复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥中的作用研究

随着我国社会经济的快速发展,社会经济活动中产生的污水和污泥处理问题也越来越严重,广泛存在于污水处理机构中的污泥成为一个日渐严重的问题,复合微生物菌剂在污水处理活动中剩余污泥的处理活动中,因为其对污泥无害化处理的积极作用而备受欢迎,本文将从复合微生物菌剂的角度出发,结合剩余污泥堆肥处理中的实际,对复合微生物菌剂在剩余污泥堆肥处理中的作用进行简要的分析。     

活性污泥污水处理系统中胞外多聚物的作用及提取方法

活性污泥污水处理系统依靠微生物代谢作用净化污水。活性污泥胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)对水中污染物的去除及污泥的絮凝、沉降、脱水性能都有着重要作用,从而影响活性污泥污水处理系统的稳定运行和性能改进。本文综述了活性污泥污水处理系统中EPS维持系统的功能作用,并对目前常见的多种活性污泥EPS提取方法进行了比较。不同的提取方法显著影响EPS的组成成分和数量,从而影响活性污泥的物理化学性质。最佳的EPS提取方法是指既能获得高的EPS数量又对污泥微生物细胞破坏最小的方法。EPS提取方法的标准化是研究活性污泥胞外多聚物的基础。根据研究目的选用适宜的EPS提取方法是阐明EPS在污水生物处理系统中的作用、改善活性污泥性能的基础。     

厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮机理及其在污水处理中的应用

厌氧氨氧化细菌(anammox)可以将亚硝酸盐和氨氮转化为氮气从而缩短氨氮转化的过程,它已经成为新型生物污水脱氮技术研究的热点之一。当前,有关厌氧氨氧化菌特有的生理结构特点、种群分类及其功能酶等方面的研究取得了一定突破,为实现其工业应用奠定了良好的理论基础;同时分子生物学技术在厌氧氨氧化细菌种群分布、群落多样性及其共生关系等方面的应用也大大促进了污水生物脱氮技术的革新和进步。总结了厌氧氨氧化菌主要的生理生化特点、细胞结构特点、脱氮机理、污水处理体系中的应用以及分子生物学方法对污水处理体系中厌氧氨氧化菌种群分析的研究现状,并指出未来anammox细菌在生物特性及在污水脱氮处理实际应用的研究中的热点问题。生物特性方面的主要研究热点有：（1）anammox细菌除厌氧氨氧化作用外,其它新陈代谢途径有待探索;（2）anammox细菌在不同环境中分布的倾向性问题;（3）新型anammox细菌的确定。污水处理的实际应用方面的主要研究热点有：（1）anammox污泥的快速高效富集问题;（2）设计高特异性引物;（3）anammox细菌和其他微生物的共生关系。     

处理焦化污水和化纤污水的活性污泥中的主要微生物群系

在处理焦化污水和化纤污水的过程中,我们研究了所用的活性污泥和生物膜中的微生物组成。因为它们的组成及其功能是污水处理成功与否的关键。材料和方法一、样品来源1.生物膜样品:采自含酚、氰污水的生物转盘(1,2,3级)上生长的生物膜。观察到有     

污水处理过程中微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子响应的研究进展

污水生物处理系统的性能和稳定性与微生物群落结构和动态密切相关。通过深入了解活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其影响因素,有助于提高污水厂污染物的去除效果。在不同污水活性污泥处理系统中细菌群落主要以变形菌、绿弯菌、放线菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌为功能菌群;活性污泥中寄居的大多数真菌来自于子囊菌门,还有少量担子菌门;古菌以产甲烷菌为主;而病毒中分布最广的噬菌体和致病性病毒是最主要的关注点。本文通过对相关文献分析及总结,综述了进水组成、不同处理工艺、参数(理化参数和运行参数)、地理位置和气候条件等环境因子对活性污泥中细菌、真菌、古菌以及病毒群落组成的影响,尽可能全面地介绍污水厂微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子的响应。同时,对未来研究方向进行探讨,以期能够为活性污泥中功能微生物的应用及调控提供理论和应用基础。     

京津冀区域市政污水厂活性污泥种群结构的多样性及差异

【背景】活性污泥中微生物的种群结构影响着污水生物处理的高效性及稳定性,是有效保证污水处理效果的关键。【目的】研究活性污泥中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性,并分析相应菌群的主要功能,旨在更好地发挥细菌的净化作用、保持污水处理过程的稳定及提高污水的处理效率。【方法】以京津冀区域内典型市政污水厂活性污泥为研究对象,通过IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,对5个污水厂活性污泥的微生物种群结构特征进行了详细解析,研究不同工艺参数下活性污泥中优势种群及脱氮菌群丰度的差异。【结果】5个污水厂活性污泥种群结构具有一定差异,其中Hengshui (HS)厂污泥的群落结构受温度的影响最大,而Shahe (SH)、Daoxianghu (DXH)、Nangong(NG)厂活性污泥群落结构则受总氮、总磷与氨氮的共同影响,氨氮对SH厂活性污泥种群结构影响最大。DXH、NG和HS厂污泥中优势菌均为Anaerolineaceae,而SH和Hejian (HJ)厂的优势菌则为Saprospiraceae与Lactobacillus。活性污泥中反硝化菌丰度最高的为HJ厂,丰度最低的为HS厂,反硝化功能基因nirS比nirK分布更为广泛。【结论】对于不同污水厂,影响其活性污泥群落结构组成的环境因素也是不同的,并且特殊的进水水质也会对污泥菌群组成和生物多样性产生影响。     

低温污水生物处理技术研究现状与展望

我国绝大多数地区冬季污水处理能力降低,处理成本增加,进而影响周边环境,危害人类健康。总结了近年来国内外学者对低温污水生物处理技术的研究成果,以不同形态污泥(絮状污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧颗粒污泥)为出发点展开分析,通过对不同形态污泥的优缺点的对比,展望了低温污水生物处理技术的发展前景。     

纳米银对污水生物处理系统的影响

纳米银(silver nanoparticles,Ag-NPs)是目前商业化应用最多的纳米材料,因其优越的抗菌性能,广泛使用于纳米技术强化的消费品。释放到环境中的Ag-NPs随污水收集系统进入市政污水处理厂。市场上Ag-NPs产品日益增多,Ag-NPs与污水处理系统中微生物相互作用,可能影响污水处理厂的运行,引起人们广泛关注。污水中Ag-NPs去向和形态变化具有很大的不确定性。本文总结了Ag-NPs抗菌机制以及污水中Ag-NPs暴露对污水生物处理系统去除有机物、氮、磷等微生物的影响。为了降低Ag-NPs在水环境中的风险,今后需要关注的研究方向,包括:研究不同暴露时长下,Ag-NPs在污水中的形态转变,确定各种形态银的数量,寻求控制或消除Ag-NPs对污水处理系统微生物毒性作用的有效措施,为全面评估水体中Ag-NPs的环境风险提供依据。     

微生物菌剂在污水处理中的应用

随着中国城镇化建设发展脚步的不断加快,城镇水污染问题日益严重,一定程度上影响了民众的身心健康,不利于中国生态经济建设的和谐健康发展。微生物菌剂的科学规范应用作为污水处理过程的重中之重,能够有效降解污水中的各类有机污染物,全面提升污水处理效果。文章进一步对微生物菌剂及其在污水处理中的应用展开了分析与探讨,旨在为掌握行之有效的菌剂构建方法提供参考意见。     

活性污泥抗生素抗性基因研究进展

抗生素抗性在全球范围内的传播扩散严重威胁人类健康。活性污泥是污水处理系统重要的处理工艺,同时也是抗生素抗性及其发生水平基因转移的一个重要储库和热区。目前,随着研究手段和技术的不断更新,活性污泥中抗生素抗性的研究不断增加,但是仍有许多科学问题亟待解决。本文主要针对活性污泥抗生素抗性的5个主要方面进行深入讨论:(1)活性污泥中抗性基因的丰度和分布的影响因素;(2)污泥抗性基因的研究方法;(3)活性污泥抗性基因的传播与扩散;(4)污泥中抗性基因环境风险评估;(5)研究展望。本综述在活性污泥抗生素抗性研究基础上,阐述了驱动抗生素抗性扩散的基本微生物生态过程研究进展,旨在为污水处理工艺的发展和优化及抗性基因控制政策的制定提供科学基础。     

活性污泥中菌群多样性及其功能调控研究进展

活性污泥是污水处理厂生物处理工艺的功能主体,活性污泥中菌群的种类、数量及活性是提高污水处理能力与效果的重要基础。本文综述了活性污泥处理工艺中的主要功能细菌(絮凝菌、脱氮菌、除磷菌等)生物群落的多样性与生态特征,并对目前主流的菌群鉴定方式进行总结,最后从运行条件、定向驯化及生物强化3个方面对菌群调控进行论述,以期为活性污泥法污水处理工艺提供一些理论指导。     

活性污泥微生物菌群研究方法进展

活性污泥是活性污泥法处理污水系统的功能主体。人类对活性污泥微生物菌群的认识随着其研究方法的发展而逐步深入。传统培养方法只能检测到活性污泥中1％～15％的微生物。随着一系列基于免培养的分子生物学技术的出现,活性污泥中菌群的复杂性和多样性以惊人的速度被人们认识,大量依靠传统检测方法未能发现却在活性污泥中起关键作用的微生物逐渐被发现。许多模拟活性污泥菌群生存环境条件的现代培养技术开始发展,且已成功培养了一部分传统培养方法不能培养的细菌类群,这为研究基于免培养方法发现的大量新的微生物菌群的生理特性和作用机制提供了可能,也无疑将把人们对活性污泥菌群的认识推向一个新的层次．主要介绍活性污泥微生物菌群研究的一系列方法,从传统培养方法到基于免培养的现代分子生物学技术,再到现代培养技术,着重论述了现代分子生物学技术及其在活性污泥微生物菌群研究中的进展。     

短程硝化活性污泥微生物群落结构及羟胺代谢对短程硝化的影响

活性污泥法随着技术的成熟,已应用在高氨氮污水/废水处理中,通过不断发展衍生出的很多新型工艺也成为研究热点,短程硝化反应作为代表已逐渐体现出优越性。短程硝化能达到高效净化污水的目的,其反应中的代谢产物羟胺也和微生物类群及反应产物之间有着至关重要的影响。反应器中活性污泥的微生物群落结构和动态密切相关,探究微生物群落结构能帮助生物强化、优化参数,提高脱氮效率。本文主要总结了近年来有关短程硝化/半短程硝化活性污泥微生物群落组成与结构及其与反应器处理效率之间的关系,以及羟胺代谢对短程硝化的影响等方面的研究进展,这些研究加深了对微生物群落结构和污水处理工艺之间的认识,但充分发掘生物信息、提高工艺效能之路仍然充满挑战,还需利用氮平衡方法、Real-time PCR法等多种生物技术手段对短程硝化进行全方位研究,为实践提供坚实的理论基础。     

Microbial decolouration of azo dyes: A review

The textile industry is a substantial consumer of water and produces enormous volumes of contaminated water; the most important contaminants are azo dyes. Microbial processes for the treatment of textile wastewater have the advantage of being cost-effective and environmentally friendly and producing less sludge. The most promising microorganisms for wastewater treatment are those isolated from sites contaminated with dyes or from the sludge of treatment plants because they have adapted to survive in adverse conditions. The mechanism of microbial decolouration occurs from adsorption, enzymatic degradation or a combination of both. Both reductases and oxidases are involved in the microbial degradation process. The goal of microbial treatment is to decolourise and detoxify the dye-contaminated effluents. In this review, we summarise the methodologies used to evaluate the toxicity of azo dyes and their degradation products. Recent studies on the decolouration or degradation of azo dyes using algae, yeast, filamentous fungi and bacteria, genetically modified microorganisms, microbial consortia and microbiological systems combined with Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are discussed in this review.     

Recent advances in membrane bio-technologies for sludge reduction and treatment

This paper is designed to critically review the recent developments of membrane bio-technologies for sludge reduction and treatment by covering process fundamentals, performances (sludge reduction efficiency, membrane fouling, pollutant removal, etc.) and key operational parameters. The future perspectives of the hybrid membrane processes for sludge reduction and treatment are also discussed. For sludge reduction using membrane bioreactors (MBRs), literature review shows that biological maintenance metabolism, predation on bacteria, and uncoupling metabolism through using oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process are promising ways that can be employed in full-scale applications. Development of control methods for worm proliferation is in great need of, and a good sludge reduction and MBR performance can be expected if worm growth is properly controlled. For lysis-cryptic sludge reduction method, improvement of oxidant dispersion and increase of the interaction with sludge cells can enhance the lysis efficiency. Green uncoupler development might be another research direction for uncoupling metabolism in MBRs. Aerobic hybrid membrane system can perform well for sludge thickening and digestion in small- and medium-sized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and pilot-scale/full-scale applications have been reported. Anaerobic membrane digestion (AMD) process is a very competitive technology for sludge stabilization and digestion. Use of biogas recirculation for fouling control can be a powerful way to decrease the energy requirements for AMD process. Future research efforts should be dedicated to membrane preparation for high biomass applications, process optimization, and pilot-scale/full-scale tracking research in order to push forward the real and wide applications of the hybrid membrane systems for sludge minimization and treatment.     

Enhancement of biological treatment performance of saline wastewater by halophilic bacteria

Performances of biological treatment processes of saline wastewater are usually low because of adverse effects of salt on microbial flora. High salt concentrations in wastewater cause plasmolysis and loss of activity of cells resulting in low COD removal efficiencies. In order to improve biological treatment performance of saline wastewater, a halophilic organism Halobacter halobium was used along with activated sludge culture.A synthetic wastewater composed of diluted molasses, urea, KH₂PO₄ and various concentrations of salt (1%–5% NaCl) was treated in an aerobic-biological reactor by fed-batch operation. Activated sludge culture with and without Halobacter were used as seed cultures. Variations of COD removal rate and efficiency with salt concentration were determined for both cultures and results were compared. Inclusion of Halobacter into activated sludge culture resulted in significant improvements in COD removal efficiency. A rate expression including salt inhibition effect was proposed and kinetic constants were determined by using experimental data.This study was supported by the Technical and Scientific Research Council of Turkey.     

Application of Image Analysis Techniques in Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Processes

Image analytical techniques have been extensively developed to evaluate complex microbial aggregates such as sludge flocs and biofilms. This review covers the latest contributions concerning the application of image analysis to the activated sludge systems with respect to the most frequently used morphological parameters and relations between them and traditional wastewater treatment parameters. Recent developments have indicated that image analysis can be successfully used for the quantification of flocs and filamentous bacteria in the operating wastewater treatment plants, which enables prediction of bulking events and pinpoint flocs formation.     

Status of pathogens,antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic residues in wastewater treatment systems

Pathogens are becoming nearly untreatable due to the rise in gaining new resistance against standard antibiotics. Coexistence of microbial pathogens, antibiotics and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) provide favourable conditions for the development of new antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB); facilitate horizontal gene transfer among pathogens and may also serve as a hotspot for the spread of ARB and genes into the environment. In this study, the current status of wastewater treatment systems in the removal of pathogens, ARGs, and antibiotic residues are discussed. WWTP are efficient in removing pathogens and antibiotic residues to a greater extend during secondary and tertiary treatment processes. Recent studies, however, have shown high variations in the presence of pathogens including ARB as well as antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in the final effluent. Prolonged sludge retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) during secondary treatment will facilitate antibiotic removal by adsorption and biodegradation. However, the above conditions can also lead to the enhancement of antibiotic resistance process in microbes. Therefore, optimum conditions for the operation of conventional WWTP for the efficient removal of antibiotics are yet to be established. The removal of antibiotic residues can be accelerated by combining conventional activated sludge (CAS) process with an additional treatment technology involving dosing with ozone. The advanced biological treatment method using membrane bioreactors (MBR) in combination with coagulation reportedly has the best ARG removal efficiency, and removes both ARB and extracellular ARGs. While studies have predicted the fate for ARGs in wastewater treatment plants, the mechanisms of ARGs acquisition remains to be conclusively established. Thus, strategies to investigate the underlying mechanism of acquisition of ARGs within the WWTP are also provided in this review.