Isozyme expression in F1 hybrids between carp and goldfish

Interspecific genetic differences in malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and esterase (EST) isozymes in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used to examine the allelic expressions in the hybrid between these species. A unique liver SOD and muscle LDH phenotype unambiguously identifies all presumed hybrid individuals. There was no evidence of F₂ or backcross phenotypes in hybrid individuals. Liver MDH and EST phenotypes in hybrids show a preferential expression of goldfish isozymes. Variation in the levels of carp liver MDH isozymes may result from the polymorphism of a regulatory mutation affecting isozyme expression, leading to gene silencing after duplication.This work was supported through NSERC (Canada) grants to James P. Bogart and John F. Leatherland.     

Depressive symptoms of female nursing staff working in stressful environments and their association with serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase – a preliminary study

Background

The activity of creatine kinase (CK) in serum has recently been reported to be potentially associated with several types of depression. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether serum enzymes, including CK, vary even in a healthy population with depressive symptoms caused by work-related stress. We gave questionnaires and blood examinations to 93 healthy female nursing home workers and did an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative detection of CK isozyme muscle-type M chain (CK-MM) in serum.

Findings

Depressive symptoms were determined using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and compared with the results of the blood examination and serum CK-MM levels. The CES-D results showed significant negative correlations with total CK and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and CK-MM level (r?=?-0.29, p?=?0.0062; r?=?-0.29, p?=?0.0065; r?=?-0.33, p?=?0.0016, respectively).

Conclusions

Total CK and LDH activities and serum CK-MM level appear to be associated with the depressive symptoms of healthy nurses working in stressful environments, although the significance level was relatively low. The simultaneous detection of serum CK and LDH activities or serum CK-MM level and LDH activity may be useful as an indicator of depressive symptoms, at least for female nursing staff with work-related stress.

     

The Influence of Methionine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamin E on Liver Metabolic Pathways and Steatosis in High-Cholesterol Fed Rabbits

Significant disorders of liver metabolic pathways enzymes after high-cholesterol diet could give information on liver steatosis development. This process could probably also be inhibited by some compounds, as examined in rabbits. Forty-two male rabbits were served a high-cholesterol diet (2 g%) (0.67 g/kg b.m./24 h) with addition of d,l-methionine (70 mg/kg b.m./24 h) or seleno-d,l-methionine (12.5 μg/kg b.m./24 h) or α-tocopherol (10 mg/kg b.m./24 h) for 3 months to compare the protection effect of used compounds on liver metabolism and steatosis. At the beginning and every month, blood was taken. After the experiment was completed, livers were dissected for histological examinations. The concentration of total cholesterol (t-CH), triacylglycerol (TG), and the activities of aldolase (ALD), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined. Plasma t-CH and TG concentrations were significantly higher in all experimental groups vs control group. Blood serum AST and ALT activities did not undergo change but there were observed not significant increase in the CH group vs control group. Activities of SDH, GLDH, and LDH increased in blood serum and decreased in the liver in all experimental groups. Activities of LDH and SDH increased in the liver in the CH+Met group vs CH group. ALD activity decreased in the liver only in the CH and CH+Se groups. This data support a lipotoxic model of cholesterol-mediated hepatic steatosis. Prolonged administration of high-cholesterol diet not only disturbs the structure of cell membranes, which is expressed by decreased activity of enzymes in the liver and the migration of those enzymes to plasma but as well leads to steatosis of the liver, which has been confirmed by histological examinations. The applied compounds appear to have a varying influence upon the activity of enzymes determined in serum and liver. Obtained results showed a beneficial influence of methionine and vitamin E supplementation on liver steatosis development.     

Glutathione reductase and catalase as potential biomarkers for synergistic intoxication of pesticides in fish

Abstract

Synergy occurs when chemicals give pronounced effect on combination in contrast to their individual effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of pesticides carbaryl (C) and methyl parathion (MP) on oxidative stress biomarkers viz catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) including different enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) in different tissues of carps Catla catla. Fishes were exposed to 6.25?mg/L of MP and 2.3?mg/L of C in mixture (one-third of LC₅₀ value). CAT and GSSG-R were studied in gills, brain, liver and muscle of carp were found to be elevated significantly (p?<?0.005). LDH activity increased significantly (p?<?0.005) in synergistic group, there was a seven-fold (748%) increase in LDH activity in muscle compared to individual studies with same pesticides. Contrary to LDH, sudden decrease in SDH activity was accounted. Significant (p?<?0.005) decrease in AChE activity after initial 24?h was remarkable addressing to the shift in neurotransmission pathway in organism. Significant increase was observed in activity of CAT and GSSG-R in all tissues compared to control fishes in individual as well as synergistic (MP?+?C) group suggesting that CAT and GSSG-R can be a potential biomarker of oxidative stress when studied in combination.     

Differences in some properties of lactate dehydrogenase from muscles of the carp Cyprinus carpio and trout Salmo gairdneri

Some catalytic and kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isolated from trout and carp skeletal muscles were compared. The specific activity of LDH in the carp muscle was lower by about one third than the activity in the trout muscle. Temperature and pH optima for LDH isolated from the carp muscle were higher than those for the trout muscle LDH. Moreover, in direct reaction, the carp muscle LDH had a higher affinity both for pyruvate and for NADH, i.e., it had lower K _M values. Instead, the trout muscle LDH showed the positive kinetic cooperativity (the Hill coefficient > 1) of the substrate and coenzyme binding sites. Thus, the carp LDH seems to function more effectively under anaerobic conditions and at higher temperatures.     

Bioactive forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the brain of an Indian major carp,Catla catla (Ham.)

Two forms of biologically active gonadotropin releasing hormones were isolated from the hypothalami ofCatla catla. Gonadotropin releasing hormone activity was studiedin vitro using enzymatically dispersed carp pituitary cell incubation system. Gonadotropin released into the medium was measured by carp gonadotropin-radio immuno assay. Acetic acid extracted hypothalamic material was subjected to acetone fractionation. Among the three protein pellets obtained at different time periods (ACI, ACII and ACIII), AC II exhibited the gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. Gel filtration of AC II through Sephadex G-25 column showed three protein peaks (SG I, SG II SGIII) and only S G II demonstrated strong gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. Elution of SG II through FPLC Mono Q column (an anion exchanger) in NaCl gradient programme showed one unadsorbed (MQ I) and three adsorbed (MQ II, MQ III and MQ IV) protein peaks. MQ III, which was eluted with 51% NaCl, exhibited gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. Surprisingly, unadsorbed fractions, MQ I, also showed gonadotropin releasing hormone activity. MQ 1 was therefore subjected to FPLC Mono S (a cation exchanger) column chromatography where a highly active gonadotropin releasing hormone enriched peak, i.e., MS III, could be eluted with 45% NaCl. These findings show thatCatla catla hypothalamus has two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormones one anionic (carp gonadotropin releasing hormone I) and another cationic (carp gonadotropin releasing hormone II). These two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormones were also active in heterologous carp species, rohu(Labeo rohita), mrigal(Cirrhinus mrigala) and an exotic common carp(Cyprinus carpio). Combined activity of two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormones was significantly greater as compared to any of the single form.     

Indexing serum and mucous biochemical parameters of endangered Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis with implications for health assessment

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is a critically endangered aquatic fish. Health monitoring and welfare assessments are critical for the conservation of Chinese sturgeon. In this study, biochemical parameters of serum and skin mucus in Chinese sturgeon were examined to evaluate the potential biomarkers. Serum and mucous samples were obtained from Chinese sturgeon, and the levels of total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), lactic acid (LD), acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LYZ), glucose (GLU), and cortisol were determined. The concentrations of ALT, AST, cortisol, and LYZ were significantly higher in the mucous group than those in the serum group (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of ALP, ACP, LD, LDH, CK, and TP were significantly higher level in the serum group than those in the mucous group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the correlations between serum and mucous biochemical parameters were established. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between serum and skin mucous markers (ACP, cortisol, and LYZ). AST versus ALT in serum and mucus showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between cortisol and CK in mucus (p < 0.01). Moreover, LD versus LDH in serum showed a significant but weak positive correlation (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis revealed a complete separation between the serum and mucous groups, with the biomarkers that contributed the most being ALP, TP, ALT, and AST. This study provides baseline data and reference intervals for serum and mucous biochemical parameters in presumably healthy Chinese sturgeons. The current study has important implications for the development of conservation strategies and the conservation status of critically endangered species.     

Enhancement of the Non‐Specific Defence Activities in Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Flounder (Paralichthys olivcaces) by Oral Administration of Schizophyllan

The effect of an immuno‐stimulative β‐glucan from Schizophyllum commune, schizophyllan, on the enhancement of fish immunity was evaluated with carp and flounder. The oral administration of schizophyllan induced a reduction in cumulative mortality after a bacterial challenge. Whereas mortality in the control groups was 100% after seven days, it was only 60% after challenging carp (Cyprinus carpio) with 1 × 10⁶ cells of Aeromonas hydrophila and 70% for flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using 1 × 10⁶ cells of Edwardsiella tarda. The numbers of peripheral macrophages and neutrophiles, the phagocytic activities of leukocytes and the activity of serum lysozyme were increased in the fish being fed a schizophyllan‐supplemented diet. These results support the findings that non‐specific defence activities in fish such as the number of leukocytes, phagocytic activities and serum lysozyme activity could be enhanced by oral administration of schizophyllan. Moreover, the oral administration of schizophyllan can reduce mortality after bacterial infections depending on the size of fish and the concentrations of bacteria.     

Metabolic responses to food deprivation and refeeding in juveniles of Rutilus rutilus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Synopsis Effect of food deprivation and refeeding on metabolic parameters were studied in juvenile Rutilus rutilus, weighing 280–460 mg. Tissue hydration increased with the length of the starvation period, reaching a new steady state after 4–5 weeks. Total protein concentration remained constant at about 60% of dry body mass. The concentration of glycogen decreased during food deprivation, a new steady state being reached at about 30% of control values after 4 weeks. Refeeding caused a dramatic increase of glycogen concentration which exceeded the value in fed controls by 6- to 9-fold. This is seen as a tactic for rapid storage of food energy, to be used later for the synthesis of body materials. With respect to their responses to food deprivation the 12 enzymes investigated formed four groups: (1) activity unaffected by food deprivation or refeeding (COX, THIOL, CK, GOT); (2) activity drops to about 60% of control value during the initial phase of food deprivation but remains constant thereafter (PK, LDH, Pase); (3) slow but continuous decrease in activity during the whole period of starvation, i.e. up to 7 weeks (PFK, OGDH, CS, FBPase); (4) activity increases during food deprivation, decreases again upon refeeding (GPT). A model is discussed which distinguishes between four phases in the general response of young fish to food deprivation and refeeding: stress, transition, adaptation, and recovery.     

比索洛尔联合丹红注射液治疗老年心肌缺血的临床疗效

目的:探讨比索洛尔联合丹红注射液对老年心肌缺血患者血清肌钙蛋白、心肌酶水平及临床疗效的影响。方法:收集我院收治的老年心肌缺血患者58例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各29例。所有患者均给予调脂、抗血小板和抗心肌缺血等基础治疗。对照组患者给予丹红注射液静脉滴注,观察组在对照组基础上给予比索洛尔治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后的心肌酶(CK、CK-MB、AST、LDH)、血清肌钙蛋白I(c Tn I)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平及临床疗效。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后心肌酶(CK、CK-MB、AST、LDH)、血清肌钙蛋白I(c Tn I)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平降低(P0.05);与对照组比较,观察组患者心肌酶(CK、CK-MB、AST、LDH)、血清肌钙蛋白I(c Tn I)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平较低(P0.05),临床总有效率较高(P0.05)。结论:比索洛尔联合丹红注射液对老年心肌缺血有较好的临床疗效。     

Developmental rate and viability of rainbow trout with a null allele at a lactate dehydrogenase locus

We show that a previously described isozyme polymorphism in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri) is the result of an enzymatically inactive (i.e., null) allele(n). Ldh3 null homozygotes(n/n) and heterozygotes(100/n) have reductions of about 20 and 12% in total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity at hatching, respectively. As juveniles,(100/n) fish have reductions in LDH activity of 15, 37, and 21% in brain, heart, and white muscle, respectively. Embryos with differntLdh3 phenotypes from 11 families do not differ significantly in either survival or hatching time. However, a second measure of developmental rate, the amount of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) activity in 33-day-old embryos, suggests that(100/n) embryos develop more slowly than(100/100) embryos. In three of four families examined,(100/n) embryos have significantly lower amounts of total MDH activity (8–10%). In one of these,(100/n) embryos also have significantly lower total PGM activity (15%). These data suggest that the reduction in total LDH activity is associated with small but detectable delays in developmental rate but nondetectable differences in survival to hatching.This research was supported by NSF Grant BSR-8300039 to F. W. Allendorf and a postgraduate scholarship from the NSERC (Canada) to M. M. Ferguson.     

Vergleichende Enzymuntersuchungen im Serum,in Erythrocyten und in Leukocyten von schwachsinnigen Anstaltspatienten

Zusammenfassung Bei 39 Patienten mit Down-Syndrom (1), 53 Patienten mit idiopathischem (2) und 71 Patienten mit exogenem Schwachsinn (3) wurden die Aktivitäten von Aph, SPh, LDH, GOT und ALD im Serum, in Erythrocyten und Leukocyten spektrophotometrisch bestimmt und untereinander und mit einer Kontrollgruppe 60 gesunder Personen verglichen.Eine signifikante Aktivitätssteigerung zeigten im Serum der Gruppen 1–3 APh, SPh, GOT und LDH (nur Erwachsene), in Leukocyten APh (Kinder, Gruppe 1;2), SPh, LDH (Kinder, Gruppe 1–3) und GOT (Erwachsene, Gruppe 1; Kinder, Gruppe 1 und 2) und in Erythrocyten der Gruppe 1–3 die GOT.Die Patienten der Gruppe 1 ließen im Vergleich mit den Patienten der Gruppen 2 und 3 einen Trend zu Erhöhungen der APh, SPh, GOT und LDH im Serum, in Erythrocyten und Leukocyten erkennen.Die Untersuchung des Blutbildes bei den Patienten der Gruppen 1–3 und den Personen der Kontrollgruppe ergab unauffällige Befunde. Im Differentialblutbild ließ sich bei den Patienten der Gruppen 1–3 eine geringgardige Lymphocytose beobachten.Bei 12 Patienten aus den Gruppen 2 und 3 wurden Leberfunktionsproben durchgeführt; 5 dieser Patienten zeigten pathologische Werte und lieferten Hinweise für das Vorliegen einer diskreten Leberparenchymschädigung.Die Befunde wurden diskutiert.

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Comparative studies of enzymes in serum, erythrocytes and leucocytes in hospitalized patients with mental deficiency

Summary The activities of a number of enzymes (alkaline (APh) and acid phosphatase SPh), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic oxalacetate transaminase (GOT), aldolase (ALD), glucose-6-phosphat-dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) in serum, erythrocytes and leucocytes of 39 patients with Down's syndrome (1), 53 patients with hereditary mental deficiency (2), and 71 patients with exogene mental deficiency (3) were determined spectrophotometrically. On the one hand the results were compared mutually and on the other hand with samples of 60 healthy persons.Statistically significant differences between oligophrenic patients and healthy persons were observed in serum APh, SPh, GOT and LDH, in the groups 1–3 (only adults), in leucocytes APh (children, groups 1–2), leucocytes SPh and LDH (children, groups 1–3), leucocytes GOT (adults, group 1; children, group 1–2) and in erythrocytes GOT in all groups; all these enzymes showed a distinct increase.Compared with patients of the group 2 and 3, the APh, SPh, GOT, and LDH in serum, erythrocytes and leucocytes of patients of the group 1 (Down's syndrome) indicated a trend to increase.The peripheral blood counts and determinations of hemoglobin in patients of the groups 1–3 and in persons of the control group were normal. A low grade lymphocytosis in the differential blood state was observed.12 patients from the group 2 and 3 were examined in regard to their hepatic functions. 5 of these had pathological hepatic functions and showed symptomes of a slight alteration of the liver parenchyma.The results were discussed.

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(Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. H. Schade)     

Characterization of creatine kinase isoforms in herring (Clupea harengus) skeletal muscle

It is known that mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) in mammals is always expressed in conjunction with one of the cytosolic forms of creatine kinase (CK), either muscle-type (MM-CK) or brain-type (BB-CK) in tissues of high, sudden energy demand. The two creatine kinase (CK) isoforms were detected in herring (Clupea harengus) skeletal muscle: cytosolic CK and mitochondrial CK (MtCK) that displayed the different electrophoretic mobility. These isoforms differ in molecular weight and some biochemical properties. Isolation and purification procedures allowed to obtain purified enzymes with specific activity of the 206 μmol/min/mg for cytosolic CK and 240 μmol/min/mg for MtCK. Native M_rs of the cytosolic CK and MtCK determined by gel permeation chromatography were 86.000 and 345.000, respectively. The results indicate that one of isoforms found in herring skeletal muscle is a cytosolic dimer and the other one, is a mitochondrial octamer. Octamerization of MtCK is not an advanced feature and also exists in fish. These values correspond well with published values for MtCKs and cytosolic CK isoforms from higher vertebrate classes and even from lower invertebrates.     

鲮鱼冷休克及其死亡的某些生化因素

采用分光光度法和淀粉凝胶电泳法初步研究了鲮鱼冷休克前后脑乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活力和三种酶的同工酶类的动态变化。并根据鲮鱼在冷休克期间(7—6℃)脑AchE活力显著降低和肝脏组织乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶活性明显升高以及苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、酯酶(EST)同工酶类出现酶活性变化的情况,讨论了导致鲮鱼耐寒能力差的某些生化因素。同时提出脑AchE可以作为评定鲮鱼冷休克期间中枢神经系统受害程度的一种生化指标。       

Immunostimulatory activities of specific bacterial secondary metabolite of Anoxybacillus flavithermus strain SX‐4 on carp,Cyprinus carpio

Aims: To determine the capacity of secondary metabolite of strain SX‐4, to enhance the nonspecific immunity and survival of carp (Cyprinus carpio), and to identify the constituents that are responsible. Methods and Results: A thermophilic strain SX‐4 that is able to produce immunostimulatory metabolite was isolated from sludge sample of hot spring and identified by comparison with 16S rRNA sequences (99% of homology) as Anoxybacillus flavithermus. Bioactivity‐guided fractionation of methanol extract from its cell‐free culture, one bacterial peptide with the capacity of improving the nonspecific immune responses and disease resistance (relative per cent survival = 66·67%) was obtained and the compound was characterized as cyclo‐(L‐Pro‐Gly) by IR, ESI‐MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic analyses. After intraperitoneal administration of this peptide, selected innate immune parameters including phagocytic activity, superoxide anion production, serum lysozyme activity and serum SOD activity, along with immune‐related genes expression (i.e. interleukin‐1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase), in the blood were found to be significantly increased. Conclusions: The bacterial peptide cyclo‐(L‐Pro‐Gly) significantly enhances nonspecific immunity and survival of carp. Significance and Impact of the Study: There is a possibility of using cyclo‐(L‐Pro‐Gly) as a better natural immunostimulant, which could have a promising role in aquaculture to prevent diseases and disease outbreaks.     

Metal Cu(II) and Zn(II) bipyridyls as inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase

Metal complex–protein interaction is an evolving concept for determining cellular targets of metallodrugs. Lacatate dehydrogenase (LDH) is critically implicated in tumor growth and therefore, considered to be an important target protein for anti-tumor metal complexes. Due to efficient biocompatibility of copper (Cu²⁺) and zinc (Zn²⁺), we synthesized CubpyAc₂ · H₂O (Cu-bpy) and ZnbpyAc₂ · H₂O (Zn-bpy; where bpy = 2,2′ bipyridine, Ac = CH₃COO⁻) complexes and evaluated their interaction with and modulation of LDH in mouse tissues. The increasing concentration of both the complexes showed a significant shift in UV–Vis spectra of LDH. The binding constant data (Kc = 1 × 10³ M⁻¹ for Cu-bpy and 7 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ for Zn-bpy) suggested that Zn-bpy-LDH interaction is stronger than that of Cu-bpy-LDH. LDH modulating potential of the complexes were monitored by perfusing the mice tissues with non-toxic doses of Cu-bpy and Zn-bpy followed by activity measurement and analysis of LDH isozymes on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). As compared to the control sets, Cu-bpy caused a significant decline (P < 0.05–0.001) in the activity of LDH in all the tissues studied. However, Zn-bpy showed inhibition of LDH only in liver (P < 0.01), kidney (P < 0.001) and heart (P < 0.01), but with no effect in spleen, brain and skeletal muscle tissues. PAGE analysis suggested that all the five LDH isozymes are equally sensitive to both the complexes in the respective tissues. The results suggest that Cu- and Zn-bpy are able to interact with and inhibit LDH, a tumor growth supportive target protein at tissue level.     

Effect of maximal-intensity exercise on systemic nitro-oxidative stress in men and women

Objectives: The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses: (1) there is a negative correlation between protein and lipid oxidative damage following maximal-intensity exercise, and oxygen uptake and work intensity (%VO_2max) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) in women and men; (2) nitro-oxidative stress following maximal-intensity exercise results from the intensification of anaerobic processes and muscle fibre micro-damage.

Methods: Study participants comprised 20 women (21.34±1.57 years) and 20 men (21.97±1.41 years) who performed a treadmill incremental test (IT); VO_2max: 45.08?±?0.91 and 57.38?±?1.22?mL?kg^?1?min^?1 for women and men, respectively. The oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) concentration and creatine kinase (CK) as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were measured in the blood serum, and total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and lactate concentration (Lac) were determined in blood plasma before and after IT.

Results: After the IT, increases in ox-LDL, 3-NT, CK, and LDH were seen in both groups (P?P?P?Conclusions: The gain of ox-LDL and 3-NT following maximal-intensity exercise is independent of VO_2max, oxygen consumption and exercise intensity at RCP. This increase of ox-LDL and 3-NT is indicative of similar lipid and protein damage in women and men. A significant increase in TAC in women following maximal-intensity exercise is the result of muscle fibre micro-injuries.     

Genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated in 3 fish species of family Cyprinidae, i.e. tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). The isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. In crucian carp subunits with different electrophoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the B1, B2, A1, A2 and C loci, while the set of loci in carp is B1, B2, A, C1 and C2 and in tench B, A, C. The locus B of LDH in tench, the locus B2 in crucian carp, and the loci B1, C1 and C2 in carp are polymorphic and have two different alleles in each case. The polymorphism did not affect the total LDH activity in the tissues. All the populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic control of the polymorphism in B1 and C1 loci in carp was proved by test matings. The polymorphism in B loci tested in erythrocytes may be utilized as genetic markers in the fish breeding.     

Routine enzymes in the monitoring of type 2 diabetes mellitus

We examined the relationships of glucose and HbA1c levels with the routinely screened serum enzyme activities in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and we designed an in vitro study to evaluate the direct effect of glucose levels on enzyme activities. The study was performed on a consecutive series of outpatients with type 2 diabetes who were followed up at Dicle University Medical Faculty Hospital from May 2009 to May 2010 for the first time. Effects of aspartate transaminase, aminotransferase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, glucose and HbA1c levels and in vitro glucose (492, 287, 184, 131, 82 mg dl⁻¹, respectively) on enzymes were determined. The patients were categorized on the basis of glucose and HbA1c levels and grouped according to a range of values. In patients with high HbA1c levels (>10.1%), ALP, GGT activities and creatine kinase (CK)‐MB/CK (p = 0.008, 0.026, 0.014) ratio were increased significantly when compared with those in the control group. In patients with high glucose levels (>200 mg dl⁻¹), ALP, GGT activities and CK‐MB/CK ratio (p = 0.003, 0.001, 0.001) were increased significantly when compared with those in the control group. Glucose, which was added to serum in different concentrations in vitro, did not directly affect enzyme activities such as ALP, GGT and CK. We concluded that increased glucose levels could damage the liver and the heart muscle cells. Monitoring of blood glucose levels is a more valuable parameter than monitoring HbA1c in the momentary evaluation of diabetes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Possible Reason for the Expansion of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostei,Cyprinidae) in the Danube River Basin

The author found quite a close negative relationship between commercial catches of predatory fishes and of German carp (Carassius auratus) in the lower Danube. He supposes that the main reason for the population explosion and subsequent expansion of German carp in the Danube River basin seems to be a shift in the balance of the fish community due to a reduction in the density of predatory species.