short days,in long days the dominant alleles increased crop duration, biomassand seed yield substantially. Increases in biological and economicyield were not solely a consequence of longer crop duration:the dominant alleles also increased crop growth rate and radiationuse efficiency in long days (from 1.3 g MJ - 1total radiationine1e2e3 to 2.8 g MJ - 1inE1E2E3 ). Greater radiation use efficiencyresulted from a relatively longer leaf area duration, betterdistribution and orientation of a larger mass of leaves withinthe canopy, and smaller partitioning of assimilates to reproductivestructures. The work reveals the substantial effects of thethree lociE1 / e1, E2/ e2and E3/e3 on the response of plantgrowth, as well as development, to environment. Their relevanceto crop adaptation is discussed. Copyright 2000 Annals of BotanyCompany Glycine max(L.) Merrill, soyabean, maturity genes, flowering, phenology, growth, yield 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Molluscan Studies》1953,29(6):258
Part 1, under the frontispiece portrait of Dr. N. B. Eales,the words President 19481951 should havebeen added. Page 103, line 49, for Newton Collection readNorman Collection (Canon Norman). 185, line 37, for capillaris read capillacca. 188, Table 1, for bemoralis. read nemoralis. 188, Table 2, for Cochlicella acuta (Müll)? ventrosa(Fér.) read Cochlicella ventrosa (Fér.). 191, line 24, for araheo- read archeo-. 相似文献
5.
Effect of Cultivar, Temperature and Seed Size on the Germination and Emergence of Soya Beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The rapid and uniform establishment of soya bean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] stands is conducive to higher yields. This studywas undertaken to determine the effects of cultivar, temperature,and seed size on the rate of germination and emergence. No cultivar effect on the germination rate was observed. However,in an emergence study from a sand-soil-peat mixture, cultivardifferences in emergence rates were noted(Chippewa 64> Wayne > Amsoy 71). In anotheremergence study (sand media) the cvs Calland andWilliams emerged faster than the cv. 'Wayne orWells. Time required for 50 per cent germination decreased (18.84.0days) as the temperature increased from 10 to 30 °C (5 °Cincrements). Emergence (50 per cent) from a sand-soil-peat mixturewas more rapid (19.86.3 days) as the simulated plantingdate (growth chamber set to simulate field temperatures) wasdelayed from 16 April to 15 June with an intermediate date of16 May. In addition, time required for 50 per cent emergence of thecultivars from sand decreased (79376 h) as the temperaturewas increased from 10 to 30 °C with no decrease from 30to 35 °C. Seed size effects were apparent, with the very small seed germinatingslower than the three larger seed sizes. In the emergence studieswith both the sand and sand-soil-peat mixture there was a generaltrend toward more rapid emergence with the smaller seeds. However,the absolute differences were small. Significant cultivar x temperature interactions were observedfor the germination and emergence rates. In most cases the cultivarsmerged in terms of germination and emergence rates at temperaturesbetween 10 and 20 °C and at the higher temperatures thecultivar rankings were different from those observed at temperaturesbelow the merging point. Glycine max (L.) Merr, soya bean, seed germination, establishment of seedlings 相似文献
6.
The effect of the leafless mutation (in whichtendrils replace leaflets and the stipules are reduced to avestigial form) upon foliage area, photosynthetic net CO2 uptakepotential, dry matter production and seed yield in Pisum sativumwas studied by comparing two near-isogenic lines of genotypeafafstst and ++++. The mutation is of potential agronomic valuein that it offers improved lodging resistance, crop drying andharvester throughput. In the conventional phenotype the total foliage area of themain axis attained a plateau (456 cm2) at day 56 from seedlingemergence, whereas corresponding values for the leaflessmutant showed a total area of 208 cm2 at day 68 with no indicationof a plateau. The agronomic consequence of this is discussed.During the vegetative phase of the plant the maximum CO2 uptakepotential in the fully expanded conventional leaf was 8·5mg CO2 leaf1 h1 and in the leaflessmutant this value was 7·0 mg CO2 leaf1 h1.For most leaves of the latter phenotype this valuewas between 30 and 60 per cent less than for their conventionalcounterpart. There was a consistently higher photosyntheticpotential per unit area in tendrils of the leaflessmutant than in leaflets of the conventional phenotype. The respectivemean specific values for the two phenotypes were 53 and 37 mgCO2 dm2 h1. The problem of obtaining a meaningfulsurface area value for tendrils is discussed and the cylindricalnature of tendrils is taken into account. The leafless mutant consistently accumulated 50per cent less dry matter than did conventional plants in theperiod from seedling emergence to anthesis and yield of maturedry seed per plant showed a reduction of 50 per cent both inseed number and total seed weight. The implications for future breeding and selection programmesaimed at haulm reduction are discussed in relation to evaluatingthe ability of the background genotype to produce adequate tendrilsin the presence of afafstst. Triticum aestivum, wheat, callus culture, organogenesis 相似文献
7.
Influence of Flooding on Net CO2Assimilation, Growth and Stem Anatomy of Annona Species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
NUNEZ-ELISEA ROBERTO; SCHAFFER BRUCE; FISHER JACK B.; COLLS ANGEL M.; CRANE JONATHAN H. 《Annals of botany》1999,84(6):771-780
A series of experiments was conducted to assess net CO2assimilationand growth responses to waterlogging of grafted and seedlingtrees in the genus Annona. Seedlings of A. glabra, A. muricataandA. squamosa L., and scions of Gefner atemoya(A. squamosaxA. cherimola Mill.), 49-11 (GefneratemoyaxA. reticulata L.), 4-5 (PriestleyatemoyaxA. reticulata), A. reticulata grafted onto either A.glabra, A. reticulata orA. squamosa rootstocks were floodedfor up to 60 d. Soil anaerobiosis occurred on the third dayof flooding. Seedlings ofA. glabra and A. muricata, and thescions 49-11, Gefner atemoya, andA. reticulata grafted onto A. glabra rootstock were consideredflood tolerant based on their ability to survive and grow inflooded conditions. Scions of the normally flood-sensitive A.reticulata, Gefner atemoya, and 49-11tolerated root waterlogging when grafted onto the flood-tolerantspecies, A. glabra. In contrast, flooding of A. squamosa seedlingsand rootstocks, and A. reticulata rootstocks greatly reducedgrowth and net CO2assimilation rates, and resulted in 2080%tree mortality. Stem anatomical responses to long-term flooding(12 continuous months) were assessed in seedlings of A. glabraand A. muricata, and trees of 49-11 grafted ontoA. glabra. Flooded trees developed hypertrophied stem lenticels,particularly in A. glabra, and enlarged xylem cells resultingin thicker stems with reduced xylem density. Flooding did notincrease air spaces in pre-existing xylem near the pith or inxylem tissue that was formed during flooding. Thus, flood tolerancedid not involve aerenchyma formation in the stem. Copyright1999 Annals of Botany Company Flood tolerance, net CO2assimilation, photosynthesis, stem anatomy, shoot growth, anaerobiosis, Annonaceae. 相似文献
8.
The Nitrogen Content of Plants and the Self-thinning Rule of Plant Ecology: A Test of the Core-skin Hypothesis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The core-skin hypothesis postulates that secondarilythickened plants behave energetically as an inert corecovered by an active skin, the skinbeing two-imensional, the core three-dimensional.This would explain the self-thinning or3/2 rule of plant ecology, that is, the tendencyfor log (dry weight per plant) and log (number of plants perunit area) to progress along a straight line relationship, withslope = 3/2. The hypothesis was tested as follows. Plant nitrogen contentwas used as an estimate of the mass of skin perplant, and dry weight as an estimate of the mass of the core.As plants mature the slope of the relationship between y = log(mass of nitrogen per plant) and x = log (mass of dry matterper plant) is expected to decline from an initial value of 1.0towards a final value of 0.66. The intercept of the relationshipis expected to reflect the intrinsic content of skinper unit of core. Genotypic variation in thisparameter should cause genotypic differences in the maximumattainable yield of biomass per unit area. The expectations were investigated by fitting the function y= p+qx+r exp x to 30 sets of data on plant nitrogencontent, plant weight and time in 18 different vegetables. Simplelinear regressions of y on x were fitted to more limited setsof data on weights and nitrogen contents of mature trees. Theexpectations were, with some minor exceptions, confirmed. Nitrogen, yield, plant competition, self-thinning 相似文献
9.
《Journal of Molluscan Studies》1965,36(6):323
WARBURG, M. R., 1965. On the water economy of some Australianland snails. Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 36, 297305. Page 298: second line from bottom, should read within± 1 µg for Themapupa. Page 300: Fig. 2 legend, should read Evaporative waterloss from Sinumelon remissum (a), Pleuroxia sp. (b) and Themapupaadelaidae (c). Page 300: section 4 heading, should read Continuous curvesfor water loss. Page 301: second line, for Fig. 9 read Fig.3. Page 301: Table 1, last line, for 0.120024 read0.12024. Present address: Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,Israel. 相似文献
10.
KRIZEK DONALD T.; CARMI AVNER; MIRECKI ROMAN M.; SNYDER FREEMAN W.; BUNCE JAMES A. 《Journal of experimental botany》1985,36(1):25-38
Significant differences in response to soil moisture stress(SMS) and restricted root zone volume (RRZV) were found in twocultivars of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Forrestand Williams) plants grown under controlled-environmentconditions. Leaf water potentials of SMS-treated plants were0·4-0·6 MPa lower than those of controls and stomata1conductances 23-56% lower. In the case of RRZV treatment, however,there were no differences in either parameter. Initiation ofnew leaves as reflected in the plastochron index was stronglyreduced by SMS but was unaffected by RRZV. Photosynthetic rates(CO2 fixation dm2 of leaf) of plants given SMS were reducedby 11-21% while those of RRZV-treated plants were unaffected.SMS caused a strong preferential allocation of dry matter tothe root at the expense of the shoot in both cultivars. RRZV,however, had no effect on assimilate distribution in Forrestand only slightly favoured root growth in Williams.Carbohydrate concentrations of both alcohol-soluble and insolublefractions were increased significantly by SMS, especially inthe leaves, but were little affected by RRZV. Nitrogen concentrationin the root fraction was reduced by 22-24% and that in the leafand stem fractions by 7-14% under SMS but was not affected appreciablyby RRZV. Phosphorus concentration in the leaf, stem, and rootfractions was reduced by 45-65% under SMS but was relativelyunaffected by RRZV. These findings suggest that SMS and RRZVare basically different in their mechanism of action and thatthe impairment of growth resulting from these two stresses mayinvolve different physiological processes. Our results alsoindicate that the suppressive effects of small containers onplant growth do not necessarily result from inadvertent SMS. Key words: Drought, Container effects, Glycine max (L.) Merr 相似文献
11.
Naturally occurring gibberellin-like substances possessing acidic,basic, and neutral properties were detected, by paper partitionchromatography, in ethanolic extracts of tomato seed and ofetiolated seedlings after 72 and 116 hours' growth. Dwarf maizemutants of the d-1 and d-5 types, Meteor pea seedlingsand young Potentate tomato plants were used asbioassay material. Hydrolysis of seed and seedling proteinsby ficin in phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, after removal of ethanol-solublesubstances, liberated more and different boundgibberellin-like substances. It is suggested that protein hydrolysisduring germination is an important means of liberating thesesubstances at different stages of seedling development. Acidic substances were present in all the extracts prepared,but in general two with Rfs 0.25 and 0.55 in iso-propanol: ammonia:water : : 10:1:1 v/v were differentiated on d-2 and d-5 maizerespectively. Neutral substances in dry seed extracts chromatographedin the same solvent, had Rfs of 0.05, 0.35, and 0.95 and thesewere found only in the ethanolic (free) extracts.They were active on d-1 and d-2 maize and Meteorpea. Basic gibberellin-like substances with Rfs of 0.05 and0.35 were found in free extracts of both dry seedand etiolated seedlings after 116 hours' growth which were activeon d-2 maize only. Two others with Rfs 0.45 and 0.95 were extractedfrom seedlings after 72 hours' growth and these were activeon young Potentate tomato plants. It is suggested that certain gibberellin-like substances, capableof reversing dwarfism in test plants, may be responsible formorphogenetic or other responses not involving stem extensionin the parent species. Changes were found in the levels of gibberellin-likesubstances but there was no evidence of changes in levels ofseed inhibitors relative to seed growth substances. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of experimental botany》1977,28(6):1247
Effects of coupled solute and water flow in plant roots withspecial reference to Brouwer's experiment. Edwin L. Fiscus. p. 71 Abstract: Line 3 delete interval insertinternal. p. 73 Materials and Methods: line 6: delete diversion insert division line 9 equation should read Jv=Lp PRT(C0C1). 74 Last line of figure legend: 101 should read 1011. 75 Line 11: delete seems insert seem. le 1 column heading106 should read 1011. 77 delete ...membrane in series of... insert membranein series or... Delete final paragraph. 相似文献
13.
Haploids (2n =24) of the common tetraploid (2n=48) potato (SolanumtuberosumL.) provide promising material for attacking many problemsconcerned with the genetics, cytogenetics and breeding of thisspecies. Interspecific 4xx2xcrosses betweenSolanum tuberosumgp.Andigenaorgp.Tuberosumcultivars as pistillate parents andSolanum tuberosumgp.Phurejaassource of pollen (hereafter pollinator) have beenused to produce maternally derived haploids through parthenogenesis.This paper discusses the nature of the pollinatoreffect in haploid extraction. The pollinator hada significant effect on haploid frequencies following 4xx2xcrosses.The pollinator effect seems to operate via theendosperm, in which haploid (n=2x) embryos are associated withhexaploid endosperm. A superior pollinator appearsto have its effect by contributing two haploid (n) gametes tothe central cell. 2n pollen; double fertilization; endosperm; ploidy manipulations; Solanum tuberosum 相似文献
14.
The prediction that very high seed yields of dry beans (Phaseolusvulgaris L.) would be produced by the delayed transplantingof large plants has been tested in a factorial experiment withfour dates of transplanting and eight plant populations. Therewere significant differences in yield between transplantingdates and between population densities, and there was a significantdate-density interaction. At low plant densities (up to about30 plants m2) the three transplanted treatments yieldedless than the hand-sown controls, and late transplanting yieldedless than early. At the highest density the situation was reversed;all three transplanted treatments out-yielded the controls andlate transplanting tended to out-yield plants transplanted early.The biggest yield was 340 g seed m2 from a transplantedcrop grown at 35 plants m2. The data on yield fitted a modified rectangular hyperbola ofthe form where y is yield per unit area, p is the number of plants perunit area, t is the number of days between sowing and transplanting,and Bo, n, m, and p are arbitrary parameters. This equationaccounted for 91 per cent of the variation in yield with t andp. It is suggested that late transplanting had adverse effects,due to transplanting shock and which were mostmarked at low plant densities; and beneficial effects, ascribableto an effect on plant plasticity, which were mostmarked at high plant densities. Possible physiological mechanismsof these effects are discussed. Phaseolus vulgaris, yield, density, transplanting 相似文献
15.
Soybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] synthesize de novo andaccumulate several non-storage, soluble polypeptides duringnatural and precocious seed maturation. These polypeptides havepreviously been coined maturation polypeptides.The objective of this study was to determine the fate of maturationpolypeptides in naturally and precociously matured soybean seedsduring rehydration, germination, and seedling growth. Developingsoybean seeds harvested 35 d after flowering (mid-development)were precociously matured through controlled dehydration, whereasnaturally matured soybean seeds were harvested directly fromthe plant. Seeds were rehydrated with water for various timesbetween 5 and 120 h. Total soluble proteins and proteins radio-labelledin vivo were extracted from the cotyledons and embryonic axesof precociously and naturally matured and rehydrated seed tissuesand analyzed by one-dimensional PAGE and fluorography. The resultsindicated that three of the maturation polypeptides (21, 31and 128 kDa) that had accumulated in the maturing seeds (maturationpolypeptides) continued to be synthesized during early stagesof seed rehydration and germination (530 h after imbibition).However, the progression from seed germination into seedlinggrowth (between 30 and 72 h after imbibition) was marked bythe cessation of synthesis of the maturation polypeptides followedby the hydrolysis of storage polypeptides that had been synthesizedand accumulated during seed development. This implied a drasticredirection in seed metabolism for the precociously maturedseeds as these seeds, if not matured early, would have continuedto synthesize storage protein reserves. Glycine max (L.) Merr, soybean, cotyledons, maturation, germination/seedling growth 相似文献
16.
Simulated swards of each of two selection lines of Lolium perennecv. S23 with fast and slow ratesof mature tissue respiration were establishedin growth rooms at 20/15 °C day/night temperatures and studiedover four successive regrowth periods of 46, 30, 26 and 53 daysduration. The slow line outyielded the fast,both in harvestable shoot (above a 5 cm cut) and in root andstubble. Its advantage increased over successive regrowth periodsto 23 per cent (total biomass). Gas analysis measurements onthe entire communities (including roots), during the final regrowthperiod, showed that the slow line had a 2234per cent lower rate of dark respiration per unit dry weight.This enabled it to maintain its greater mass of tissue for thesame cost in terms of CO2 efflux per unit ground area. Halfthe extra dry weight produced by the slow line,relative to the fast, could be attributed to itsmore economic use of carbon. The rest could be traced to a 25per cent greater tiller number which enabled the slowline to expand leaf area faster (though not at a greater rateper tiller), intercept more light and fix more carbon, earlyin the regrowth period. Lolium perenne L., ryegrass, respiration, maintenance respiration, tiller production, simulated swards, canopy photosynthesis, carbon economy 相似文献
17.
When nitrate, ammonium, or urea were the sole nitrogen sourcesfor the growth of Platymonas striata there was a short initiallag period, after which uptake/assimilation occurred at a constantrate. Glycine uptake was however non-linear withtime. Addition of ammonium or urea markedly inhibited nitrateuptake whereas although glycine was initiallytotally inhibitory, nitrate uptake recommencedabout 1 h after addition, but at a greatly reduced rate. Ammoniumtotally inhibited urea uptake, but did not inhibitglycine uptake. When ammonium, urea, or glycinewere present at the same time as nitrate the total rate of nitrogen'uptake/assimilation was within 40% (or closer) of that of nitratenitrogen uptake alone. In the first two casesthis reflected a total switching off of nitrate uptakewhilst the new substrate was assimilated at a rate similar tothe initial nitrate rate, whereas in the case of glycine, bothsubstrates were used simultaneously. Once the concentrationof any of the inhibitory nitrogen sources had been reduced toa low level the uptake/assimilation of nitraterecommenced. It is suggested that the ability of P. striatato maintain a more or less constant rate total nitrogen uptake/assimilationirrespective of the mixture of utilizable nitrogen sources presentedto it, is not due to controls at the level of the entry of substrateinto the cell, but to intracellular actions at the enzyme level.The relative constancy of, and high rate of uptake,irrespective of nitrogen source and over a wide range of extracellularconcentrations, is tentatively considered to be due to saturationof the assimilatory mechanisms under the conditions employed;all the sources lead, either directly or indirectly, to theproduction of amino groupings for entry into nitrogenous metabolism.This homeostasis of nitrogen uptake/assimilationwould clearly be of considerable benefit to the alga in nature,enabling it to maximize growth in changing environmental conditions. Platymonas striata, nitrogen update, nitrogen assimilation 相似文献
18.
Histochemical investigations on the Prosopis juliflora seedcoat indicate the occurrence of a hydrophobic stripas the primary water barrier. Its position and the structureand histochemistry of the palisade cells of the seed coat differaccording to their location on the seed. These differences maybe responsible for differences in the water permeability ofvarious parts of the seed coat. In particular, parts of theseed coat in which the hydrophobic strip is locatedmore superficially tend to be more water impermeable than partslike the chalaza, in which the strip is more deeplylocated within the palisade cells. Prosopis juliflora, seed coat impermeability, palisade cells, hydrophobic strip 相似文献
19.
The Sensitivity of Net Photosynthesis in Several Plant Species to Short-term Fumigation with Sulphur Dioxide 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The effects of exposure of up to 2 h with sulphur dioxide ona range of plant species was observed by measuring changes inthe rate of net photosynthesis under closely controlled environmentalconditions. Ryegrass, Lolium perenne S23 was thespecies most sensitive to SO2; significant inhibition was detectedat 200 nl l1. Fumigations at 300 nl l1 also inhibitedphotosynthesis in field bean (Vicia faba cv. Three FoldWhite and Blaze) and in barley (Hordeumvulgare cv. Sonja). No effect was detected inwheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Virtue) at concentrationsup to 600 nl l1 SO2, or in oil-seed rape (Brassica napuscv. Rafal) except at 800 nl l1 SO2). Recoverycommenced immediately after the fumigation was terminated andwas complete within 2 h when inhibition had not exceeded 20%during the SO2 treatment. Key words: Sulphur dioxide, short-term fumigation, photosynthesis 相似文献
20.
Development of seeds following pollination with irradiated pollenwas studied inActinidia deliciosa(kiwifruit) Hayward.Pollinations were carried out using two different sources ofpollen (Tomuri and Matua) irradiatedwith gamma rays at doses of 700 and 900 Gy. Non-irradiated crosseswere used as controls. Pollen irradiation had little effectonin vitropollen germination. Irradiated pollen affected seedset and seed content, and induced the formation of parthenogeneticembryos. In comparison to the control, the embryo growth ratewas slower and the endosperm contained very low amounts of storageproducts. Seed set was significantly reduced following bothdoses of irradiation. Two types of seeds were observed: (1)seeds with endosperm only; and (2) seeds with both embryo andendosperm. The proportion of seeds containing endosperm onlywas almost ten-fold higher than those containing both embryoand endosperm. Embryo production by gamma-irradiated pollenwas genotype- and dose-dependent. The induction of parthenogenesiswas higher following gamma ray doses of 900 Gy than 700 Gy,which suggests the Hertwig Effect; the best efficiencywas obtained with Tomuri pollen. Ploidy levelof parthenogenetic embryos was evaluated by nuclear size (area)with the use of image analysis. There was a large differencein embryo nuclei size between control and parthenogenetic embryos(mean size 90.8 and 49.1 µm2, respectively). It is concludedthat parthenogenetic embryos represent trihaploids.Copyright1998 Annals of Botany Company. Actinidia deliciosa, kiwifruit, pollen irradiation, induced parthenogenesis. 相似文献