强大小蠹的简要形态学特征和生物学特征

强大小蠹Ｄ.ｖａｌｅｎｓＬｅｃｏｎｔｅ,俗名红脂大小蠹ＲｅｄＴｕｒｐｅｎｔｉｎｅＢａｒｋＢｅｅｔｌｅ是重要的松树害虫,它对树种的选择不严格,能危害多种松树,为了便于识别,特将其形态学特征和生物学特征加以阐述。形态学特征　体长53～83ｍｍ,平均约73ｍｍ,体长为体...     

PARSIMONY, HOMOLOGY AND THE ANALYSIS OF MULTISTATE CHARACTERS

Abstract— The order of states in a transformation series describes an internested set of synapomorphies. States adjacent to each other in the transformation series thus share a degree of homology not found in the other states. Whether the level of homology is relatively apomorphic is determined by rooting the order with outgroup comparison. The analysis of state order is a homology problem and is solved with a two-step process using similarity and congruence with other characters as criteria. Other methods that have been proposed (e.g. transformation series analysis, non-additive analysis, morphocline analysis, ontogenetic analysis) fail to apply both similarity and congruence, and thus cannot be used independently for determining character state order.     

形态和分子进化研究中的同源概念

在比较生物学中,同源是一个中心概念,是系统学的心脏,同源最基本的意义就是共同祖先。然而,这只是对同源的解释而非告诉我们怎样去发现它。同源又可被看成是特别类群间的联系。形态进化研究中同源比较的对象是生物的结构,而分子进化研究中的同源比较对象是DNA中的核着酸序列,现对这两种层次的同源概念及其相互间的关系进行讨论。       

日本刀角瓢虫形态特征及生物学特性研究

日本刀角瓢虫是粉虱类害虫的重要捕食性天敌之一.本文详细地描述了日本刀角瓢虫的形态特征,并附有各虫态的特征图.且对日本刀角瓢虫的生活习性进行了观察,以烟粉虱卵为食料,日本刀角瓢虫世代发育历期平均为22.56天,成虫平均寿命为91.94天,平均每雌产卵量为564.8粒;以烟粉虱若虫为食料,日本刀角虫世代发育历期平均为21.70天,成虫平均寿命为81.62天,平均每雌产卵量为650.0粒;瓢虫可捕食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、"蛹"、成虫各虫态,是烟粉虱的有效天敌,具有很好的保护利用价值.     

关龙胆开花结实生物学特性

关龙胆系中药材商品名,原植物为龙胆属三种植物(东北龙胆、粗糙龙胆、三花龙胆)。本文对关龙胆从花蕾至果实发育全过程进行了观察与讨论。明确了它们有15天左右的花期相遇,可进行杂交;繁育行为属兼性自交;花期较长导致种子胚发育不整齐。     

甘木通生物学特性观察

<正> 甘木通(Clematis filamentosa Dunn)又称丝铁线莲,为多年生常绿木质藤本植物。经临床验证,为对心血管疾病有显著疗效的植物新药,具有高度经济价值。为迅速推广繁殖甘木通新药源,现将它的生物学特性资料整理如下,供各地引种栽培参考。     

宜昌鳅鮀仔稚鱼的形态特征

宜昌鳅(鱼它)系底栖性小型鱼类,在长江宜昌江段的渔获物中时有出现。繁殖期为5—6月,产漂流性卵,膜径在3.1—4.0毫米之间,水温21.2—25℃时,受精卵约经40小时孵出。作者对其仔稚鱼的形态进行了观察。实验材料系长江宜都江段采得的天然受精卵,经室内孵化培养而成的仔稚鱼。选择一尾经乌拉坦(ureathane)麻醉后在解剖镜下测量身体各部比例,记述形态特征,并绘制草图。另选两尾作对照。开始摄食后,以浮游生物喂养,培育至外形与成鱼相似时才鉴定种类。       

THE ORIGIN AND GENETIC BASIS OF OBLIGATE PARTHENOGENESIS IN DAPHNIA PULEX

Sex in Daphnia is environmentally determined, and some obligately parthenogenetic clones of D. pulex have retained the ability to produce males. In the present study, males from 13 such clones were crossed to sexual females from closely related cyclical parthenogens both to determine whether the males were capable of producing viable hybrids and to determine the mode of reproduction of the hybrids. A total of 178 genetically confirmed hybrids were produced, with each of the 19 attempted crosses resulting in some viable hybrids. On average, only 34% of the hybrid eggs that initiated development survived to the reproductive stage, suggesting some incompatibility between the parents. The absence of any association between survivorship and parental or hybrid genotype indicated, however, that there is no specific genetic incompatibility associated with the marker loci used. The inability of most hybrids to produce normal resting eggs is further evidence of a general genomic incompatibility between the parents. Ten of the hybrids produced viable resting eggs, permitting tests to determine their mode of reproduction. Six of the 10 hybrids reproduced by cyclical parthenogenesis, like their maternal parent. The remaining four hybrids reproduced by obligate parthenogenesis, like their paternal parent, demonstrating that the genes suppressing meiosis can be transmitted by the male parent. These results support a model for the generation of new clones that involves the spread of genes suppressing meiosis and provide evidence that the high genotypic diversity observed in obligately parthenogenetic populations of D. pulex is a result of the multiple origin of new clones from the cyclical parthenogens. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that the obligately parthenogenetic clones carry a load of recessive deleterious genes.     

密苞山姜和靖西山姜繁殖器官的形态和显微特征

<正> 密苞山姜(Alpinia densibracteata T.L.Wu ＆ Senjen)和靖西山姜(A.jingxiensisD.Fang)系姜科山姜属植物,其果实在广西民间作土砂仁入药。两者的外部形态极为相似,一般情况下不易正确区分。近年来,国内有的学者对它们能否定为二个独立的种提出疑义。我们根据植物的繁殖器官较营养器官变异小,特征稳定等特点,采用两种植物的果实和     

云南抚仙湖鱇(鱼良)白鱼若干生物学特性的形成和演化及其与湖泊环境演变的关系

根据1988年11月至1991年3月间野外收集的资料,本文记述了云南抚仙湖鱇(鱼良)白鱼的空间分布、食性和繁殖生物学特性。在此基础上,本文首次尝试从进化的观点出发,结合湖泊环境的演变历史深入一步分析了鱇(鱼良)白鱼生物学特性的形成和演化。研究结果表明,鱇(鱼良)白鱼喜在山泉水口等流水环境产卵及幼体喜居湖泊沿岸浅水区等生活习性属较原始的性状,提示了鱇(鱼良)白鱼的祖先是营溪流生活的鱼类。成体喜居湖泊敞水区中上层、营滤食为主、繁殖季节较长、各产卵群体的产卵时间间隔有明显规律性、繁殖力较低、性比较悬殊等特性则属较特化的性状,这些较特化性状的形成与湖泊环境的总体演变过程密切相关。在性状分析的基础上还进一步探讨了生物学特性的适应意义。     

真水狼蛛幼蛛各龄期的形态特征和生长发育

幼蛛在蜘蛛的种群中占有很大比例。通过室内饲养。获得了不同龄期的真水狼蛛幼蛛。其体重、体长、背甲宽、步足长、眼域宽以及中斑下的条形纵斑长度都随着龄期的增大而增加。背甲宽和中斑下的条形斑纹长度可用来判断真水幼蛛的龄期。雌蛛的取食量大于雄蛛,高龄幼蛛大于低龄幼蛛。幼蛛在蜕皮时不取食,蜕皮后,取食量明显增加。     

棉铃虫蛹和成虫形态特征的数值分析

通过对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)及其近缘种的蛹和成虫进行了形态特征变异的数值分析,结果表明：棉铃虫种群内个体变异较大,但种群间相对分化较小,无明显的地理分化,也没有发现棉铃虫种群有稳定变异的地理特征;但发现雄性抱器冠的长、宽、抱器瓣长宽比及抱器瓣长与冠宽比4个特征与纬度有一定的相关性,其相关系数分别为：-0.612,-0.699,0.693和0.691。尽管如此,棉铃虫还是相对比较单一的一个种,而近缘种在阳茎刺和抱器瓣的形态及阳茎端囊上的大刺数等方面有明显而稳定的差异和间断。     

大鼠肝癌模型CBRH—3的建立及其生物学特性

用ＤＥＮＡ诱发近交系Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,经三个月后得原发性肝癌,移植于同品系幼鼠,从而建立了 一株染色体众数正常,ＡＥＰ阳性的大鼠移植性肝癌模型,命名为ＣＢＲＨ－３,病理鉴定为肝细胞型肝 癌。至今已传至６０余代,目前生长稳定。     

黑脉羊肚菌子囊孢子的形态和细胞学特征

黑脉羊肚菌子囊孢子绝大多数（９２．８％）呈椭圆形,少数（７．２％）为圆形。细胞核的数目不等,多数单核,少数为双核。细胞质的密度以及细胞核的形状和在也子内的定位一的差别。萌发初期,孢子因吸水体积膨胀,多数孢子的核不发生分裂,直接转移到孢子的一极,细胞核所在位置的壁向外凸出形成芽管,细胞核也随之进入到芽管,位于或靠近芽管的顶端。     

两种眉足蟹科蟹类的形态特征与遗传多样性研究

研究描述了解放眉足蟹和日本冠鞭蟹的形态特征,并基于线粒体COⅠ基因片段分析了解放眉足蟹和日本冠鞭蟹的遗传多样性现状。解放眉足蟹的主要形态特征为体白色,甲壳呈琵琶形,背部中线隆起,表面较光滑,步足扁平,指节弯曲明显;日本冠鞭蟹的主要形态特征为体红褐色,甲壳呈卵形,头胸甲长大于甲宽,有许多白色斑点,步足简化成铲,上有刚毛。在长度为659 bp的线粒体COⅠ基因片段上,解放眉足蟹20个个体共检测到15个单倍型,平均GC含量为33.26%,单倍型多样度为0.9421,核苷酸多样度为0.0059;日本冠鞭蟹20个个体共检测到15个单倍型,平均GC含量为47.65%,单倍型多样度为0.9415,核苷酸多样度为0.0061。基于K-2P模型计算得到解放眉足蟹和日本冠鞭蟹种间遗传距离为0.2705,解放眉足蟹个体间平均遗传距离为0.006,日本冠鞭蟹个体间平均遗传距离为0.006,种间遗传距离显著大于种内遗传距离。以Emerita emeritus为外群构建系统树,不同蝉蟹分别形成各自独立的分支,表明COⅠ基因可以作为蝉蟹DNA条形码辅助分类。     

REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS PACHYMENIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERS

Taxonomic discrimination in the genus Pachymenia (Rhodophyta) in New Zealand is based primarily on phenotypic characters of the thallus. The taxonomic problems raised by this classification method are due to highly variable thallus characters such as blade thickness, blade width, degree of thallus branching, and variation in anatomical characters. Delineation of species is further complicated by a lack of adequate knowledge about the responses of phenotype to environmental variation. There are currently three species recognized in this genus that are endemic to New Zealand: a prostrate species P. crassa , and two erect species, P. laciniata and P. lusoria. In this study, two approaches are used to investigate the current delineation of these species. Morphological and anatomical characters of field collected material and herbarium specimens from throughout the species' distributional ranges were quantified. Multivariate analyses were used to identify discrete phenotypic groups. Species relationships were further analyzed by quantifying the variation found within the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The results obtained from both approaches will be discussed with regards to possible re-classification of species relationships within this genus. We suggest that the two erect species should be merged, and the currently recognized P. lusoria should be separated into at least two taxonomic groups.     

THE GENETIC BASIS OF LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERS IN A POLYCHAETE EXHIBITING PLANKTOTROPHY AND LECITHOTROPHY

The polychaete Streblospio benedicti is unusual in that several field populations consist of individuals that exhibit either planktotrophic or lecithotrophic larval development. Planktotrophy in this species involves production of many small ova that develop into feeding larvae with a two- to three-week planktonic period. Lecithotrophy involves production of fewer, larger ova that develop into nonfeeding larvae that are brooded longer and have a brief planktonic stage. Reciprocal matings were performed to investigate genetic variance components and the correlation structure of life-history traits associated with planktotrophy and lecithotrophy. Our objective was to better understand persistence of this developmental dichotomy in Streblospio benedicti, and among marine invertebrates in general. Substantial additive genetic variation (75–98% of total) was detected for the following characters at first reproduction: female length; position of the first gametogenic setiger and first brood pouch; ovum diameter; three traits related to fecundity (numbers of ova per ovary, larvae per brood pouch, and larvae per brood); median larval planktonic period and the presence of larval swimming setae; but not for total number of brood pouches; larval length; larval feeding; and larval survivorship. Based on the unusual geographic distribution of development modes in this species, we hypothesize that the developmental traits have evolved in allopatry and have only recently come into contact in North Carolina. The high additive contribution to variance observed for many traits may be inflated due to (a) nonrandom breeding in nature, and (b) examination of only one component of an age-structured population at one time. Nuclear interaction variance and maternal variance accounted for 84% of the total variation in larval survivorship. This observation supports other empirical studies and theoretical predictions that nonadditive components of variance will increase in importance in individual traits that are most closely tied to fitness. A network of life-history trait correlations was observed that defines distinct planktotrophic and lecithotrophic trait complexes. Negative genetic correlations were present between fecundity and egg size, between fecundity and position of the first gametes, and between larval survivorship and median planktonic period. Positive genetic correlations were detected between fecundity and female size at first reproduction and between planktonic period and the presence of swimming setae. Intergenerational product-moment correlations were negative for larval length and fecundity, planktonic period and egg size, female size and larval survivorship, and fecundity and larval survivorship. If the genetic correlation structure observed in the laboratory persists in the field, it may constrain responses of individual characters to directional selection, and indirectly perpetuate the dichotomies associated with planktotrophy and lecithotrophy.     

15个弗兰克氏菌株生物学与生理学特性的研究

从5属10种非豆科结瘤固氮植物根瘤中,分离出15个Frankia sp.菌株,对其生物学与生理学特性的研究表明,它们都有侵染原宿主植物的能力,并能形成具有固氮活性的根瘤。可以利用吐温—80作为唯一碳源,可以利用在0.5％浓度下的葡萄糖等多种糖类作为唯一碳源,且都能利用丙酸。根据在含葡萄糖的培养液中加入吐温—80所产生的抑制或促进菌体生长的不同反应,对15个Frankia菌株进行生理型分类,其中有11株属A型,2株属B型,因为有两个菌株上述反应都不明显,划为新的AB型。