节律性听觉刺激下的神经振荡同步化及其应用

大脑的感觉、情绪、认知等功能与其神经振荡模式有密切的联系。通过施加节律性刺激可以调控大脑的神经振荡模式,进而影响个体感受、情绪状态和认知功能等。与近年来常见的非侵入性电刺激和磁刺激相比,同样依赖于外部刺激输入的节律性感觉刺激具有成本低、易操作等优点,被认为是一种极具潜力的神经调控手段。本文以节律性听觉刺激为例,系统综述了不同类型的节律性听觉刺激如何影响大脑的神经振荡模式,进而影响相关状态和功能;并通过总结外部节律性听觉刺激对个体感知觉、情绪与认知功能的影响,讨论其生理机制和应用前景。     

综述与专论: 外源节律性脑刺激技术在精神神经类疾病治疗中的应用

神经振荡是中枢神经系统中一种节律性神经活动模式，研究发现精神神经类疾病患者存在神经振荡异常。外源节律性刺激能够通过“夹带”效应以及可塑性变化机制有效调节异常的神经振荡，具有治疗精神神经类疾病的潜在可能性。目前，外源节律性脑刺激技术主要包括经颅交流电刺激、经颅时间相干刺激、节律性感觉刺激等方式。本文从外源节律性脑刺激技术原理以及目前不同技术在临床上治疗精神神经类疾病的刺激策略、研究进展以及治疗效果等角度展开综述，提出这一类调控技术可能成为未来临床治疗精神神经疾病症状的无创高效新型治疗方案，并对其未来的发展方向进行展望。     

保留肋间臂神经的改良乳癌根治术24 例

目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床价值。方法：在24例乳腺癌改良根治术中完整保留肋间臂神经16例,切除肋间臂神经8例。术后对24例患者上臂内侧感觉功能进行随访观察。结果：24例患者在随访第1、6、24个月期间局部均未发现癌肿复发、转移。保留肋间臂神经16例中术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常14例（87．5％）,感觉异常2例（12．5％）;而切除肋间臂神经的8例病人均有感觉异常。结论：在乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经可明显减少术后患侧上臂内侧感觉障碍的发生率,有助于提高病人的生活质量。     

不同BMI腕管综合征患者的神经电生理特点

目的分析不同体重指数(BMI)的腕管综合征(CTS)患者的神经电生理特点。方法选择2018年2～8月我院神经内科收治的CTS患者60例,分析其临床资料,根据患者BMI分为A组(BMI 24kg/m2组,20例)、B组(BMI 24～28kg/m2组,23例)及C组(BMI28kg/m2组,17例)。采用肌电诱发电位仪检测患者神经电生理情况。比较3组的第3指正中神经感觉传导速度与第4指正中神经与尺神经感觉神经传导潜伏期差值。结果 3组第3指正中神经感觉传导速度、第4指正中神经与尺神经感觉传导潜伏期差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=16.800、9.694,P0.01)。B、C组第3指正中神经感觉传导速度均低于A组,第4指正中神经与尺神经感觉神经潜伏期差值高于A组(P0.01、P0.05)。C组第3指正中神经感觉传导速度低于B组,第4指正中神经与尺神经感觉神经潜伏期差值高于B组(P0.05)。结论神经电生理检测是诊断CTS的理想手段;BMI与CTS的损害程度呈正相关,可以预测CTS患者的严重程度。     

帕金森病单纯淡漠的临床特征及发生机制

帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)是常见的神经变性疾病,除静止性震颤、运动迟缓、肌强直、步态和姿势障碍等运动症状外,近年研究发现其还存在神经精神、睡眠、感觉及自主神经障碍等多种非运动症状。PD单纯淡漠是不伴痴呆和抑郁的淡漠,其与运动症状及多种非运动症状相关,严重影响患者的日常生活能力及生活质量。PD单纯淡漠的发生涉及神经解剖、神经病理、神经生化及神经免疫炎症等机制。本文将对PD单纯淡漠的临床特征及发生机制进行阐述。     

人体中有哪些神经节

在周围神经系统中,神经元胞体聚集在一起,由一层结缔组织膜包被形成的小结节称作神经节,可分为感觉性神经节和植物性神经节两类。感觉性神经节是感觉神经元胞体所在,内为大小不等的假单极神经元胞体相聚,胞体多呈圆或卵圆形,其周围分布有许多小型的神经节胶质细胞,也称卫星细胞。感觉神经节按其所在位置分为脊神经节和脑神经节。脊神经节位于近椎间孔处,连在脊神经背根上,常称背根节,共31对。大约有一半的人第一颈神经背根及     

第一届国际神经行为学学术会议今年九月将在东京召开

第一届国际神经行为学学术会议(The First Interna-tional Congress of Neuroethology)将于1986年9月1日至6日在日本东京举行。大会学术报告有十八个,包括六个方面:1.学习和神经的可塑性;2.感觉信息的神经加工;3.运动程序的产生和调节;4.神经遗传和行为发育;5.行为的节律性;6.神经行为学和人类行为的生物学。另有专题讨论会,将讨论:1.声音通讯;2.逃避和惊跳(startle)行为的神经行为学;3.回声定位的神经行为     

神经梅毒29例的回顾性临床分析

目的:观察总结神经梅毒的临床特点,以提高神经梅毒的诊断和治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院2005年1月至2012年12月神经内科病房收治的29例神经梅毒患者的临床资料。结果:29例神经梅毒患者中临床分型:其中,无症状型神经梅毒2例,主要表现为患者无症状,仅脑脊液呈轻度炎性反应,梅毒血清反应阳性;梅毒性脑膜炎6例,主要表现为头痛、呕吐及脑膜刺激征,偶可见意识障碍、谵妄及抽搐。血管型梅毒3例,主要表现为偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍、偏盲、失语等。脊髓痨11例,主要表现为感觉异常如束带感和蚁走感,共济失调、内脏危象及阿罗瞳孔等。麻痹性痴呆7例,临床表现为进行性痴呆合并神经损害为主。结论:神经梅毒的起病隐袭,临床表现复杂多样,神经系统各部位都可受累,容易误诊,。但青霉素治疗有效。对于疑似病例应及时行血清及脑脊液检查,可获得早期诊断,对指导治疗及预后均有重要意义。     

痛觉的脑功能成像研究进展

本文综述了近年来关于痛觉功能性脑成像的研究进展,痛觉的感觉辨别成分似与外侧丘脑、初级和次级躯体感觉区及岛叶皮层有关,而伤害性信息的认知－注意过程则与顶叶后部和前额中皮层有关。扣带回的不同部分调节着痛觉认知和情感的不同方面。文章最后对临床各种疼痛特别是神经源性痛病人的成像研究进行了分析。     

Gamma神经振荡产生机制及其功能研究进展

Gamma神经振荡的频率在30～100 Hz之间,存在于动物和人类大脑的多个区域,如丘脑、体感皮层以及海马等部位,在各个尺度水平上都可被检测到.抑制性中间神经元组成的神经网络是产生此高频节律性活动的主要条件之一.皮层的gamma神经振荡与丘脑-皮层系统有关.Gamma神经振荡具有易化突触可塑性和调节神经网络的作用,主要参与感觉特征绑定、选择性注意以及记忆等高级功能.     

Changes of dipeptidylpeptidase IV as a membrane marker of lymphocytes in acute and chronic liver diseases--biochemical and cytochemical investigations.

Lymphocytic dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP-IV, E.C. 3.4.14.5) is described as a marker enzyme of immunostimulant T-lymphocytes as well as functional characteristic of interleukin-2-producing cells. Cytochemical staining of DPP-IV positive lymphocytes and measurements of DPP-IV activity in mononuclear cells and in sera of patients suffering from different kinds of liver diseases were performed to evaluate the average activities in positive cells. The results demonstrated that this serine exopeptidase exhibits extremely low activity in autoimmune chronic hepatopathies. On the contrary, hepatitis-B-associated liver diseases were connected with markedly increased values. Furthermore, significant differences of DPP-IV activity were found in different kinds of acute and chronic liver diseases. These findings are discussed in connection with the participation of dipeptidylpeptidase IV in impaired immunoregulation of the altered liver.     

血虚证动物模型的标准化研究初探

目的：建立标准化的血虚证动物模型。方法：采用慢性失血法、溶血法和骨髓抑制法制造三种血虚证模型,观察一般情况和与血发生有关的实验室指标,并用四物汤反证造摸效果。结果：三种动物模型均符合血虚证表现,同时出现外周血、骨髓有核细胞数目和细胞周期的改变,四物汤对3种动物模型均有一定疗效。结论：建立了3种符合标准化的血虚证模型。     

Precipitating Factors of Acute Illness in Patients with Chronic Disease

The precipitating causes of acute illness in patients with chronic organic disease can often be prevented, reversed or controlled. The various kinds of precipitating factors are described, and their anticipation and the prompt institution of remedial measures are emphasized.     

Barriers,nephrotoxicology and chronic testing in vitro

In many organs of the human body, there are effective physiological barriers which contribute to regulation of the uptake, transport and secretion of endogenous and exogenous materials. ECVAM is involved in the development of several in vitro models for detecting damage to various barriers, for example, the renal epithelium, the intestinal barrier, and the blood-brain barrier, after acute and chronic exposure to chemicals and products of various kinds. Long-term toxicity testing is an important issue in toxicology. At present, there are no generally accepted in vitro models available for replacing chronic testing in animals. Under chronic exposure conditions, the cellular response is larger than that which can be predicted in the standard cytotoxicity models. Therefore, the approach to predicting chronic toxicity will need to involve more-complex in vitro models. Several in vitro long-term toxicity systems currently available are under evaluation.     

性病后慢性前列腺炎的病原菌及其耐药性研究

目的:探讨本地区性病后慢性前列腺炎的病原菌分布及其对抗生素的耐药性状况.方法:对131例性病后慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液细菌培养和药物敏感试验结果进行统计分析.结果:131例性病后慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液细菌培养阳性率为86.3%,从113例阳性标本中共分离培养出14种117株细菌,其中以凝固酶阴性表皮葡萄球菌最为常见(45.2%),其构成比显著高于其他病原菌,药物敏感试验结果显示前列腺液分离菌对临床常用的多种抗生素耐药,而对万古霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、呋喃唑酮、多粘菌素B等耐药率相对较低.结论:凝固酶阴性表皮葡萄球菌是性病后慢性前列腺炎的主要病原菌,病原菌检查和药敏试验对临床诊断和治疗性病后慢性前列腺炎具有重要作用.     

Intermittent positive pressure breathing: a clinical evaluation of its use in certain respiratory diseases

A series of patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency were treated with intermittent positive pressure breathing, which was combined with administration of bronchodilator drugs of the epinephrine series. Spirographs were made before and after treatment. The series included patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, fibrosis of various kinds, senile emphysema and bronchogenic carcinoma. Although the majority showed objective improvement, a significant proportion in all groups did not, and some were made worse, apparently on a basis of check valve mechanisms unresolved by the bronchodilator drug. In cases in which the method benefited the patient, the benefit was greater than that obtained with bronchodilator drugs alone.     

INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE BREATHING—A Clinical Evaluation of Its Use in Certain Respiratory Diseases

A series of patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency were treated with intermittent positive pressure breathing, which was combined with administration of bronchodilator drugs of the epinephrine series. Spirographs were made before and after treatment. The series included patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, fibrosis of various kinds, senile emphysema and bronchogenic carcinoma.Although the majority showed objective improvement, a significant proportion in all groups did not, and some were made worse, apparently on a basis of check valve mechanisms unresolved by the bronchodilator drug. In cases in which the method benefited the patient, the benefit was greater than that obtained with bronchodilator drugs alone.     

The protective action of thymopentin on stress damage to the stomach

The influence of peptide thymopentin on ulcer effects of the stomach mucous membrane in rats and the state of its processes in acute and chronic stress as well as their combination influence were investigated. The intercommunication of frequency of the formation of ulcer and the activity of superoxide dismutase in stomach fibers was established. Thymopentin displayed a marked antiulcerogenic effect in all kinds of stress.     

Regulatory mechanism of the arginine vasopressin-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion gene expression in acute and chronic stress

Various kinds of stress cause neuroendocrine responses such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) release from parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. We examined the effects of acute and chronic stress on the expression of the AVP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fusion gene in the hypothalamus, using chronic salt loading as an osmotic stimulation, intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as acute inflammatory stress and adjuvant arthritis (AA) as chronic inflammatory/nociceptive stress. Salt loading caused a marked increase in the eGFP gene expression and eGFP fluorescence in the supraoptic nucleus, magnocellular division of the PVN and internal layer of the median eminence (ME). Administration of LPS caused increased fluorescence in parvocellular division of the PVN and external layer of the ME. AA rats revealed an increased expression of the eGFP gene and eGFP fluorescence in both magnocellular and parvocellular divisions of the PVN and both internal and external layers of the ME. On the other hand, the levels of the CRH gene expression in parvocellular division of the PVN were significantly decreased as AA developed, though plasma concentrations of corticosterone were significantly increased. These results indicate that AVP-eGFP transgenic rats enable the detection of changes in AVP expression more easily than by using procedures such as immunohistochemistry. We propose that AVP-eGFP transgenic rats represent a useful animal model for further understanding of the physiology of AVP expression in the hypothalamo-pituitary system under various physiological conditions, including various kinds of stress.