罗汉果花芽分化过程中形态及其激素水平变化特征

采用石蜡切片和酶联免疫法(ELISA)对罗汉果雄性、雌性、两性花芽分化过程的形态和激素水平变化进行观测,为罗汉果开花调控和品种选育提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)罗汉果雄性、雌性、两性花的花芽分化过程均可分为花芽未分化期、花芽分化初期、花序分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期7个阶段。雄蕊原基分化期前,3种花芽分化过程无明显差异,各时期形态特征均依次为:茎端呈圆锥状(花芽未分化期)→茎端经半球形变成扁平状(花芽分化初期)→距茎端5~7节位处分化出穗状花序(花序分化期)→小花原基周围形成5个萼片原基(萼片原基分化期)→萼片原基内侧形成5个花瓣原基(花瓣原基分化期)。雄蕊和雌蕊原基分化期,3种花芽分化过程存在明显差异,雄蕊原基内侧出现雌蕊原基后,雄花芽雄蕊原基继续发育成雄蕊,雌蕊原基停滞生长,退为一个小突起;雌花芽雌蕊原基继续发育成雌蕊,雄蕊原基生长缓慢,退化为小花丝;两性花芽雌蕊和雄蕊原基均继续发育,形成外观正常的雌蕊和雄蕊。(2)内源激素脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GAs)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量在3种花芽分化过程中变化规律相似,即ABA含量在花芽生理分化期降低,花芽形态分化期升高,而GAs和ZR含量则基本保持不变;吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量在3种花芽分化过程中变化存在明显差异,雌花芽IAA含量在花芽生理分化期升高,花芽形态分化期逐渐降低,而雄性和两性花芽的IAA含量则基本保持不变。ABA/GAs、ABA/IAA、ZR/IAA和ZR/GAs激素含量比值在3种花芽分化过程中变化规律相似,ABA/GAs在花芽生理分化期降低,花芽形态分化期升高,而BA/IAA、ZR/IAA和ZR/GAs则基本保持不变。研究认为,罗汉果花芽分化过程经历一个"两性期",高ABA含量和ABA/GAs比值有利于罗汉果花芽分化,IAA可能对罗汉果花性分化具有重要作用。     

小叶丁香花芽分化进程及内源激素的变化

观察小叶丁香花芽分化过程,明确花芽外部形态与内部解剖结构的对应关系,解析内源激素的动态变化,为小叶丁香开花调控和栽培管理提供科学依据。本研究以小叶丁香花芽为试验材料,外部形态观察和石蜡切片技术观测花芽分化过程及开花特性,酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定内源激素含量。解剖结构观察发现,小叶丁香春季开花的花芽分化始于5月下旬,至10月上旬结束,过程分为未分化期、总苞原基分化期、花序原基和小花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期7个时期,分化各时期存在重叠现象;吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)含量波动较大,分别呈现“降低-升高-降低”、“升高-降低-升高-降低”、“升高-降低”的变化趋势,赤霉素(GA₃)含量维持在低水平且变化幅度不大;ABA/GA₃峰值出现在总苞原基、萼片原基及花瓣原基分化期;IAA/GA₃峰值出现在未分化期、花序原基和小花原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期;ABA/IAA在萼片原基分化期最高;ZR/GA₃与ZR/IAA峰值出现在萼片原基...     

穗花牡荆花芽分化过程中形态和生理指标变化

以穗花牡荆为研究材料,通过探究其花芽分化进程和生理特性,为花期调控技术提供成花机理。采用物候期观察和石蜡切片相结合的方法并测定花芽分化过程中相关生理指标,研究花发育过程中的形态和生理变化。结果表明,穗花牡荆花芽分化为一年多次分化型,其进程可划分为七个时期：未分化期、总轴花序原基分化期、初级分轴花序原基分化期、次级分轴花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花器官分化前期和花器官分化后期。同一植株不同位置花芽及同一花序中不同单花分化的进程不同,第一季花期后各阶段的花芽分化形态常存在重叠。花芽分化过程中不同时期叶片和花芽的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均有上升下降的变化,总体上叶片中营养物质含量高于花芽保证营养供应。花芽分化过程中,IAA、ABA、CTK和GA3整体水平上先升后降有利于花芽分化进行。研究认为,花芽中大量的可溶性糖和蛋白质积累及较高的碳氮比,有利于穗花牡荆花芽形态分化顺利完成。低水平的GA3/ABA和IAA/CTK有利于花序的形成,ABA/CTK和ABA/IAA比值升高促进小花原基和小花萼片原基的分化, GA3/CTK、GA3/ABA和GA3/IAA比值升高促进花瓣原基、雄雌蕊原基发育。     

香港四照花花芽分化的形态学观察

采用石蜡切片技术和形态观察对香港四照花(Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis(Hemsl.)Hutch.)花芽分化过程中花芽的形态变化进行观测,研究花芽外部形态与花芽分化之间的关系。结果显示,香港四照花的花芽分化开始于7月上旬,到9月底完成,形态分化过程可分为8个时期:未分化期、花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期、雌蕊雄蕊形成期。与之对应的外部形态变化为:混合芽闭合,混合芽基部膨大,新叶展开露出圆形花序,花柄初现,花序膨大,花序表面小花突起,花柄伸长至4~6 mm,花序表面小花轮廓明显。香港四照花花芽外部形态能直观地反映出内部结构变化,可根据花芽外部形态特征推测花芽分化状况。研究结果可为香港四照花花期调控和栽培管理提供科学依据。     

藤本月季“安吉拉”花芽分化形态结构及内源激素变化研究

以藤本月季“安吉拉”为试验材料,通过石蜡切片、体视显微镜观察及内源激素的测定,研究花芽分化过程的形态结构及内源激素的变化,为花期调控、景观品质的提升及相关育种工作提供基础数据。藤本月季“安吉拉”花芽各部分分化顺序由外向内进行,分为5个时期,共历时30 d,首先是生长锥呈圆锥状突起的形态分化期;扁平生长锥周围出现5个突起,即为萼片原基分化期;萼片原基的内方分化出成轮状的多个花瓣原基,即为花瓣原基分化期;花瓣原基基部从上向下分化出多轮雄蕊原基,即为雄蕊原基分化期;扁平的生长锥顶端突起形成多个雌蕊原基,为雌蕊原基分化期。随花芽分化进程脱落酸(ABA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)浓度变化规律相似,均呈先升高再下降趋势,萼片原基分化期其浓度均显著高于其他时期;生长素(IAA)浓度呈逐渐上升的趋势;赤霉素(GA)浓度呈逐渐下降趋势。随花芽分化进程IAA/GA和IAA/ABA比值呈逐渐上升趋势,CTK/GA和(ABA+CTK)/GA比值在萼片原基分化期显著高于形态分化期。内源激素测定结果表明:ABA、CTK浓度在萼片原基分化期显著升高与花芽分化诱导有关,较低的IAA浓度以及GA浓度的降低有利于藤本月季“安吉拉”的花芽分化;萼片原基分化期CTK/GA和(ABA+CTK)/GA比值升高可能与花芽分化诱导有关,高水平的IAA/ABA和IAA/GA比值可能与花器官原基的进一步发育相关。     

鸡血藤愈伤组织培养过程中内源激素变化研究

旨在建立密花豆组织培养再生体系并测定其再生过程中内源激素的动态变化。利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对密花豆嫩叶愈伤组织诱导与不定芽分化过程中的4种内源激素:生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素(ZT)和赤霉素(GA_3)的含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,在愈伤组织的诱导过程中,IAA的含量始终处于较高水平,并在愈伤组织生长最旺时达最大,而ABA、ZT和GA_3的含量一直保持在较低水平;IAA/ABA对愈伤组织的诱导与生长有着重要的调节作用。在愈伤组织的分化过程中,IAA的含量呈先降后升,并在分化成芽期达到最高,且高于愈伤组织诱导期,介于1.15-1.87μg/g之间;ZT和ABA的含量均呈先升后降趋势,而GA_3则一直呈上升趋势;IAA/ABA呈先降后升趋势,对芽的分化与生长有着重要的促进作用;GA_3/ABA和ZT/ABA呈先降后升趋势,协同促进鸡血藤愈伤组织成功分化出不定芽。内源激素对愈伤组织的诱导和分化成芽有着重要的影响,合适的浓度和比例能有效的促进外植体的脱分化与再分化,并协同促进细胞的分裂、分化和生长。     

同株紫斑牡丹中单瓣与重瓣花芽分化及内源激素含量比较北大核心CSCD

该研究以紫斑牡丹‘关公红’为试验材料,通过调查‘关公红’的开花情况,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜技术考察花芽分化和花瓣发育过程的结构特征,并测定同株‘关公红’单、重瓣花朵的花芽在不同分化阶段内源激素含量,分析单、重瓣花朵的花芽分化及内源激素含量的变化特征,为紫斑牡丹不同花型的培育奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)‘关公红’单瓣花朵比重瓣花朵花期长,单瓣花朵花瓣表皮细胞光滑平整无明显褶皱,而重瓣花朵花瓣的表皮有明显的褶皱;重瓣花的花芽分化时间明显早于单瓣,花瓣原基的体积也明显增大,这可能与重瓣花中雄蕊瓣化有关系。(2)低浓度GA_(3)有利于‘关公红’单瓣花朵和重瓣花朵的花芽分化;高浓度的ABA促进重瓣花原基的形成;ZR含量增加有助于紫斑牡丹的花芽分化。(3)较高ZR/IAA、ZR/GA_(3)、ABA/GA_(3)、ABA/IAA比值有利于‘关公红’重瓣花朵的花芽分化;ABA/IAA、ZR/IAA比值的增加有利于‘关公红’单瓣花朵花芽分化;(GA_(3)+IAA+ZR)/ABA与(IAA+ZR)/GA_(3)比值减小分别促进重瓣花朵花瓣原基和雄蕊原基的形成。     

铁核桃叶片矿质元素和内源激素含量与雌花芽分化的关系

以铁核桃(Juglans sigillata Dode)叶片和花芽为材料,采用石蜡切片法确定铁核桃雌花芽生理分化和形态分化期,并采用分光光度法、凯氏定氮法、钼锑抗比色法以及ASS法测定花芽分化期叶片中叶绿素和主要矿物质含量,运用液质联用法(HPLC-MS)对花芽分化期雌花芽、雄花芽和叶片中内源激素含量进行分析,探讨铁核桃叶绿素、矿物质和内源激素含量与雌花芽分化的关系。结果表明:(1)铁核桃叶片中叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量在雌花芽生理分化前增加,在形态分化期呈现高峰值。(2)从生理分化到形态分化转换期,铁核桃叶片中Ca、Mg含量降低,K含量升高;在花芽分化过程中,叶片中P含量呈持续下降趋势,Fe含量呈先下降后上升趋势,Zn含量呈‘M’型变化。(3)铁核桃叶片、雌花芽和雄花芽中GA_4含量在生理分化期急剧下降,而在形态分化期呈现高峰值;雌花芽、雄花芽中ABA和ZR含量在花芽分化过程中均呈‘M’型双峰曲线,而叶片中ZR浓度持续呈现低含量水平,并在雌花芽分化的生理分化期有峰值;形态分化期花芽中IAA浓度较低。4月底~5月中旬是贵州铁核桃雌花芽由生理分化向形态分化转化的关键期;叶片中高含量的叶绿素和雌花芽中低浓度的IAA、GA_4利于雌花芽初期发育;雌花芽分化过程中消耗大量P,叶片中高含量的K与雌花芽分化关键期关系密切,而Ca、Mg、Zn与雌花芽形态分化关系密切;雌花芽中高浓度的ABA、ZR对生理和形态分化均有显著作用,高含量的GA_4参与花原基的形态建成。     

离体黄瓜子叶节花芽分化与内源激素及多胺的关系

用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了黄瓜子叶节花芽分化期(0-6天)内源激素及多胺的变化。结果显示,子叶培养0-2天生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_3)、玉米素(ZT)、脱落酸(ABA)等4种内源激素均明显下降,4-5天略有上升,表明0-2天IAA、GA_3和ABA的剧降有利于花原基形成,3-5天较高的ZT含量有利于花器官原基的形成。除腐胺(Put)外,精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(Spd)、尸胺(Cad)在0-1天均下降,1-4天上升,4-5天再下降,Put在0-1天急剧上升,而后持续下降,表明高水平的内源多胺总量和Put可能有利于花原基分化,2天后Spm含量上升有利于花器官原基分化,而Cad含量变化可能是区别花芽和营养芽分化的特征之一。     

外源赤霉素和多效唑对芍药冬季鳞芽发育的影响

以目前芍药(Paeonia lactiflora)主栽品种‘紫凤羽’为供试材料,在冬季用300 mg·L~(-1)赤霉素(GA_3)及其延缓剂多效唑(PP_(333))进行灌根处理,待对照组进入蕾期对PP_(333)处理组施以300 mg·L~(-1) GA_3作解除处理,每隔10 d对各处理组鳞芽取样,测定其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、内源玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA_3)、脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、乙烯(ETH)、多胺等的含量,采用石蜡切片对鳞芽发育状态进行观察,对各处理组鳞芽出土日期、出芽率、成花率、花期及株高进行观察统计。结果表明:外源GA_3会加快抗氧化酶活性变化速度,降低MDA含量,提高可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白的积累及利用,促进亚精胺(Spd)积累,在鳞芽发育初期提高了内源GA_3及ZT含量,在后期降低了其含量,内源IAA、ABA、ETH的含量也呈降低趋势,缩短了花瓣原基(petal primordium)分化期,促进了鳞芽发育进程,而PP_(333)与之相反,延长了花瓣原基分化期,抑制鳞芽发育;试验数据显示高浓度GA_3、ZT利于鳞芽发育启动,低浓度GA_3、ZT、IAA、ABA、ETH利于启动后的发育进程,且内源多胺调控芍药鳞芽发育时,其中Spd起主导作用。本文旨在为芍药花期调控提供参考依据,以期根据市场需求制定芍药花期的综合调控方案。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.