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1.
Food in general has a high nutrient content, which essentially passes through the human organism and ends up in the sewage system. This high nutrient content in sewage, however, is rarely included in environmental systems analyses of food products or production systems. At the same time, several studies on sewage systems have shown the significance of plant nutrients in sewage system outlets. This means that important environmental effects may be neglected in environmental systems studies of food.
We present a method for including emissions that occur after food consumption in environmental systems analyses of foods. The method uses easily accessible input data to calculate the postconsumption emissions caused by certain food products.
The method was tested by completing the results for eutrophication from seven life-cycle assessments (LCAs) on food products with the corresponding emissions caused by outlets from a sewage plant. The results showed that postconsumption eutrophication was a significant part of the products' total life-cycle impact, ranging from 5.5% (beef) to 86% (apples).
The conclusion is that including postconsumption emissions is important for studies aiming at mapping a product's life cycle to find the most environmentally relevant parts, as well as for eco-labeling purposes. If the purpose of the study is decision support, the postconsumption phase should be included where the decision affects this part of the system, otherwise not. When products are compared, postconsumption emissions should be included if their nutrient contents differ. 相似文献
We present a method for including emissions that occur after food consumption in environmental systems analyses of foods. The method uses easily accessible input data to calculate the postconsumption emissions caused by certain food products.
The method was tested by completing the results for eutrophication from seven life-cycle assessments (LCAs) on food products with the corresponding emissions caused by outlets from a sewage plant. The results showed that postconsumption eutrophication was a significant part of the products' total life-cycle impact, ranging from 5.5% (beef) to 86% (apples).
The conclusion is that including postconsumption emissions is important for studies aiming at mapping a product's life cycle to find the most environmentally relevant parts, as well as for eco-labeling purposes. If the purpose of the study is decision support, the postconsumption phase should be included where the decision affects this part of the system, otherwise not. When products are compared, postconsumption emissions should be included if their nutrient contents differ. 相似文献
2.
K Martinez-Cruz A Sepulveda-Jauregui N Escobar-Orozco F Thalasso 《Journal of microbiological methods》2012,91(1):89-92
Methanogenic activity (MA) tests are commonly carried out to estimate the capability of anaerobic biomass to treat effluents, to evaluate anaerobic activity in bioreactors or natural ecosystems, or to quantify inhibitory effects on methanogenic activity. These activity tests are usually based on the measurement of the volume of biogas produced by volumetric, pressure increase or gas chromatography (GC) methods. In this study, we present an alternative method for non-invasive measurement of methane produced during activity tests in closed vials, based on Infrared Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (MA-TDLAS). This new method was tested during model acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic activity tests and was compared to a more traditional method based on gas chromatography. From the results obtained, the CH(4) detection limit of the method was estimated to 60ppm and the minimum measurable methane production rate was estimated to 1.09(.)10(-3)mgl(-1)h(-1), which is below CH(4) production rate usually reported in both anaerobic reactors and natural ecosystems. Additionally to sensitivity, the method has several potential interests compared to more traditional methods among which short measurements time allowing the measurement of a large number of MA test vials, non-invasive measurements avoiding leakage or external interferences and similar cost to GC based methods. It is concluded that MA-TDLAS is a promising method that could be of interest not only in the field of anaerobic digestion but also, in the field of environmental ecology where CH(4) production rates are usually very low. 相似文献
3.
System expansion and allocation in life cycle assessment of milk and beef production 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Background, Goal and Scope System expansion is a method used to avoid co-product allocation. Up to this point in time it has seldom been used in LCA
studies of food products, although food production systems often are characterised by closely interlinked sub-systems. One
of the most important allocation problems that occurs in LCAs of agricultural products is the question of how to handle the
co-product beef from milk production since almost half of the beef production in the EU is derived from co-products from the
dairy sector. The purpose of this paper is to compare different methods of handling co-products when dividing the environmental
burden of the milk production system between milk and the co-products meat and surplus calves.
Main Features This article presents results from an LCA of organic milk production in which different methods of handling the co-products
are examined. The comparison of different methods of co-product handling is based on a Swedish LCA case study of milk production
where economic allocation between milk and meat was initially used. Allocation of the co-products meat and surplus calves
was avoided by expanding the milk system. LCA data were collected from another case study where the alternative way of producing
meat was analysed, i.e. using a beef cow that produces one calf per annum to be raised for one and a half year. The LCA of
beef production was included in the milk system. A discussion is conducted focussing on the importance of modelling and analysing
milk and beef production in an integrated way when foreseeing and planning the environmental consequences of manipulating
milk and beef production systems.
Results This study shows that economic allocation between milk and beef favours the product beef. When system expansion is performed,
the environmental benefits of milk production due to its co-products of surplus calves and meat become obvious. This is especially
connected to the impact categories that describe the potential environmental burden of biogenic emissions such as methane
and ammonia and nitrogen losses due to land use and its fertilising. The reason for this is that beef production in combination
with milk can be carried out with fewer animals than in sole beef production systems.
Conclusion, Recommendation and Perspective Milk and beef production systems are closely connected. Changes in milk production systems will cause alterations in beef
production systems. It is concluded that in prospective LCA studies, system expansion should be performed to obtain adequate
information of the environmental consequences of manipulating production systems that are interlinked to each other. 相似文献
4.
水足迹国际标准(ISO 14046)于2014年发布,基于生命周期评价(LCA)的思想,水足迹被定义为量化与水相关潜在环境影响的指标。在ISO14046的原则、要求和方法学框架基础上,介绍了工业产品水足迹的计算和评价方法,并以铜电缆和铝合金电缆为例进行研究,分别评价了两类电缆生命周期过程产生的与水相关环境影响。与水足迹网络(WFN)的方法侧重于计算生产产品所需要的水资源总量不同,ISO的方法更关注于产品全生命周期过程的环境影响评价。案例研究表明:铜电缆生命周期全过程耗水量与铝合金电缆相比少24.8%,水短缺足迹相比则少97.9%。这是因为铜电缆生产地江苏的水压力指数(WSI)小于铝合金电缆生产地河北的WSI。由此,在江苏地区生产电缆使用的水资源对当地水环境压力造成的影响远小于在河北地区生产电缆造成的影响。采用科学合理的水足迹评价方法,量化工业产品全生命周期带来的环境影响,能为我国实现工业布局的合理规划和水资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
The biology of resting eggs of monogonont rotifers is reviewed, covering literature published since the last major review by Gilbert (1974). The topics examined include resting egg production, morphology and species specificity, hatching, and evolutionary significance. Four major determinants of resting egg production are identified: mictic female production, male activity and fertility, female susceptibility to fertilization, and fertilized female fecundity. Recent work in these four areas is discussed as well as resting egg production in natural populations. Resting egg morphology, particularly shell structure and internal organization, is compared among species. Recent reports on the control of resting egg hatching in the laboratory are examined and the importance of temperature, light, diet, and salinity is reviewed. Two hatching patterns are contrasted, the first where eggs hatch at regular intervals over extended periods and the second where hatching is synchronized to some environmental cue. A latent period after resting egg formation, during which no hatching occurs, is defined for several species. The adaptive features of resting eggs are outlined including their contribution to genetic variability through recombination, their provision for environmental escape by dormancy, and their colonizing function resulting from their ease of dispersal. The type of cue utilized to initiate mictic female production as well as the pattern of resting egg hatching is related to environmental predictability. 相似文献
6.
Sara González‐García Almudena Hospido Roland Agnemo Patrik Svensson Eva Selling Ma Teresa Moreira Gumersindo Feijoo 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2011,15(4):568-583
The pulp industry plays an important role in the structure of the European economy and society. The production of pulp has been traditionally considered an important source of pollution due to the use of large amounts of chemicals, fuels, and water and its intensive energy consumption. Currently, this situation is changing due to the potential use of biomass to produce value‐added products, which minimizes environmental impacts and increases sustainability. This article uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify and quantify the environmental impacts associated with a Swedish softwood‐based biorefinery where total chlorine‐free (TCF) dissolving cellulose is produced together with ethanol and lignosulfonates. The system was defined according to a cradle‐to‐gate perspective—that is to say, from forest activities to the output of the biorefinery mill. According to the results, forest activities associated with the production of soft roundwood play a minor role in all the environmental impact categories under study. In contrast, the production of chemicals consumed in the cooking and bleaching stages, the sludge treatment generated in the wastewater treatment plant, and the on‐site energy production system were identified as the elements that negatively contribute the most to all impact categories. The production of steam from biorefinery wastes, biogas, and methanol in external boilers reduces the environmental impact in all categories. Specific actions associated with the reuse of wastes and improved gas treatment systems would improve the environmental profile of this production activity. 相似文献
7.
Nematode egg production rates, as mediated by environmental conditions and host status, are important determinants of population development. Rates of egg production by Meloidogyne arenaria varied from 0.48 to 1.0 egg per female per DD₁₀ (degree days above 10 C) in different grape varieties. The length of the egg production period ranged from 550 to 855 DD₁₀ where measurable, and was generally longer in those varieties where the production rate was slow. We hypothesize that if a successful infection site is established, a constant number of eggs is produced if favorable environmental conditions prevail. Mechanistic coupling structures between plant growth and nematode population models are formulated. The nematode population influences metabolite supply through its effect on physiological efficiency and also acts as a metabolic sink; the degree of plant physiological stress influences nematode population development by affecting the sex ratio and egg production rates. 相似文献
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10.
During the last century, a great deal of research and development as well as applications has been devoted to waste. These include waste minimization and treatment, the environmental assessment of waste, minimization of environmental impact, life cycle assessment and others. The major reason for such huge efforts is that waste generation constitutes one of the major environmental problems where production industries are concerned. Until now, an increasing pressure has been put on finding methods of reusing waste, for instance through cleaner production, thus mirroring rapid changes in environmental policies. The palm oil industry is one of the leading industries in Malaysia with a yearly production of more than 13 million tons of crude palm oil and plantations covering 11% of the Malaysian land area. However, the production of such amounts of crude palm oil result in even larger amounts of palm oil mill effluent (POME), estimated at nearly three times the quantity of crude palm oil. Normally, POME is treated using end-of-pipe processes, but it is worth considering the potential value of POME prior to its treatment through introduction of a cleaner production. It is envisaged that POME can be sustainably reused as a fermentation substrate in the production of various metabolites, fertilizers and animal feeds through biotechnological advances. The present paper thus discusses various technically feasible and economically beneficial means of transforming the POME into low or preferably high value added products. 相似文献
11.
Nadia Mirabella Valentina Castellani Serenella Sala 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(5):1036-1047
Purpose
In this study, a life cycle assessment of a bioplastic based diaper was performed. The product has several innovative elements, due to the implementation of eco-design principles, such as: (1) introduction of biopolymers (namely polylactic acid (PLA) and Mater-bi®), (2) relevant reduction of petrochemical plastics, and (3) minimization of energy consumptions and use of renewable energy in manufacturing. The aim of the study is to evaluate the environmental benefits gained through eco-innovation, while identifying further areas of improvement.Methods
The bio-based diaper has been evaluated using a “cradle-to-gate” analysis. The functional unit is one diaper, assuming an average size among the different commercial options. A case study of an enterprise in Italy (WIP S.p.A) was carried out to collect as much reliable primary data as possible. In order to highlight potential areas of improvement and to compare the environmental performance of the product, a sensitivity analysis based on three different impact assessment methods (adopting ReCiPe 2008, IMPACT 2002+ and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED)) and a comparison with a standard commercial diaper were performed. Finally, three possible end-of-life scenarios including composting of WIP diaper were hypothesized and tested.Results and discussion
Contribution analysis suggested that sourcing and production of raw materials used in WIP diaper manufacturing contributed most significantly to the potential environmental impacts. Adopting ReCiPe method, pulp, and sodium polyacrylate present the highest environmental burdens in WIP diaper system. Applying IMPACT2002+ method, PLA relative contribution to the toxicity increases, due to the generation of the electricity used in corn production and in PLA production phases. For both methods, impacts related to energy consumption of the WIP diapers’ production process look to be negligible. WIP diaper performance has room for improvement, since critical points were detected in the life cycle stages of raw materials used. However, the results of the normalization step, according to ReCiPe method, state that WIP diapers can bring environmental benefits, compared to standard ones. Moreover, if composting end-of-life scenario is included in the assessment, there is a significant improvement in WIP diaper environmental performance compared to a standard diaper.Conclusions
Integrating eco-innovation and eco-design principles in the production of the bio-based diaper leads to a better environmental profile, compared to the standard one. Nevertheless, there are several areas of concerns to be considered in order to further improve its environmental performance. So far, the possible improvements identified from the case study are: (1) the selection of biopolymers suppliers with better production systems from an environmental point of view, (2) the reduction of distances along the supply chain, and (3) the implementation of composting procedures for the end of life. In conclusion, the introduction of biopolymers in diaper composition could lead them to be preferable compared to standard diapers, but criticisms arise, which need to be solved, to avoid the risk of burdens shifting. 相似文献12.
Environmental problems, such as global warming, the limited supply of sustainable energy, the depletion of natural resources, hazardous emissions released into the atmosphere and waste, are increasing global concerns. Therefore, individuals, communities, and businesses need to address environmental protection and sustainability. Environmental impact assessments are needed to identify, mitigate, and control aspects that affect the environment or a company's products, services, or activities. In this study, a general environmental aspect and impact assessment approach, which can be applied to any company that is involved in the production or service sector, is created. An environmental impact pattern that consists of 10 main and 32 sub-categories was formed based on the ISO 14001, environmental studies and field applications. The developed approach was applied to the dyeing units of a manufacturing firm. Sixteen environmental aspects were identified and assessed using the environmental impact template via the environmental failure mode and effect analysis (E-FMEA) method. The developed-approach can be applied to each sector, which will enable us to perform a detailed analysis of the environmental aspects in the environmental impact category. This approach provides a checklist for the environmental impact studies of businesses and has been pioneered as an effective method for company resources to improve their environmental performance. 相似文献
13.
Surface-active lipids in rhodococci 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Like other hydrocarbon-oxidising bacteria, rhodococci respond to the presence of alkanes by producing biosurfactant molecules to improve their ability to utilise these hydrophobic compounds as growth substrates. In the rhodococci these surfactants are predominantly glycolipids, the majority of which remain cell-bound during unrestricted growth. Most work has been done on the trehalose mycolates formed by Rhodococcus erythropolis, but nitrogen- limited conditions lead to the production of anionic trehalose tetraesters also.As surfactants, these compounds, whether purified or in crude form, are able to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 mN m-1 to a low of 26, thus making them among the most potent biosurfactants known. They are also able to reduce the interfacial tension between water and a hydrophobic phase (e.g. n- hexadecane) from 43 mN m-1 to values less than one (Table 1). Biosurfactants have about a ten- to 40-fold lower critical micelle concentration than synthetic surfactants. Such properties suggest a range of industrial applications, where a variety of surface-active characteristics are appropriate. Interest in biosurfactants as industrial chemicals results from the toxicity of many petrochemical-derived surfactants. Currently world-wide surfactant production is on a very large scale, and the demand for them is increasing. However, the drive towards less environmentally damaging chemicals makes biosurfactants attractive as they have lower toxicity.The reason they have not achieved a significant market share is the cost of production, which is considerably higher than for synthetic surfactants. This problem is being addressed using several strategies. An approach where there is great scope for improvement with the rhodococci is an understanding of the genetic basis of glycolipid production, which is largely unknown. They may find applications in the near future in the environmental remediation industries, where the requirement for purified molecules is of less importance.This review summarises knowledge of the chemistry, biochemistry and production of Rhodococcus surface-active lipids. Where they have been used, or there is potential for use, in industrial applications is discussed. 相似文献
14.
Kamalaporn Phumpradab Shabbir H. Gheewala Masayuki Sagisaka 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(4):354-363
Background, aim, and scope The main primary energy for electricity in Thailand is natural gas, accounting for 73% of the grid mix. Electricity generation
from natural gas combustion is associated with substantial air emissions. The two technologies currently used in Thailand,
thermal and combined cycle power plant, have been evaluated for the potential environmental impacts in a “cradle-to-grid”
study according to the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of each process
of the natural gas power production over the entire life cycle and compares two different power plant technologies currently
used in Thailand, namely, combined cycle and thermal.
Materials and methods LCA is used as a tool for the assessment of resource consumption and associated impacts generated from utilization of natural
gas in power production. The details follow the methodology outlined in ISO 14040. The scope of this research includes natural
gas extraction, natural gas separation, natural gas transmission, and natural gas power production. Most of the inventory
data have been collected from Thailand, except for the upstream of fuel oil and fuel transmission, which have been computed
from Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation version 1.7 and Global Emission Model for Integrated
Systems version 4.3. The impact categories considered are global warming, acidification, photochemical ozone formation, and
nutrient enrichment potential (NEP).
Results The comparison reveals that the combined cycle power plant, which has a higher efficiency, performs better than the thermal
power plant for global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (ACP), and photochemical ozone formation potential
(POCP), but not for NEP where the thermal power plant is preferable.
Discussion For the thermal power plant, the most significant environmental impacts are from power production followed by upstream of
fuel oil, natural gas extraction, separation, and transportation. For the combined cycle power plant, the most significant
environmental impacts are from power production followed by natural gas extraction, separation, and transportation. The significant
difference between the two types of power production is mainly from the combustion process and feedstock in power plant.
Conclusions The thermal power plant uses a mix of natural gas (56% by energy content) and fuel oil (44% by energy content); whereas, the
combined cycle power plant operates primarily on natural gas. The largest contribution to GWP, ACP, and NEP is from power
production for both thermal as well as combined cycle power plants. The POCP for the thermal power plant is also from power
production; whereas, for combined cycle power plant, it is mainly from transmission of natural gas.
Recommendations and perspectives In this research, we have examined the environmental impact of electricity generation technology between thermal and combined
cycle natural gas power plants. This is the overview of the whole life cycle of natural gas power plant, which will help in
decision making. The results of this study will be useful for future power plants as natural gas is the major feedstock being
promoted in Thailand for power production. Also, these results will be used in further research for comparison with other
feedstocks and power production technologies. 相似文献
15.
16.
Distinguishing error from chaos in ecological time series 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
G Sugihara B Grenfell R M May 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》1990,330(1257):235-251
Over the years, there has been much discussion about the relative importance of environmental and biological factors in regulating natural populations. Often it is thought that environmental factors are associated with stochastic fluctuations in population density, and biological ones with deterministic regulation. We revisit these ideas in the light of recent work on chaos and nonlinear systems. We show that completely deterministic regulatory factors can lead to apparently random fluctuations in population density, and we then develop a new method (that can be applied to limited data sets) to make practical distinctions between apparently noisy dynamics produced by low-dimensional chaos and population variation that in fact derives from random (high-dimensional) noise, such as environmental stochasticity or sampling error. To show its practical use, the method is first applied to models where the dynamics are known. We then apply the method to several sets of real data, including newly analysed data on the incidence of measles in the United Kingdom. Here the additional problems of secular trends and spatial effects are explored. In particular, we find that on a city-by-city scale measles exhibits low-dimensional chaos (as has previously been found for measles in New York City), whereas on a larger, country-wide scale the dynamics appear as a noisy two-year cycle. In addition to shedding light on the basic dynamics of some nonlinear biological systems, this work dramatizes how the scale on which data is collected and analysed can affect the conclusions drawn. 相似文献
17.
Guillaume Habert 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(1):113-126
Purpose
The most efficient way to reduce the environmental impact of cement production is to replace Portland cement with alternative cementitious materials. These are most often industrial waste such as blast-furnace slags (GBFS) and coal combustion fly ashes (FA). However, a recent European directive no longer considers these products as waste but as by-products. Therefore, the impact of their production has to be considered. Within this new framework, this study develops an evaluation method of their environmental impacts.Method
This paper presents pre-existing methods and underlines their limits. Through our evaluation of these methods, it has become clear that the allocation procedure is necessary; however, results depend highly on the chosen allocation procedure. This study presents a new allocation method, based on the fact that both cement and the alternative materials, GBFS and FA, are produced by energy-intensive industries (cement iron and coal) which are all subjected to the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading System. In this carbon trading system, it is economically beneficial for industries to reduce their environmental impact, like for when, by example, by-products from one industry are used as alternative ‘green’ material by another industry. Our allocation coefficient is calculated so that the economic gains and losses are the same for all of the industries involved in these exchanges and provides the overall environmental benefit of the exchanges.Results and discussion
The discussion shows that whilst this method has much in common with other allocation methods, it is more accurate as it allocates the environmental costs fairly over the industries involved and is more robust because of its constant value. One of its limits is that it cannot be used for life cycle inventories; however, we test the possibility of choosing a coefficient from one impact category and applying it to all the others.Conclusion
Lastly, the technical term of the equation this paper presents could be employed for consequential life cycle assessment, to calculate the most environmental uses by-products could be put to. 相似文献18.
《Process Biochemistry》2010,45(12):1937-1943
We are facing serious environmental challenges, and environmental biotechnology is an enabling technology to reduce or eliminate pollution. In recent years, environmental pollution in China has been receiving great attention, and this paper provides an up-to-date review on progress in biodegradation research in China. This progress includes the isolation of extremophilic microorganisms for pollutant degradation in extreme conditions and the study of genes and enzymes related to biodegradation pathways. Biodegradation engineering has potential as an interesting and powerful platform, where genetic engineering, process engineering, and signal transduction engineering are applied together. In addition, pollutant treatment combined with the production of renewable sources of bioenergy by microorganisms is attractive. 相似文献
19.
Life cycle assessment of a multi-material car component 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Catarina Ribeiro José V. Ferreira Paulo Partidário 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(5):336-345
Background, Aims and Scope In recent years, the automotive industry has been experiencing an increasing concern with environmental requirements. A particular
focus is being given to light-weighting of cars, to reducing fuel consumption and to the use of different recycling materials.
Consequently, decisions on product design and development must involve economic and technological as well as environmental
considerations. In adequate conditions, the LCA methodology enables one to assist an effective integration of the environmental
considerations in the decision-making process [1]. In this paper, a multi-material car component which is part of the current
automotive brake system, has been modified by its original manufacturer. Such a modification included the use of a new multi-material
injection moulding process and the consumption of recyclable materials. The new and the current component were comparatively
assessed throughout their life cycles in order to evaluate their respective environmental impacts and, thus, to verify if
the new component offers a lower environmental load. The results described in this paper are part of the outcome of a broader
research project involving industrial companies, university, technological centres and research institutes based in Portugal,
Spain and Germany.
Main Features The car component under focus has four subcomponents whose base materials consist of steel and plastic. The LCA methodology
is used to evaluate two scenarios describing the new car component, on the one hand, and the reference scenario, which consists
of the existing car component, on the other. The former results from the selection of new subcomponents materials, aiming
to use a new production process together with a recycling strategy.
Results and Discussion The inventory analysis shows a lower energy consumption in the alternative scenario (4.2 MJ) compared to the reference scenario
(6.1 MJ). Most of that energy is still non-renewable, relating in particular to crude consumption in the car use phase and
in the production phase (transports and plastics production). The life cycle inventory analysis indicates also that the alternative
scenario has lower air emissions of CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, NM VOC and PM10, as well as lower solid wastes and water emissions of oils and BOD5. Otherwise, the water emissions of undissolved
substances and COD are higher for the alternative scenario. Most of the energy consumed and the air pollutants inventoried
occur as a consequence of the use phase. Otherwise, for most of the life cycle water emissions inventoried and solid wastes,
the production phase is the major contributor. The impact assessment, performed with the CML method, allows one to conclude
that the alternative scenario exhibits lower results in all the impact categories. Both scenarios have similar environmental
profiles, being: (i) the use phase, the major contributor for the abiotic depletion, global warming, photochemical oxidation,
acidification and eutrophication; and (ii) the production phase, the main contributor for ozone depletion, human toxicity,
fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity. The sensitivity analysis, with respect
to the fuel consumption reduction value, the impact assessment method and the final disposal scenario, performed in this study
allows one to confirm, as a main conclusion, that the alternative scenario is environmentally preferable to the reference
scenario.
Conclusion The results obtained through the application of the LCA methodology enable one to conclude that the alternative component
has a lower environmental load than the reference component.
Recommendations and Perspectives Considering that the time required for the inventory data collection is a critical issue in LCA practise, the insights provided
by this particular case study are likely to be useful to product developers in the car component manufacturing industry, particularly
to brake system manufacturers supporting the environmental design within the sector. 相似文献
20.
Nicholas P. Lavery David J. Jarvis Stephen G. R. Brown Nicholas J. Adkins Benjamin P. Wilson 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(2):362-376