三种稻飞虱在高温变温下的生态表现

在大型人工气候箱内模拟自然高温变温(27℃-38℃)下研究褐飞虱、白背飞虱、灰飞虱等3种稻飞虱种群的表现,并以恒温28．3℃为对照。发现3种稻飞虱的卵孵化率在变温下暴露5天,10天后,除白背飞虱卵孵化率在10天处理下比对照下降30％外,其他几种处理均和对照无显著差异;从发育历期来看,各虫种卵的发育速率随变温处理时间的延长而加快;3种稻飞虱若虫在变温处理5天后,褐飞虱,白背飞虱和灰飞虱的生存率依次为20％,30％和55%,明显低于对照;变温处理10天后,白背飞虱无一个体生存;褐飞虱比对照低75％．灰飞虱低50％;褐飞虱和白背飞虱雌成虫寿命明显比对照短;灰飞虱雌成虫的产卵量各处理间无显著差异,但白背飞虱和褐飞虱的产卵量在变温处理8天后,仅为对照的40％和80％,变温处理15天后,分别为对照的15％和54％。     

不同温度对迷人杜鹃种子萌发与幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

该研究利用实验室不同恒温和变温控制试验,考察了不同温度[恒温(15℃、25℃、35℃)和变温(25℃/15℃、30℃/20℃,高温12 h,低温12 h)]处理对迷人杜鹃种子萌发、幼苗形态指标和生理生化指标的影响,探讨温度对迷人杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响机制。结果表明:(1)迷人杜鹃种子在25℃/15℃变温条件下萌发率(87.69%)和萌发指数(8.65)均最高。(2)25℃/15℃变温有利于迷人杜鹃幼苗的地径、苗高、平均根长和萌枝数的增加,以及根、茎、叶生物量的积累。(3)25℃/15℃变温处理下幼苗叶片的总叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高,而MDA含量、CAT活性和SOD活性较低。研究认为,迷人杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长的最适宜温度条件为25℃/15℃(昼/夜),而在高温(35℃)和低温(15℃)环境下均会受到显著抑制。     

温度和水分及盐分胁迫对银沙槐种子萌发的影响

利用控制实验研究了温度、湿度、干旱和盐分胁迫等生态因子对银沙槐种子萌发的影响,以探索银沙槐种子对各种生态因子的适应性。结果显示:(1)银沙槐种子在20℃、25℃恒温和15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃、10℃/20℃变温环境中的发芽率较高且无显著差异,其在20℃恒温、15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃变温条件下的发芽指数较高,但差异不显著。(2)土壤含水量在1%～5%之间,各水分处理间种子发芽率差异显著(P<0.05),而在5%～25%间种子发芽率变化不显著。(3)盐胁迫和水分胁迫对银沙槐种子的萌发均有明显的抑制作用,可显著降低种子萌发率(P<0.05);种子发芽指数和活力指数均随渗透势和NaCl浓度增大而显著减小(P<0.05);恢复萌发率随渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。研究发现,银沙槐种子萌发最适温度为20℃恒温和15℃/25℃变温,最适土壤含水量为10%～25%;种子萌发对盐分和干旱胁迫表现出不同程度的耐受性,萌发过程中主导抑制因素为渗透胁迫,离子毒害作用甚微;银沙槐种子休眠机制和萌发特征表现出它对生境的良好适应性。     

宁夏引黄灌区秸秆还田对麦田土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区为例,探索秸秆还田条件下冬小麦土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1,半量还田)和9000 kg/hm2(T2,全量还田)秸秆3个处理。利用树脂芯法吸附10、20、30、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:硝态氮(纯N)淋失量6.26—12.85 kg/hm2,是冬小麦施用化肥氮量的2.78%—5.71%。与对照CK相比,T1和T2在10cm土层减少0.09%和3.97%;20cm土层减少8.51%和9.81%;30cm土层减少2.25%和10.34%;60cm土层减少23.85%和13.08%;90cm土层减少27.65%和20.73%。10cm和20cm土层,处理与对照以及处理之间均未到显著性差异(P0.05);30cm处理,T1与CK以及T1与T2未达到显著性差异,但T2与CK达到显著性差异表明全量还田效果最好;60cm土层,处理与对照、以及处理之间均达到显著性差异;90cm土层,处理与对照之间达到显著性差异,处理之间未达到显著性差异。硝态氮淋失主要发生在冬小麦返青至灌浆期间,占全生育期淋失量的52.95%—67.79%。T1、T2冬小麦产量增产率分别为10.11%与11.51%。可见,稻秆还田能够减少灌区土壤硝态氮淋失量。     

外源钙对甘肃贝母倒苗特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响

对甘肃贝母(Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim.)鳞茎播种后2年生苗喷施不同浓度CaCl_2溶液(5、10、15、20和25mmol·L~(-1)),以喷施等量蒸馏水为对照(CK),通过测定倒苗率变化和倒苗期地下部分生理特性,探讨外源钙对甘肃贝母倒苗特性的影响。结果显示:(1)外源CaCl_2处理均可推迟甘肃贝母倒苗高峰期,有效延长甘肃贝母生长期,从而提高鳞茎产量;各CaCl_2浓度处理的倒苗延迟效应基本表现为15 mmol·L~(-1)20 mmol·L~(-1)25mmol·L~(-1)10mmol·L~(-1)5mmol·L~(-1)CK。(2)不同CaCl_2溶液喷施后倒苗期较CK推迟效应显著,比CK倒苗高峰期推迟3~7d,并推迟3~6d结束倒苗高峰,其中以喷施15mmol·L~(-1) CaCl_2处理的倒苗延迟效应最佳。(3)10~25mmol·L~(-1) CaCl_2处理均可有效增强甘肃贝母倒苗期根系活力和鳞茎的抗氧化能力,其中以15mmol·L~(-1) CaCl_2处理的倒苗期根系TTC活力最高,鳞茎SOD、POD和CAT活性最强。(4)隶属函数法综合分析结果显示,不同浓度CaCl_2处理下甘肃贝母倒苗期鳞茎抗性及生活力由强至弱依次为15mmol·L~(-1)20mmol·L~(-1)25mmol·L~(-1)10mmol·L~(-1)5mmol·L~(-1)CK。研究表明,15mmol·L~(-1) CaCl_2为甘肃贝母延迟倒苗期、增强苗期鳞茎抗逆性、提高鳞茎产量的最佳处理。     

不同肥料对蝴蝶兰生长和开花品质的影响

以蝴蝶兰品种‘中国红’、‘牛魔王’为试材,研究不同肥料对蝴蝶兰生长及开花品质的影响。结果表明,T1(花无缺10-30-20肥)、T2(单体肥营养液N∶P∶K=1∶3∶2)处理的蝴蝶兰性状指标优于CK,但T1与CK对花的观赏性影响差异不显著;T2处理对蝴蝶兰叶的大小、叶绿素含量影响显著,花箭长、花朵数量均显著提高,更有助于提高蝴蝶兰的商业价值。     

变温对甘蓝夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确自然变温环境对甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae生长发育和繁殖的影响,深入研究其对环境温度的适应性。【方法】在13～25℃(日平均19℃),16～28℃(日平均22℃),19～31℃(日平均25℃),22～34℃(日平均28℃)和25～37℃(日平均31℃) 5个梯度变温条件下,以大豆Glycine max植株叶片为寄主材料饲养甘蓝夜蛾卵,测定其各虫态发育历期、发育速率、成虫繁殖力及发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】变温范围为13～25℃时甘蓝夜蛾发育历期最长,世代发育历期为65.93 d,显著长于其他变温处理。且随温度升高,其发育历期缩短,变温范围为22～34℃时,该虫发育历期最短,世代发育历期为38.46 d,显著短于其他变温处理。在变温范围为25～37℃时,该虫不能正常完成个体发育。在日平均温度(T) 19～28℃范围内(最大温差12℃),甘蓝夜蛾卵、幼虫及蛹期的发育速率随温度升高而加快,且各个虫态发育速率(V)拟合方程均符合线性方程模型:V卵期=0.125+0.048T,V幼虫期=0.023+0.012T,V蛹期=0.027+0.013T,V成虫=0.073...     

变温对粘虫生殖及主要能源物质代谢的影响

【目的】明确变温与粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)生长发育和生殖的关系及变温条件下粘虫主要能源物质代谢的变化规律。【方法】将粘虫卵置于光周期均为14L∶10D,温度分别为25℃和30℃日恒温和白天30℃、夜晚20℃日变温的条件下饲养,观察记录25℃和30/20℃下的成虫产卵及卵巢管发育情况,再取30℃和30/20℃下饲养获得的3龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、蛹和1日龄成虫,测定其糖原、海藻糖和甘油三酯3种能源物质的含量及海藻糖酶、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶及3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶等4种主要能源物质代谢酶的活性。【结果】25℃与30/20℃饲养条件下相比,1日龄雌成虫卵巢管发育明显滞后,但单雌产卵量显著较多;蛹期糖原、海藻糖和甘油三酯的含量均高于3龄和6龄幼虫,成虫期各能源物质含量均较低。30/20℃日变温下粘虫体内供试3种能源物质的含量显著高于30℃日恒温(6龄幼虫和蛹期甘油三酯含量在两温度下无显著差异);温度变化对供试4种酶活性的影响差异显著。【结论】温度变化对粘虫的生长发育和繁殖具有显著的影响。在粘虫生长发育过程中以糖代谢为主;变温会加速糖代谢,减缓部分发育阶段的脂代谢,更有利能源物质的积累。     

益母草种子发芽检验标准化研究

本文通过发芽试验来探讨温度、光照及发芽床等因素对益母草(Leonurus heterophyllus)种子萌发的影响。设15、20、25和30 ℃ 4种恒温, (15/25) ℃、(20/30) ℃ 2种变温, 共6种温度处理, 设纸上(TP)、纸间(BP)、砂间(S)和砂上(TS)4种发芽床处理, 光照设0(黑暗)和2 000 lx 2个处理。试验结果表 明: 益母草种子发芽最适温度为25～30 ℃, 发芽床可选择纸上或纸间, 对光照不敏感, 可在光照或黑暗条件下发芽, 初次计数时间为发芽后第4天, 末次计数时间为发芽后第9天。     

益母草种子发芽检验标准化研究

本文通过发芽试验来探讨温度、光照及发芽床等因素对益母草(Leonurus heterophyllus)种子萌发的影响.设15、20、25和30℃4种恒温,(15/25)℃、(20/30)℃2种变温,共6种温度处理,设纸上(TP)、纸间(BP)、砂间(S)和砂上(TS)4种发芽床处理,光照设0(黑暗)和2 000lx 2个处理.试验结果表明:益母草种子发芽最适温度为25～30℃,发芽床可选择纸上或纸间,对光照不敏感,可在光照或黑暗条件下发芽,初次计数时间为发芽后第4天,末次计数时间为发芽后第9天.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.