共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Daniela Festi Umberto Tecchiati Hubert Steiner Klaus Oeggl 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2011,20(5):367-379
Archaeobotanical and archaeozoological analyses conducted on Late Neolithic settlement layers at Latsch provide the first
data on the subsistence strategy, diet and environmental conditions in the valley of origin of the Alpine Iceman. The results
prove that during the Late Neolithic, the valley was occupied by an agro-pastoral society based on the cultivation of Hordeum vulgare (hulled barley), Triticum monococcum (einkorn), T. dicoccum (emmer) and Pisum sativum (pea), as well as on the rearing of Ovis vel Capra, Ovis orientalis f. aries (sheep), Capra aegagrus f. hircus (goat) and Bos primigenius f. taurus (cattle). The settlement was located on a river terrace of the valley floor close to a river and was surrounded by mixed
pine and oak woods beside alluvial woodland. 相似文献
2.
How does society influence the management of an introduced native mammal that is destroying its own habitat – especially when that animal is considered threatened on parts of the mainland, is aesthetically pleasing, and is important to the tourism industry? If control through sterilization and translocation is part of the answer, what lessons can be learned from this program? 相似文献
3.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(3):519-525
In our recent book,Looking at History Through Mathematics (MIT Press, 1968), we discussed two possible mechanisms of a transition of a society from an “arational” behavior, in which
most things are accepted uncritically on faith, to a rational behavior, characterized by a critical appraisal of everything.
Both mechanisms lead to irreversible changes, which eventually result asymptotically in a complete rationalization of society.
In the present paper it is shown that a generalization of the second mechanism may lead to alternations between rational and
arational behavior of a society. The reversal from rational to arational behavior is due to the circumstance that for some
people hard thinking is either impossible or at least highly unpleasant. It appears, on the basis of the model discussed here,
that acomplete rationalization of any society is unattainable. 相似文献
4.
Emergence,propagation or disappearance of novel behavioral patterns in the habituated chimpanzees of Mahale: a review 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Toshisada Nishida Takahisa Matsusaka William C. McGrew 《Primates; journal of primatology》2009,50(1):23-36
Each local population of chimpanzees shows cultural variation, but little is known about how behavioral variations first emerge,
and how often variants spread to other individuals and then become fixed as a local culture in chimpanzee society. Although
field studies of chimpanzees are still too short to answer these questions definitively, it may stimulate further study in
various sites to summarize the developments observed over the past 40 years at Mahale, Tanzania. Innovative patterns were
operationally defined as new behavioral patterns performed by M group chimpanzees from 1981 onwards. Innovations included
patterns of feeding (n = 8), human-directed behavior (n = 3), hygiene behavior (n = 4), maternal carrying of infants (n = 2), courtship (n = 2), play (n = 6), intimidation displays (n = 3), and quasi-grooming (n = 4). Although most patterns were repeated later by other individuals, six patterns were never seen performed by another
individual, and eight patterns were performed by one or a few individuals but social transmission was unlikely. Thus, innovation
was not rare, but emergence of fashion or establishment of traditions seems to occur rarely in chimpanzee society. 相似文献
5.
The aim of this article is to shed some light on an appropriate criterion for assessing risk/consequences in the maritime transport industry, with respect to the view of society. A major problem is how to derive credible and exploitable data from/for the society and try to understand how it reacts to accidents (i.e., misfortunes) of different scale. Therefore the set problem is the assessment of the maximum risk that the society will tolerate for a specific activity. In the shipping industry, the problem is complicated due to the fact that a single maritime incident can produce consequences of different types, for example, both human losses and oil spillage can result from the same accident. In effect, this article focuses on the integration of different consequences of an accident into one metric that will allow the direct and exploitable comparison of accidents of different scales and characteristics and therefore present a clearer picture of the risks that the society takes and/or is willing to accept. Hence, a new framework for marine risk assessment is introduced, which is able to project the risk that a group of people (i.e., the society) can accept for accidents of different size or type. 相似文献
6.
Willem Schinkel 《Ethnic and racial studies》2013,36(7):1142-1161
Abstract My aim in this contribution is to clarify in which way social scientific measurements of immigrant integration operate as a form of ‘social imagination’, that is, of the routinized and professionalized visualization of social life. Through such measurements, images of ‘society’ are produced that feed into larger social imaginaries. My discussion takes as an example Dutch discourse and research on integration. Crucial to the constitution of society in the Netherlands and many other Western European countries is what I call a culturist discourse that has many similarities to racism. This discourse demarcates the boundaries of society by rendering objectively observable the non-integrated who are considered to reside ‘outside society’. The image of society thereby produced is that of a morally cleansed realm: social problems are relegated to the domain ‘outside society’, consisting of persons in need of integration. 相似文献
7.
A variety of social systems have evolved as a consequence of competition and cooperation among individuals. Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis sp.) societies are an anomaly because the dearth of long‐term data has produced two polar perspectives: a loose amalgamation of non‐bonded individuals that sometimes coalesce into a herd and a structured social system with a fission–fusion process modifying herd composition within a community. We analysed 34 years of data collected from a population of Thornicroft's giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti, Lydekker 1911) residing in South Luangwa, Zambia, to establish the nature of giraffe society. Our sample consisted of 52 individually recognized animals. We found that giraffe herd composition is based upon long‐term social associations that often reflect kinship, with close relatives significantly more likely than non‐relatives to establish herds. Mother/offspring dyads had the strongest associations, which persisted for years. Giraffe live in a complex society characterized by marked flexibility in herd size, with about 25% of the variance in herd composition owing to kinship and sex. We suggest that giraffe herds share many characteristics of fission–fusion social systems and propose that sophisticated communication systems are a crucial component regulating subgroup dynamics. 相似文献
8.
Daniel E. Vasey 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1991,19(3):323-350
Studies of past famines are useful as portrayals of a society under stress and valuable as testing grounds for ideas on the causes and consequences of famine. Older historical sources may lack some of the richness and detail available to students of modern famines, but history offers hindsight and valuable opportunities to integrate famine studies with long-term views of a society and its ecology. This paper takes a different tack from many economic histories of past famines, especially those that rely heavily on economic measures of ecological sufficiency, such as the prices of wheat, labor, and land. It describes the effects of the disastrous 1783 eruption of Iceland's Lakagigar (Laki craters) on a largely subsistent population for whom relief measures were belated and few. At the time of the disaster the entire population lived in households whose main livelihood consisted of farming or fishing. Both these activities were acutely disrupted by the eruption. In this paper, the course of the famine and its effects on population will be analyzed and reviewed in the light of long-term trends in Icelandic population and food production. 相似文献
9.
Morten P. Nicholls 《欧洲藻类学杂志》2013,48(4):373-378
Chrysosphaerella coronasircumspina Wujek & Kristiansen and Spiniferomonas bilacunosa Takahashi have been shown by electron microscopy to be regular members of the phytoplankton society in an oligotrophic Norwegian mountain lake. This is the first published record of these species in Norway. 相似文献
10.
Takeshi Furuichi 《International journal of primatology》1989,10(3):173-197
The unit-group of Pan paniscustends to form one large mixed party consisting of most of its members. Females usually stay in the party irrespective of their
estrous state. They aggregate in the center of the party; and, older females stay in the most central part. Adult and adolescent
sons of the old adult females stay in the central part more than males without mothers in the unit-group do. Females leave
their natal unit-groups as older juveniles or in early adolescence and. settle in another unit-group after visiting several.
Newly immigrated young females are eager to have social interactions with senior females to improve their social positions.
Females become less eager to interact socially with other females when they have their own offspring. The strong bond between
mother and son continues into his adulthood; and, females in old age become important members of the unit-group, both as the
targets of association for younger females and as the mothers of highranking males. High social status of females seems related
to their cohesive grouping tendency. The consistency of the multimale/multifemale party and the existence of prominent mother-offspring
subunits are unique characteristics of P. paniscusamong the Pongidae. This social structure may provide a feasible model of the basic society from which human society evolved. 相似文献
11.
Knowledge of social behavior at an individual level is central to our understanding of complex mammalian societies. In this study, we analyzed the fine-scale sociality of wild bottlenose dolphins in the Shannon Estuary, Ireland, by examining associations between members of the whole population and between specific female and male dolphins. We carried out 51 boat-based individual focal follows on 18 identifiable bottlenose dolphins over 90.8 hr (39 days) between 2014 and 2016. Additionally, we conducted 353 boat-based surveys (with 607 sightings) between 2012 and 2015, and identified 121 distinct adult/juvenile dolphins. The mean group size of focal dolphin groups was 7.2 ± 4.1 (range = 1–20) and the mean fission-fusion rate was 3.06 ± 1.35 changes/hr. The most frequent composition of within-group affiliate pairs was female–male. Focal males spent more time with female nearest-neighbors than male nearest-neighbors (p = .013). Differences between female and male activity budgets were not strongly supported (p = .13). There was no evidence for male alliance formation in the Shannon Estuary population, and all of the known-sex top-ranked associates (7) of known males (n = 10) were females. This research reveals a distinct bottlenose dolphin society with female–male affiliations and an absence of male alliances. 相似文献
12.
On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies: I. Effect of inherent characteristics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. G. Landau 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1951,13(1):1-19
Societies are considered in which a non-transitive dominance relation exists between every pair of members, such as the peck-right
in a flock of hens. A one-dimensional measure of the structure of such a society,h, is defined, withh=0 for equality andh=1 for the hierarchy. It is assumed that each member of the society is characterized by an ability vector whose components
depend on individual characteristics such as size, concentration of sex hormone, etc., but not on social factors such as social
rank. The distribution of abilities among members of the society is assumed to be given by a distribution function which is
the same for all members, and the probability that one member dominates another is given by a function of the ability vectors
of the two.
On these assumptions formulas for the expected (mean) value and variance ofh are determined in terms of the distribution and dominance probability functions. Some special cases are calculated, especially
that for normany distributed abilities and dominance probability given by the normal probability integral.
Several conclusions are derived. If all members are of equal ability, so that dominance probability is 1/2, then any sizable
society is much more likely to be near the equality than the hierarchy; and, as the size of the society increases, the probability
that it will be near the hierarchy becomes vanishingly small. If the dominance probability is a weighted sum of several independent
components, which make up the ability vector, then the society is less likely to be close to the hierarchy as the number of
these components increases. The hierarchy is the prevalent structure only if unreasonably small differences in ability are
decisive for dominance. From this it appears that the social factors, or psychological factors such as the previous history
of dominance, which are not included in the present treatment, may be of great importance in explaining the observed prevalence
of structures very close to the hierarchy in flocks of domestic hens. 相似文献
13.
Martin J. Westgate Philip S. Barton David B. Lindenmayer Nigel R. Andrew 《Austral ecology》2020,45(6):663-671
The Ecological Society of Australia was founded in 1959, and the society’s journal was first published in 1976. To examine how research published in the society’s journal has changed over this time, we used text mining to quantify themes and trends in the body of work published by the Australian Journal of Ecology and Austral Ecology from 1976 to 2019. We used topic models to identify 30 ‘topics’ within 2778 full‐text articles in 246 issues of the journal, followed by mixed modelling to identify topics with above‐average or below‐average popularity in terms of the number of publications or citations that they contain. We found high inter‐decadal turnover in research topics, with an early emphasis on highly specific ecosystems or processes giving way to a modern emphasis on community, spatial and fire ecology, invasive species and statistical modelling. Despite an early focus on Australian research, papers discussing South American ecosystems are now among the fastest‐growing and most frequently cited topics in the journal. Topics that were growing fastest in publication rates were not always the same as those with high citation rates. Our results provide a systematic breakdown of the topics that Austral Ecology authors and editors have chosen to research, publish and cite through time, providing a valuable window into the historical and emerging foci of the journal. 相似文献
14.
Sébastien Chauvin 《Ethnic and racial studies》2017,40(8):1320-1329
In Trans, Rogers Brubaker makes a major argument about the contentious politics of the contemporary self. In this commentary, I first lay out what is think is the solidity of the book’s contrasting tableau of the functioning of race and gender in American society and beyond. I then point to Brubaker’s bundling together of issues of legitimacy and issues of ontology and begin to imagine what alternative analyses can come out of their unbundling – suggesting that race and gender are perhaps more analogous social formations than Trans argues. Finally, I bring attention to the role of ontological hierarchy in the formulation and policing of identity claims and conclude that the return of biology and the new empire of choice may not be two parallel, independent developments but one and the same process. Theoretically, I amplify one of the book’s epistemological contributions by calling for a reflexive turn in social-constructionist thought. 相似文献
15.
Li Yan Wang Quanhe Yang Richard Lowry Howell Wechsler 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2003,11(11):1313-1324
Objective: To assess the cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benefit of Planet Health, a school‐based intervention designed to reduce obesity in youth of middle‐school age children. Research Methods and Procedures: Standard cost‐effectiveness analysis methods and a societal perspective were used in this study. Three categories of costs were measured: intervention costs, medical care costs associated with adulthood overweight, and costs of productivity loss associated with adulthood overweight. Health outcome was measured as cases of adulthood overweight prevented and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) saved. Cost‐effectiveness ratio was measured as the ratio of net intervention costs to the total number of QALYs saved, and net‐benefit was measured as costs averted by the intervention minus program costs. Results: Under base‐case assumptions, at an intervention cost of $33, 677 or $14 per student per year, the program would prevent an estimated 1.9% of the female students (5.8 of 310) from becoming overweight adults. As a result, an estimated 4.1 QALYs would be saved by the program, and society could expect to save an estimated $15, 887 in medical care costs and $25, 104 in loss of productivity costs. These findings translated to a cost of $4305 per QALY saved and a net saving of $7313 to society. Results remained cost‐effective under all scenarios considered and remained cost‐saving under most scenarios. Discussion: The Planet Health program is cost‐effective and cost‐saving as implemented. School‐based prevention programs of this type are likely to be cost‐effective uses of public funds and warrant careful consideration by policy makers and program planners. 相似文献
16.
EUGENE MATUSOV 《Journal of Russian & East European Psychology》2013,51(6):3-11
This issue of Soviet Psychology opens with an extensive round-table discussion of the shortcomings of institutionalized psychology in light of the ongoing changes in Soviet society associated with Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness). The participants varied widely in their professional expertise, thus providing an unusually broad view of Soviet psychologists' public views about the problems facing their science. 相似文献
17.
Chris Eipper 《The Australian journal of anthropology》2003,14(3):336-354
This paper offers an interpretation of May Gibbs's classic illustrated children's story, The Complete Adventures of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie. Its inspiration was Annette Hamilton's 1975 anthropological analysis, ‘Snugglepot and Cuddlepie: happy families in Australian society’. Rather than effacing that account, my reinterpretation draws on and augments it, even as it turns it ‘inside out’. The paper argues that stories acquire mythic status by magnetising interpretation. In suggesting that questions of subjectivity, identity and sublimated obsession are central concerns of May Gibbs's story, it directs our attention to the authoring of culture, its creation, transmission and transformation. The ‘Mother of the Gumnuts’ emerges from her recurring depictions of kinship and friendship, marriage and adoption, twinship and mirroring, androgyny, ambiguity and ambivalence, as queerly contemporary. If the approach advocated here is correct, such a revelation (and the sense we make of its significance) will not only complicate, but also enhance, Snugglepot and Cuddlepie's enduring appeal and emblematic status as a national icon. 相似文献
18.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(3):501-518
The author’s theory of imitation or mass behavior (N. Rashevsky:Mathematical Biology of Social Behavior, chapter xii, revised edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959; also Rashevsky:Looking at History through Mathematics, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Pres, 1968), when society chooses one of two mutually exclusive behaviors, is applied to the interaction
of two social groups, an oppressor group and an oppressed one. Using crude approximations, conditions are derived as to when
the oppressed group will revolt or riot, when the revolt will be suppressed, and when the oppressors will completely give
in and oppression will end. Even in the simple approximation used, the situation depends on 14 parameters showing that a simplistic
view on riots such as mere strong punishments is utterly inadequate. It is also shown that situations may exist in which revolution-like
changes from one type of behavior of a society to another cannot be prevented by any measures. 相似文献
19.
目的 梳理医疗卫生行业特点,分析医院内部分配问题,并提出对策建议。方法 基于个人深访和选题小组访谈的访谈法、专家咨询法。结果 医疗卫生行业具有公益性且劳动价值高,社会和政府预期高,高风险,高强度,周期长(高投入),专业性强,压力大,不计付出,对个人、家庭及周边人员影响大,待遇低等特点。医院内部分配存在薪酬与收入挂钩、内部分配系数差异大、岗位间不平衡等问题。结论 行业宏观政策宜确定医院员工工资和社会平均工资的倍差关系,增设专门津补贴;医院微观制度宜推行岗位评价,落实岗位绩效薪酬制,明确评价指标,增加透明度,调整薪酬系数,提高职工参与度。 相似文献
20.
The role of trade-offs in biodiversity conservation planning: Linking local management, regional planning and global conservation efforts 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Biodiversity conservation planning requires trade-offs, given the realities of limited resources and the competing demands
of society. If net benefits for society are important, biodiversity assessment cannot occur without other sectoral factors
“on the table”. In trade-offs approaches, the biodiversity value of a given area is expressed in terms of the species or other
components of biodiversity that it has that are additional to the components protected elsewhere. That “marginal gain” is
called thecomplementarity value of the area. A recent whole-country planning study for Papua New Guinea illustrates the importance of complementarity-based
tradeoffs in determining priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and for designing economic instruments such as biodiversity
levies and offsets. Two international biodiversity programs provide important new opportunities for biodiversity trade-offs
taking complementarity into account. Both the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Critical Ecosystems or “hotspots” programs
can benefit from an explicit framework that incorporates tradeoffs, in which a balance is achieved not only by land-use allocation
among areas, but also by the crediting of partial protection of biodiversity provided by sympathetic management within areas.
For both international programs, our trade-offs framework can provide a natural linkage between local, regional and global
planning levels. 相似文献