鸟类跗跖骨形态结构多样性及其功能分析

鸟类的跗跖骨以其独特的结构特征与其他四足动物跗骨、跖骨相区别。不同类型鸟类之间的生态习性和适应形式相互间存在明显的差异,而与之相对应的跗跖骨的形态结构也产生了多样性分异,形成了鸟类跗跖骨形态结构与对应功能行为的适应性选择。鸟类跗跖骨形态结构多样性的研究不仪为了解不同类型鸟类的生态习性提供证据,也使鸟类后肢骨骼的功能行为学得以逐步完善。特别是通过对现生鸟类跗跖骨形态结构多样性与对应功能的分析,可以此作为研究早期鸟类形态习性的参考依据,同时也可进一步探讨不同地质历史时期鸟类功能行为的演化规律。     

早期鸟类的飞行能力与羽毛的起源

关于鸟类飞行的起源问题,与鸟类的起源问题同样重要。这一问题在学术界主要有两种假说：一种是由美国学S．W．Willistong在1879年提出的地栖起源说（疾走起源说）,另一种是美国学O．C．Marsh在1880年提出的树栖起源说。前通常与鸟类兽脚类起源说相联系,而后往往被认为同鸟类槽齿类起源说有关。     

鸟类的飞行与翼的适应性演化

在现生生物中,具有飞行能力的动物无疑只有鸟类、昆虫和蝙蝠。翅膀是鸟类由陆地飞向天空的工具,鸟类特有的飞行运动方式足在神经系统的控制下由骨骼、肌肉和羽片共同完成的。它的结构和运动方式区别于其他两种动物的飞行器。     

校园绿地植被结构、生境特征与鸟类多样性关系

为提高城市绿地的生态系统服务功能,进一步探索影响城市鸟类多样性的生境因素,本研究以西北农林科技大学校园绿地为对象,基于城市生态单元制图分类系统选取9种不同植被结构共23个绿地,于2018年11月至2019年4月利用样点法和样线法开展每周一轮次的鸟类多样性调查。通过差异性和相关性分析,探讨了植被结构、生境特征对鸟类多样性水平的影响。结果表明,鸟类多样性受绿地水平结构、垂直结构、树种组成等因素的影响;鸟类多度、丰富度、多样性指数均与绿地面积、植物丰富度、植物多样性指数呈显著正相关,鸟类密度与绿地周长、绿地面积呈显著负相关。提出了以提高鸟类多样性为导向的植物群落营建策略,以期为今后的城市绿地规划设计提供理论指导和实践方法。     

昆明城市绿地结构对鸟类多样性的影响

岛屿化的绿地格局对城市鸟类的群落结构及空间分布会产生重要影响。通过样线法和样方法调查昆明城区19块绿地内的鸟类种类和数量、乔木种类和数量,结合遥感影像和现场调查,使用ArcGIS分析绿地生境结构,研究了城市绿地与鸟类的关系。结果表明,鸟类种类和数量与绿地面积呈正相关、与绿地距市中心距离无相关性;绿地内水域、硬化地、建筑地面积与鸟类种类和数量呈一定的负相关;乔木种数和食源乔木种数与鸟类种类呈显著正相关;城市绿地结构对鸟类的影响还与鸟类的生态习性相关。因此可以通过优化生境结构、改变绿地面积及乔木组成来提高城市鸟类多样性。     

浙江温州地区4种雀形目鸟类消化道形态特征比较

食性是影响鸟类消化系统形态结构的重要因子之一.本文对丝光椋鸟Sturnus sericeus、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、小鹀Emberiza pusilla及红头长尾山雀Aegithalos concinnus 4种雀形目鸟类的消化道形态结构进行了比较研究.结果发现,4种雀形目鸟类总消化道及各消化器...     

西藏珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区鸟类群落结构与多样性

通过样线法调查并综合有关文献,录得珠峰保护区鸟类342种,并对其鸟类群落结构与多样性进行了分析。其中留鸟218种,夏候鸟67种,冬候鸟43种,旅鸟及迷鸟14种;国家一级保护鸟类8种,二级保护鸟类31种;东洋界132种,古北界156种,广布种54种,特有种19种。多样性指数2.4340,均匀性指数0.4371。研究表明,喜马拉雅山脉将保护区明显阻隔为南坡和北坡两种不同的生态景观。南坡鸟类群落以森林鸟类为主,东洋界成分占67%,垂直分带明显,多样性系数3.3983,均匀度指数0.6396;北坡鸟类群落以湿地和荒漠鸟类为主,古北界成分占77%。呈斑块状分布,多样性指数1.8751,均匀度指数0.4199,南、北坡鸟类群落的相似百分率为15.70,差异显著。     

广东阴那山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性

2012 年10 月－2013 年9 月, 采用固定样线法和样点法对广东阴那山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性进行初步调查, 共记录鸟类175 种, 隶属14 目42 科125 属。其中, 国家Ⅰ级保护种类1 种, 国家Ⅱ级保护种类19 种。按居留类型分类, 夏候鸟34 种, 冬候鸟52 种, 留鸟78 种, 旅鸟11 种; 按动物地理区划分类, 古北界种类67 种, 东洋界种类65 种, 广布性鸟类43 种。该区域鸟类优势种32 种, 多样性指数为4.3929, 优势度为0.0204, 均匀度为0.8506。     

南洞庭湖冬季鸟类群落结构及多样性分析

南洞庭湖冬季常见鸟类共４３种,隶属１０目２１科３５属,其中国家二级保护动物５种,湖南省级保护动物１６种。该地的冬候鸟２４种,留鸟１９种。东洋界鸟类１２种,古北界鸟类２种,广布性鸟类２９种。南洞庭湖冬季鸟类的多样性指数为２．０００８,均匀性指数为０．５３１９。     

桔小实蝇飞行活动节律及其飞行能力

桔小实蝇在野外自然条件下,具有远距离扩散迁移能力。为了探讨桔小实蝇基于其生理生物学所能表达的基础飞行能力,本研究采用飞行磨系统,在实验室可控条件下,测定桔小实蝇飞行的日节律、不同食料饲养下的飞行能力以及多次飞行能力。研究表明:桔小实蝇飞行活动呈现明显的日节律,一天中呈现两个飞行时段,分别为7∶00至15∶00和17∶00至21∶00。不同食料饲养下,取食酵母糖水和糖水的桔小实蝇飞行能力显著强于取食清水。桔小实蝇经营养补充后可进行3-6 d的飞行,累计飞行可持续时间分别为4.21 h和3.74 h、最远飞行距离分别为5.74 km和5.24 km、平均飞行速度1.10 m/s和1.21 m/s。本研究为阐释桔小实蝇长距离迁移扩散成因提供了重要飞行生物学数据。     

鳖的形态学统计分析

利用生物统计学的方法对鳖的形态进行了分析 ,结果如下 :鳖的年龄 (Y)与体重 (X)的一元回归方程为 :Y =0 0 0 736 1X 0 4 534,年龄 (Y)与腹甲长 (X)的一元回归方程为 :Y =0 2 4 59X- 0 5480 ;雌雄鳖尾长差异显著 (P <0 0 5) ,雄鳖体重 (Y)对尾长 (X)的一元回归方程为 :Y =2 56 6 4X - 82 8 6 0 ;野生鳖体重 (Y)对背甲长 (X1)、体高 (X5)、头长 (X8)、眼径 (X9)、口裂 (X12 )等 13个形态学指标的最优多元回归方程为 :Y =880 51 6 79 16X1- 10 6 0 91X5 146 4 72X8- 82 96 6 4X9- 3142 0 9X12 ;控温条件下快速生长鳖体重 (Y)对腹甲宽 (X4 )、体高 (X5)、头发 (X8)、眼间距(X10 )、尾长 (X13)等 13个形态学指标的最优多元回归方程为 :Y =- 97 4 6 38 99X4 30 2 6X5-2 9 34X8 140 83X10 - 30 4 2X13.     

The structural mechanics and evolution of aquaflying birds

Mass‐specific bone strength was examined in the forelimb and hindlimb of 64 species of birds to determine if aquaflying birds (which utilize the wings for propulsion underwater) differ in their skeletal strength compared with other avian taxa. Long bone strengths were estimated from cross‐sectional measurements. Compared with the expectation from geometric similarity, humeral section modulus in volant birds scales nearly isometrically, while femoral strength scales with significant positive allometry. Penguin mass‐specific humeral strength is greatly elevated, but the average humeral strength in species that are propelled by the wings in both air and water do not differ from the values calculated in non‐diving taxa. However, amphibious flyers have gracile femora. Comparative analyses using independent contrasts were utilized to examine the impact of phylogenetic signal. The residual measured for the penguin–procellariiform humeral strength contrast was larger in magnitude (residual of 2.14) than at any other node in the phylogeny. The data strongly indicate that the transition from an amphibious flight condition to a fully aquatic condition involves greater changes in mechanical factors than the transition from purely aerial locomotion to amphibious wing use. There remains the possibility that a historical effect, such as ancestral body size, has impacted the mechanical scaling of penguins. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99 , 687–698.     

Avian higher-level phylogeny: well-supported clades and what we can learn from a phylogenetic analysis of 2954 morphological characters

It has been shown that increased character sampling betters the accuracy of phylogenetic reconstructions in the case of molecular data. A recently published analysis of avian higher-level phylogenetics based on 2954 morphological characters now provides an empirical example to test whether this is also true in the case of morphological characters. Several clades are discussed which are supported by multiple analyses of mutually independent molecular data (sequences of nuclear genes on different chromosomes and mitochondrial genes) as well as morphological apomorphies, but did not result from parsimony analysis of the large morphological data set. Incorrect character scorings in that analysis notwithstanding, it is concluded that in the case of morphological data, increased character sampling does not necessarily better the accuracy of a phylogenetic reconstruction. Because morphological characters usually have a strongly varying complexity, many simple and homoplastic characters may overrule fewer ones of greater phylogenetic significance in large data sets, thus producing a low ratio of phylogenetic signal to 'noise' in the data.     

Morphology and evolution of the wing bullae in South American Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera)

Insects were the first animals to take to the skies, and have been flying for over 320 million years. The order Ephemeroptera is, or at least is part of, the most early-diverging lineage of extant winged insects. The extant species present a very short adult life span, mainly dedicated to reproduction and dispersal of eggs. Mating and egg-laying behavior depend on flight. Wings are structures to fly and as such face a number of physical and physiological challenges. The convex curvature along the anterior–posterior axis of the wing generates a camber that must be carefully regulated. One of the most interesting ways of wing bending is provided by the bullae, which have been defined as short sections of flexible chitin, where the flexion lines cross veins. Although the bullae have been frequently used as taxonomic characters, there is no study focused on their morphology, although their prevalence on the wings of mayflies strongly suggests a role in flight. In order to identify evolutionary trends of these structures within Ephemeroptera, we constructed a matrix with comparative anatomy data of the bullae from whole mounts of the wings of 300 specimens belonging to 70 species of several mayfly families, as well as scanning microscopy samples of selected specimens. We also surveyed the number of bullae and their distribution in the wings of the different species within the South American Leptophlebiidae clade. We optimized the characters onto the latest published phylogeny for Leptophlebiidae.     

细叶益母草(Leonurus sibiricus)叶表面腺毛多样性及发育形态学研究

本文研究了分布在细叶益母草（Ｌｅｏｎｕｒｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ） 叶表面三种腺毛的发育过程,在此基础上,对２细胞头状腺毛、４细胞头状腺毛和８细胞盾状腺毛的多样性特征进行了讨论     

南京地区棉蚜的飞行活动节律及其飞行能力

昆虫的飞行活动规律及飞行能力是研究其能否迁飞的基础。通过采用春季到秋季20 m高空黄盆诱蚜、高空所诱蚜和春季木槿树上有翅蚜的卵巢解剖,以及春夏秋三季田间有翅蚜的吊飞试验等方法,研究了南京地区棉蚜Aphis gossypii的飞行活动节律和飞行能力。结果表明,有翅棉蚜的日羽化高峰出现在19:00～20:00。2001年南京地区棉蚜的春、秋两季迁飞高峰分别在5月8日和10月25日。5月份高空诱集的棉蚜中,95.7%个体的卵巢小管数在7条以下,而木槿上羽化后1天的有翅蚜中有35.2%个体的卵巢小管数在7条以上;高空诱蚜和木槿上蚜的平均卵巢小管数存在极显著差异,分别为3.94±1.65和5.88±1.92。8月中下旬棉田棉蚜存在低空飞行行为,并且出现飞行高峰时有翅蚜的卵巢小管数平均在6条以下,超过6条则停止飞行。羽化后1～2天有翅棉蚜吊飞个体的飞行比率和平均飞行距离表现为春、秋季显著大于夏季,三季的最长飞行距离分别为3.89 km、6.15 km和1.44 km。     

作物根系形态与非生物胁迫耐性关系的研究进展

从水分、铝、磷等非生物胁迫方面综述了作物根系形态与非生物胁迫耐性之间的关系及主要研究进展,阐明了根系形态在作物逆境胁迫中的重要作用,对根系形态性状进行改良将是进一步提高作物产量潜力的重要方面之一。     

继代培养次数对杜梨生根能力和叶形态及其激素水平的影响

为了探索杜梨组培复幼变化规律,对10年生杜梨进行连续继代培养,统计不同继代次数杜梨丛生芽繁殖系数和生根率,观察记录叶片形态变化并测定内源激素含量。结果表明:(1)通过连续继代培养,杜梨丛生芽生根率由0提升到66.70%,繁殖系数由第1代的2.13提升到第10代的4.20。(2)叶片在继代第3次时出现裂刻且随后裂刻程度逐代加深;在继代过程中,丛生芽叶面积和叶脉数显著降低,叶周长和叶形指数呈先下降后上升的变化趋势。(3)丛生芽叶片内源IAA含量在继代第6次时达到46.39 ng·g-1,且显著高于初代丛生芽;随着继代次数的增加,叶片内源ZR呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,内源GA3含量没有发生显著性变化,而内源ABA含量逐渐降低;叶片IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR的值随着继代次数的增加而增加。(4)丛生芽叶片ABA含量和IAA/ZR与其生根率分别呈显著负相关和显著正相关关系,叶片裂刻数和IAA/ABA与生根率均呈现极显著正相关关系,而叶脉数与生根率则呈现极显著负相关关系。研究认为,连续继代培养可显著提高杜梨丛生芽的生根能力,并且与丛生芽叶形和激素含量及其比值有密切的关系,该研究结果为难生根植物无性繁殖以及树木复幼提供了重要技术借鉴。     

Flight of Sharovipteryx mirabilis: the world's first delta-winged glider

The 225 million-year-old reptile Sharovipteryx mirabilis was the world's first delta-winged glider; this remarkable animal had a flight surface composed entirely of a hind-limb membrane. We use standard delta-wing aerodynamics to reconstruct the flight of S. mirabilis demonstrating that wing shape could have been controlled simply by protraction of the femora at the knees, and by variation in incidence of a small forelimb canard. Our method has allowed us to address the question of how identifying realistic glide performance can be used to set limits on aerodynamic design in this small animal. Our novel interpretation of the bizarre flight mode of S. mirabilis is the first based directly on interpretation of the fossil itself and the first grounded in aerodynamics.