鸟类跗跖骨形态结构多样性及其功能分析

鸟类的跗跖骨以其独特的结构特征与其他四足动物跗骨、跖骨相区别。不同类型鸟类之间的生态习性和适应形式相互间存在明显的差异,而与之相对应的跗跖骨的形态结构也产生了多样性分异,形成了鸟类跗跖骨形态结构与对应功能行为的适应性选择。鸟类跗跖骨形态结构多样性的研究不仪为了解不同类型鸟类的生态习性提供证据,也使鸟类后肢骨骼的功能行为学得以逐步完善。特别是通过对现生鸟类跗跖骨形态结构多样性与对应功能的分析,可以此作为研究早期鸟类形态习性的参考依据,同时也可进一步探讨不同地质历史时期鸟类功能行为的演化规律。     

早期鸟类的飞行能力与羽毛的起源

关于鸟类飞行的起源问题,与鸟类的起源问题同样重要。这一问题在学术界主要有两种假说：一种是由美国学S．W．Willistong在1879年提出的地栖起源说（疾走起源说）,另一种是美国学O．C．Marsh在1880年提出的树栖起源说。前通常与鸟类兽脚类起源说相联系,而后往往被认为同鸟类槽齿类起源说有关。     

鸟类的飞行与翼的适应性演化

在现生生物中,具有飞行能力的动物无疑只有鸟类、昆虫和蝙蝠。翅膀是鸟类由陆地飞向天空的工具,鸟类特有的飞行运动方式足在神经系统的控制下由骨骼、肌肉和羽片共同完成的。它的结构和运动方式区别于其他两种动物的飞行器。     

校园绿地植被结构、生境特征与鸟类多样性关系

为提高城市绿地的生态系统服务功能,进一步探索影响城市鸟类多样性的生境因素,本研究以西北农林科技大学校园绿地为对象,基于城市生态单元制图分类系统选取9种不同植被结构共23个绿地,于2018年11月至2019年4月利用样点法和样线法开展每周一轮次的鸟类多样性调查。通过差异性和相关性分析,探讨了植被结构、生境特征对鸟类多样性水平的影响。结果表明,鸟类多样性受绿地水平结构、垂直结构、树种组成等因素的影响;鸟类多度、丰富度、多样性指数均与绿地面积、植物丰富度、植物多样性指数呈显著正相关,鸟类密度与绿地周长、绿地面积呈显著负相关。提出了以提高鸟类多样性为导向的植物群落营建策略,以期为今后的城市绿地规划设计提供理论指导和实践方法。     

昆明城市绿地结构对鸟类多样性的影响

岛屿化的绿地格局对城市鸟类的群落结构及空间分布会产生重要影响。通过样线法和样方法调查昆明城区19块绿地内的鸟类种类和数量、乔木种类和数量,结合遥感影像和现场调查,使用ArcGIS分析绿地生境结构,研究了城市绿地与鸟类的关系。结果表明,鸟类种类和数量与绿地面积呈正相关、与绿地距市中心距离无相关性;绿地内水域、硬化地、建筑地面积与鸟类种类和数量呈一定的负相关;乔木种数和食源乔木种数与鸟类种类呈显著正相关;城市绿地结构对鸟类的影响还与鸟类的生态习性相关。因此可以通过优化生境结构、改变绿地面积及乔木组成来提高城市鸟类多样性。     

浙江温州地区4种雀形目鸟类消化道形态特征比较

食性是影响鸟类消化系统形态结构的重要因子之一.本文对丝光椋鸟Sturnus sericeus、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、小鹀Emberiza pusilla及红头长尾山雀Aegithalos concinnus 4种雀形目鸟类的消化道形态结构进行了比较研究.结果发现,4种雀形目鸟类总消化道及各消化器...     

西藏珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区鸟类群落结构与多样性

通过样线法调查并综合有关文献,录得珠峰保护区鸟类342种,并对其鸟类群落结构与多样性进行了分析。其中留鸟218种,夏候鸟67种,冬候鸟43种,旅鸟及迷鸟14种;国家一级保护鸟类8种,二级保护鸟类31种;东洋界132种,古北界156种,广布种54种,特有种19种。多样性指数2.4340,均匀性指数0.4371。研究表明,喜马拉雅山脉将保护区明显阻隔为南坡和北坡两种不同的生态景观。南坡鸟类群落以森林鸟类为主,东洋界成分占67%,垂直分带明显,多样性系数3.3983,均匀度指数0.6396;北坡鸟类群落以湿地和荒漠鸟类为主,古北界成分占77%。呈斑块状分布,多样性指数1.8751,均匀度指数0.4199,南、北坡鸟类群落的相似百分率为15.70,差异显著。     

广东阴那山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性

2012 年10 月－2013 年9 月, 采用固定样线法和样点法对广东阴那山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性进行初步调查, 共记录鸟类175 种, 隶属14 目42 科125 属。其中, 国家Ⅰ级保护种类1 种, 国家Ⅱ级保护种类19 种。按居留类型分类, 夏候鸟34 种, 冬候鸟52 种, 留鸟78 种, 旅鸟11 种; 按动物地理区划分类, 古北界种类67 种, 东洋界种类65 种, 广布性鸟类43 种。该区域鸟类优势种32 种, 多样性指数为4.3929, 优势度为0.0204, 均匀度为0.8506。     

桔小实蝇飞行活动节律及其飞行能力

桔小实蝇在野外自然条件下,具有远距离扩散迁移能力。为了探讨桔小实蝇基于其生理生物学所能表达的基础飞行能力,本研究采用飞行磨系统,在实验室可控条件下,测定桔小实蝇飞行的日节律、不同食料饲养下的飞行能力以及多次飞行能力。研究表明:桔小实蝇飞行活动呈现明显的日节律,一天中呈现两个飞行时段,分别为7∶00至15∶00和17∶00至21∶00。不同食料饲养下,取食酵母糖水和糖水的桔小实蝇飞行能力显著强于取食清水。桔小实蝇经营养补充后可进行3-6 d的飞行,累计飞行可持续时间分别为4.21 h和3.74 h、最远飞行距离分别为5.74 km和5.24 km、平均飞行速度1.10 m/s和1.21 m/s。本研究为阐释桔小实蝇长距离迁移扩散成因提供了重要飞行生物学数据。     

白背飞虱飞行能力的研究

本文采用微机测试系统研究了白背飞虱成虫的飞行能力及其与日龄的关系。成虫飞行能力个体间变异很大,可以分为多种类型。通过比较雌成虫卵巢发育和吊飞飞行能力,为白背飞虱迁飞型给出了可靠指标。长翅型成虫持续飞行10分钟以上定为迁飞型,短于10分钟者定为非迁飞型。在拥挤迁出条件下,长翅型成虫在羽化后3～5天飞行能力最强。最长的一头雌成虫飞行持续1715分钟,达36529.5米。雌成虫的飞行能力随卵巢发育而下降,呈卵子发生一飞行共轭现象。     

鳖的形态学统计分析

利用生物统计学的方法对鳖的形态进行了分析 ,结果如下 :鳖的年龄 (Y)与体重 (X)的一元回归方程为 :Y =0 0 0 736 1X 0 4 534,年龄 (Y)与腹甲长 (X)的一元回归方程为 :Y =0 2 4 59X- 0 5480 ;雌雄鳖尾长差异显著 (P <0 0 5) ,雄鳖体重 (Y)对尾长 (X)的一元回归方程为 :Y =2 56 6 4X - 82 8 6 0 ;野生鳖体重 (Y)对背甲长 (X1)、体高 (X5)、头长 (X8)、眼径 (X9)、口裂 (X12 )等 13个形态学指标的最优多元回归方程为 :Y =880 51 6 79 16X1- 10 6 0 91X5 146 4 72X8- 82 96 6 4X9- 3142 0 9X12 ;控温条件下快速生长鳖体重 (Y)对腹甲宽 (X4 )、体高 (X5)、头发 (X8)、眼间距(X10 )、尾长 (X13)等 13个形态学指标的最优多元回归方程为 :Y =- 97 4 6 38 99X4 30 2 6X5-2 9 34X8 140 83X10 - 30 4 2X13.     

Avian higher-level phylogeny: well-supported clades and what we can learn from a phylogenetic analysis of 2954 morphological characters

It has been shown that increased character sampling betters the accuracy of phylogenetic reconstructions in the case of molecular data. A recently published analysis of avian higher-level phylogenetics based on 2954 morphological characters now provides an empirical example to test whether this is also true in the case of morphological characters. Several clades are discussed which are supported by multiple analyses of mutually independent molecular data (sequences of nuclear genes on different chromosomes and mitochondrial genes) as well as morphological apomorphies, but did not result from parsimony analysis of the large morphological data set. Incorrect character scorings in that analysis notwithstanding, it is concluded that in the case of morphological data, increased character sampling does not necessarily better the accuracy of a phylogenetic reconstruction. Because morphological characters usually have a strongly varying complexity, many simple and homoplastic characters may overrule fewer ones of greater phylogenetic significance in large data sets, thus producing a low ratio of phylogenetic signal to 'noise' in the data.     

细叶益母草(Leonurus sibiricus)叶表面腺毛多样性及发育形态学研究

本文研究了分布在细叶益母草（Ｌｅｏｎｕｒｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ） 叶表面三种腺毛的发育过程,在此基础上,对２细胞头状腺毛、４细胞头状腺毛和８细胞盾状腺毛的多样性特征进行了讨论     

Flight of Sharovipteryx mirabilis: the world's first delta-winged glider

The 225 million-year-old reptile Sharovipteryx mirabilis was the world's first delta-winged glider; this remarkable animal had a flight surface composed entirely of a hind-limb membrane. We use standard delta-wing aerodynamics to reconstruct the flight of S. mirabilis demonstrating that wing shape could have been controlled simply by protraction of the femora at the knees, and by variation in incidence of a small forelimb canard. Our method has allowed us to address the question of how identifying realistic glide performance can be used to set limits on aerodynamic design in this small animal. Our novel interpretation of the bizarre flight mode of S. mirabilis is the first based directly on interpretation of the fossil itself and the first grounded in aerodynamics.     

The Morphology of the Phoronid Phoronopsis harmeri

We studied the morphology and gross anatomy of the phoronid Phoronopsis harmeriusing light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The body of Ph. harmeriis subdivided into several regions: a lophophore, a head, anterior, and posterior parts of the body, and an ampulla. The lophophore is spiral and comprises 0.5 turns. In males, there are lophophoral organs in the tentacular crown; under the lophophore, there is an epithelial fold or collar. The internal organization shows partitioning into three coeloms: the coelom of the epistome, the tentacular coelom, and the trunk coelom. The trunk coelom is divided into a series of chambers by a complex system of mesenteries. The intestine is U-shaped, and the epistome is located above the mouth opening. The circulatory system is closed and consists of the following vessels: the efferent and afferent circular, left and right lateral (efferent), and medial (afferent) vessels. In Ph. harmeri, there is a dorsolateral (afferent) vessel running through the ampulla and the lower part of the posterior trunk region. The excretory system is composed of paired metanephridia that resemble asymmetrical U-shaped tubes. Sexual dimorphism is characteristic of the structure of the distal part of the nephridium, which opens into the body cavity. The nervous system consists of a dorsal nervous field, a circular nerve plexus, and a giant left nerve fiber. Ph. harmeriis a dioecious species; the gametes develop in a vasoperitoneal tissue that envelops the intestine in the posterior part of the trunk region.     

Flight of the dragonflies and damselflies

This work is a synthesis of our current understanding of the mechanics, aerodynamics and visually mediated control of dragonfly and damselfly flight, with the addition of new experimental and computational data in several key areas. These are: the diversity of dragonfly wing morphologies, the aerodynamics of gliding flight, force generation in flapping flight, aerodynamic efficiency, comparative flight performance and pursuit strategies during predatory and territorial flights. New data are set in context by brief reviews covering anatomy at several scales, insect aerodynamics, neuromechanics and behaviour. We achieve a new perspective by means of a diverse range of techniques, including laser-line mapping of wing topographies, computational fluid dynamics simulations of finely detailed wing geometries, quantitative imaging using particle image velocimetry of on-wing and wake flow patterns, classical aerodynamic theory, photography in the field, infrared motion capture and multi-camera optical tracking of free flight trajectories in laboratory environments. Our comprehensive approach enables a novel synthesis of datasets and subfields that integrates many aspects of flight from the neurobiology of the compound eye, through the aeromechanical interface with the surrounding fluid, to flight performance under cruising and higher-energy behavioural modes.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.     

影响腐霉发酵培养中菌丝形态的因素及其与EPA含量的关系

研究了发酵培养中影响腐霉菌丝形态的因素及其与EPA（二十碳五烯酸）含量的关系．结果表明．接种量、起始pH值、温度、添加物对腐霉菌丝形态影响较大,接种量3％-10％,培养温度25-30℃,起始pH4及pH6．5-9,添加植物油能使菌丝保持直径小于5mm的分散小球状态．同时,起始pH值及培养温度显著影响EPA含量．较低pH值和低温培养均有利于菌丝内EPA积累．     

Morphology and the classification of the so-called Cladocera

The validity as a monophyletic taxon of the group of branchiopod crustaceans long regarded as constituting the Cladocera is questioned. This seems in fact to be a heterogeneous assemblage whose members probably merit assignment to four separate orders. The Onychopoda and Haplopoda (the so-called Gymnomera) clearly stand apart from the Ctenopoda and Anomopoda (the so-called Calyptomera) and differ in important respects from each other. While sharing several characters, some doubtless indicative of distant ancestral similarities, others probably convergent, the Ctenopoda and Anomopoda differ in many respects, have clearly evolved along different lines, and are probably much less closely related than is generally assumed.