Comparison of selenium level and glutathione peroxidase activity in tissues of vitamin B6-deficient rats fed sodium selenite or DL-selenomethionine

The effect of vitamin B₆ on the levels of tissue selenium (Se) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was studied. Male Wistar 4-week-old rats were fed a vitamin B₆-Se-deficient basal diet for 2 weeks, then divided into 10 groups of five or six rats and fed their respective diets for 4 weeks. The experimental design was a 2×2×2 factorial with two levels of vitamin B₆, two forms of Se, and two levels of Se, plus two extra groups (vitamin B₆-supplemented and deficient without Se). Vitamin B₆ was 0 and 250 μg pyridoxine-HCl/100 g of diet; Se forms were Na₂SeO₃ and DL-selenomethionine; Se levels were 0.5 and 5.0 mg Se/kg of diet. Regardless of form or level of Se, vitamin B₆-deficient rats had lower body weights and organ weights than vitamin B₆-supplemented rats. At 5.0 mg Se/kg of diet, Na₂SeO₃ caused a further depression. Vitamin B₆ deficiency resulted in a higher Se level and GSH-Px activity in plasma of rats fed selenomethionine. However, Se content an GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes were significantly elevated in vitamin B₆-supplemented rats compared with vitamin B₆-deficient rats. Se levels in muscle and heart were significantly lower in vitamin B₆-deficient groups fed Na₂SeO₃ than in vitamin B₆-supplemented groups. Vitamin B₆-deficient rats fed selenomethionine had higher Se levels in muscle, heart, spleen, liver, and kidneys than vitamin B₆-supplemented rats. Activity of GSH-Px in muscle, heart, and spleen was significantly lower in vitamin B₆-deficient groups than in vitamin B₆-supplemented groups, regardless of form of Se. A significant decrease of GSH-Px in liver was observed in vitamin B₆-deficient rats fed selenomethionine compared with vitamin B₆-supplemented rats, whereas no significant decrease was observed in those fed Na₂SeO₃. These results suggest that vitamin B₆ is involved in the distribution and transportation of Se in body and the metabolism of selenomethionine in liver.     

Study on the mechanism of the BtuF periplasmic-binding protein for vitamin B12

BtuF is the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) that binds vitamin B₁₂ and delivers it to the periplasmic surface of the ABC transporter BtuCD. PBPs generally exhibit considerable conformational changes during ligand binding process, however, BtuF belongs to a subclass of PBPs that, doesn't show such behavior on the basis of the crystal structures. Employing steered molecular dynamics on the B₁₂-bound BtuF, we investigated the energetics and mechanism of BtuF. A potential of mean force along the postulated vitamin B₁₂ unbinding pathway was constructed through Jarzynski's equality. The large free energy differences of the postulated B₁₂ unbinding process suggests the B₁₂-bound structure is in a stable closed state and some conformation changes may be necessary to the B₁₂ unbinding. From the result of the principal component analysis, we found the BtuF-B₁₂ complex shows clear opening-closing and twisting motion tendencies which may facilitate the unbinding of B₁₂ from the binding pocket. The intrinsic flexibility of BtuF was also explored, and it's suggested the Trp44-Gln45 pair, which is situated at the mouth of the B₁₂ binding pocket, may act as a gate in the B₁₂ binding and unbinding process.     

生物炭与氮肥配施对牡丹叶片氮素营养和籽粒品质的影响

利用田间小区试验,设计生物炭用量为0(B₀)、1 kg·m^-2(B₁)、2 kg·m^-2(B₂)3个水平,氮肥用量为0(N₀)、40 g·m^-2(N₁)、60 g·m^-2(N₂)3个水平, 即B₀N₀、B₀N₁、B₀N₂、B₁N₀、B₁N₁、B₁N₂、B₂N₀、B₂N₁和B₂N₂共9个处理,研究了生物炭与氮肥配施对牡丹叶片的氮素积累、叶片氮素向籽粒转移、籽粒蛋白氮、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量,以及籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明: 生物炭与氮肥配施增加了牡丹不同发育时期叶片中蛋白氮和非蛋白氮含量,以及叶片氮素向籽粒的转移量和籽粒氮素积累量.与B₀N₀处理相比,B₁N₁处理叶片氮素转移量和籽粒氮素积累量分别增加27.6%和27.1%;B₁N₁和B₂N₁处理牡丹籽粒百粒重和籽粒产量分别增加13.6%和16.4%,其中籽粒产量在B₁N₁、B₁N₂、B₂N₁和B₂N₂处理间差异不显著;B₂N₁和B₁N₂处理牡丹籽粒蛋白氮和总氨基酸含量较高,分别增加29.3%和36.2%.生物炭与氮肥配施增加了牡丹籽粒中总脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量,其中,B₂N₁处理总脂肪酸含量较高, 比B₀N₀处理增加了17.4%.生物炭与氮肥配施能够增加牡丹叶片氮素积累量和叶片氮素向籽粒的转移量,增加籽粒产量,提高牡丹籽粒蛋白氮、氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量,其中以生物炭1 kg·m^-2与氮肥40 g·m^-2配施效果较好.     

透明颤菌vgb基因在脱氮假单胞菌中的表达及对维生素B12合成的碳中心代谢流分析

在为维生素B₁₂生产菌株脱氮假单胞菌确立合适的接合转移操作条件的基础上,通过单交换的方式,将vgb基因整合到脱氮假单胞菌染色体上,获得了vgb重组菌株Pvgb-16,并通过¹³C同位素标记实验,探索VHb蛋白对脱氮假单胞菌碳中心代谢流变化和维生素B₁₂合成的影响。研究结果表明,在相同的供氧条件下,vgb重组菌株Pvgb-16拥有更高的比生长速率和比产物合成速率,与出发菌株相比分别提升了22%和52%。碳代谢通量分布分析表明,vgb重组菌株Pvgb-16的PP途径改善,提升了NADPH合成通量;甘氨酸由甜菜碱合成的通量上升,促进了前体物质氨基乙酰丙酸的合成,进一步加速维生素B₁₂的合成。总体来看,含vgb基因的重组菌株与出发菌株相比在促进菌体的生长、维生素B₁₂的合成速率及得率上都有显著效果,对进一步的发酵生产应用研究具有重要意义。     

磷肥施用方式及类型对冬小麦产量和磷素吸收的影响

采用田间微区试验研究不同磷肥施用方式和种类对冬小麦生长和当季磷素吸收的影响.磷肥种类为磷酸二氢钙(MCP)和磷酸氢二铵(DAP),施用方式包括表面撒施,种子正下方5 cm条施,种子下方5 cm、偏3 cm条施,种子下方5 cm、偏10 cm条施,种子正下方20%土体混施5种.结果表明: 种子正下方5 cm条施对小麦的增产效果最高,其中磷酸二氢钙的产量达到7.63 t·hm^-2,磷酸氢二铵的产量达到7.99 t·hm^-2,分别较农民习惯撒施方式增产10.3%和10.7%.在5种施磷方式中,偏10 cm条施的小麦产量最低(6.60～6.77 t·hm^-2).种子正下方5 cm条施和20%土体混施处理的小麦总吸磷量均处于较高水平(34.4～35.6 kg·hm^-2),偏10 cm条施在小麦各生长阶段的吸磷量均显著低于其他施磷方式,但磷酸氢二铵偏10 cm条施的小麦总吸磷量较磷酸二氢钙高11.9%.表明将磷肥近距离集中施用于种子附近为该地区较为合理的施磷方式,在偏远距离条施下磷酸氢二铵对小麦的磷素吸收利用效果优于磷酸二氢钙.     

Disruption of the kinin B1 receptor gene affects potentiating effect of captopril on BK-induced contraction in mice stomach fundus

A transgenic mouse model, deficient in kinin B₁ receptor (B₁^−/−) was used to evaluate the role of B₂ receptor in the smooth muscle stomach fundus. The results showed that the potency of bradykinin (BK) to induce contraction in the gastric tissue was maintained whereas the efficacy was markedly reduced. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril potentiated BK-induced effect in wild type (WT) but not in B₁^−/− fundus. However, ACE activity detected by the convertion of Ang I to Ang II was inhibited by captopril in both types of gastric tissues. Taking into account the hypothesis that captopril and ACE bind to the B₂ receptor, we suggest that this complex was not formed in the stomach deficient in B₁ receptor. Therefore, our finding strongly support the hypothesis that in smooth muscles that constitutively express the kinin B₁ and B₂ receptors, an interaction between captopril and ACE, B₁ and B₂ receptors should occur forming a complex protein interaction for the potentiating effect of ACE on kinin receptors.     

吡虫啉对水稻体内条纹病毒的胁迫效应

水稻条纹叶枯病为灰飞虱(SBPH)传播的一种病毒病,前些年在长江流域尤其江苏地区暴发成灾.为探讨杀虫剂吡虫啉对水稻体内条纹病毒(rice stripe virus,RSV)的胁迫效应,本研究模拟大面积生产上的用药方式,在灰飞虱传毒48 h后对稻苗分别施药1、2、3和4次(以B₁、B₂、B₃和B₄表示),以实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)和蛋白免疫印痕(Western blotting, WB)等方法对稻苗中RSV NS3、CP、SP、NSvc4等4种基因的表达和CP、SP两种蛋白的含量进行分期检测.结果表明: 1)吡虫啉影响4种基因的表达,且其影响程度与施药强度及基因类型有关:有3个处理NS3基因表达水平上调,其中施药4次、接虫后16 d\[以(B₄, 16 d)表示,下同\]的表达水平最高,达10.86,其他处理的NS3基因表达都明显受到抑制.几乎所有B₂和B₃处理都使CP、SP和NSvc4基因的表达受到明显抑制,其相对表达水平为0～0.74;而B₁和B₄的一半处理明显促进其上调,其中(B₁, 16 d)和(B₄, 16 d)SP基因的表达量最高,分别为258.89和730.54.2)吡虫啉对CP、SP基因和CP、SP蛋白表达模式的胁迫效应不同,如(B₁, 19 d)CP基因几乎没有表达(0),但其相应的CP蛋白却明显上调(23.08)
.
     

Evaluation of activity of selected antioxidants on proteins in solution and in emulsions

Protection against protein oxidation by lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in model systems using bovine serum albumin (BSA) in solution alone, or in an emulsion with linolenic acid methyl ester (LnMe) was found to be strongly dependent on the oxidation initiator. Tocopherol, Trolox, or the carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin were incubated with BSA or BSA/LnMe and oxidation was initiated either with the water-soluble azo-initiator 2,2' azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH), or FeCl₃ and ascorbate, or the Fenton system using FeCl₂/EDTA/H₂O₂, or with the singlet oxygen generating species anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid disodium 1,4 endoperoxide (NDPO₂).

The results show that all the antioxidants tested were inefficient in the system with FeCl₃/ascorbate. However, with the other initiating agents, the hydrophilic antioxidant, Trolox, was the most effective in preventing both protein and lipid oxidation. In contrast the lipophilic antioxidants were ineffective in preventing oxidation of BSA in aqueous solution, but did show some moderate antioxidative activity on protein and lipid in the BSA/LnMe system. Using the singlet oxygen generating system it was also demonstrated that Trolox always provided better protection of the protein than tocopherol and the carotenoids in both the BSA and the BSA/LnMe systems. In conclusion, prevention of protein oxidation using a water-soluble antioxidant has a protective effect on the lipid fraction and this approach deserves further attention in complex biological systems.     

Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Formation of Free Radicals From Aflatoxin B1

Formation of free radicals from aflatoxin B₁ was demonstrated in systems of a) NADPH/microsome, b) H₂O₂/peroxidase, c) UV irradiation, d) silver oxide oxidation and e) alkaline dimethyl sulfoxide. In a) to c), radical spots were detected in thin-layer chromatograms. Among several known metabolites of aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin M₁ was active in generation of free radical. These results suggest a possible role of free radical metabolites in the cytotoxicity of this hepatocarcinogen.     

Excitation and deexcitation processes of Eu(III) benzo-15-crown-5 complex studied on comparing with its first coordination sphere

The coordination sphere and the deexcitation mechanism of the Eu(III) benzo-15-crown-5 complex, Eu(B15C5), were studied with references of the Eu(III) complexes with a similar coordination sphere; the dibenzo-18-crown-6 complex, Eu₃(B₂18C6)₂, and the cryptand[2.2.1] complex, Eu([2.2.1]). NMR spectroscopy reveals that the Eu(B15C5) complex is quite stable in acetonitrile solution whereas only 40% of the Eu(III) ion forms the complex in the equimolar Eu(NO₃)₃ and B₂18C6 acetonitrile solution. The coordination sphere of the Eu(III) complexes in acetonitrile solutions were also discussed by the degenerate ⁷F₀→⁵D₀ transition energy levels. The Eu(B15C5) have a negative shift compared with the europium(III) nitrate in acetonitrile and it is explained by the coordination of both nitrate ions and the crown ether ligand. Energy transfer from the n–π* excited state located in the catechol structure to the central europium ion was first observed as the sensitized luminescence of ⁵D₀→⁷F_J. The excited state lifetime of the Eu(B15C5) complex was first determined as 201 μs in the present study.     

Kinetic and structural evidence for the identification of 11-hydroxythromboxane B2 dehydrogenase as cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase

We have recently purified 11-hydroxythromboxane B₂ dehydrogenase from porcine kidney and identified it as cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) based on amino acid analysis and other protein characteristics. In the present paper we have studied the catalytic interaction of thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) with different aldehyde substrates and a potent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, disulfiram. TXB₂ was a competitive inhibitor of the aldehyde dehydrogenase reaction in assays with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a high affinity substrate. The conversion of TXB₂ to 11-dehydro-TXB₂ was also inhibited by propanal and disulfiram.

The protein characteristics of the enzyme have also been further studied. The native enzyme is a tetramer and has an isoelectric point of 7.0 which is comparable with that of cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases from other species. Taken together the present data further indicate that 11-hydroxythromboxane B₂ dehydrogenase is identical with cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase and that substrates and inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenase interact with thromboxane metabolism in vitro.     

生物炭和EM菌对黄河三角洲盐碱地田菁生长和光合特性的影响

为揭示生物炭和EM菌对黄河三角洲田菁生长和光合作用的影响,通过盆栽试验,进行不同EM菌处理(不添加EM菌,EM-;添加EM菌,EM+)和不同水平生物炭处理(0,B₀;0.5%,B₁;1.5%,B₂;3%,B₃;生物炭质量/土壤质量),测定田菁生长指标、光合光响应曲线和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明: 在生物炭和EM菌及其交互处理中,EM+B₃处理效果最好,其中田菁株高、基径和总生物量比EM-B₀分别显著增加69.5%、90.0%和141.1%。生物炭和EM菌显著改善田菁的光合作用,EM+B₃处理田菁的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度比EM-B₀分别提高93.8%、35.1%、43.4%、34.8%。生物炭和EM菌有效改善叶绿素荧光参数,EM+B₃处理的潜在光化学效率、实际光化学效率、表观光合电子传递效率和非光化学淬灭系数比EM-B₀分别显著提高25.8%、31.5%、37.2%和56.8%。田菁的生长指标、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数在EM+处理下随着生物炭量的增加而增大,而在EM-处理下B₃出现抑制现象。添加EM菌和3%生物炭(EM+B₃)有助于提高田菁光合能力和叶绿素荧光特性,拓宽叶片的光照生态幅,增强保水抗旱性能,促进田菁的生长。     

Reaction pH and protein affect the oxidation products of beta-pentagalloyl glucose

To better understand the biochemical consequences when polymeric polyphenols serve as biological antioxidants, we studied how reaction pH (pH 2.1-7.4) and protein affected the oxidation of pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) by NaIO₄ in aqueous solution. PGG oxidation produced an o-semiquinone radical intermediate, which tended to form polymeric products at pH values below 5, and o-quinones at higher pH. The model protein bovine serum albumin promoted the formation of quinone even at low pH. Two other polyphenols, procyanidin (epicatechin₁₆-(4→8)-catechin) and epigallocatechin gallate, had similar pH-dependent oxidation patterns.     

Bradykinin dilates rat middle cerebral artery and its large branches via endothelial B2 receptors and release of nitric oxide

Ring segments of rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) were prepared for measurement of isometric force and precontracted with 10⁻⁴ M uridine triphosphate (UTP). Concentration-effect curves (CEC) were constructed for bradykinin (BK, 10⁻⁸–10⁻⁵ M) in segments with functionally intect (E+) or denuded (E−) endothelium. E− segments did not dilate to BK. The BK receptor was characterized by application of specific B₁ or B₂ antagonists [des-Arg⁹-Leu⁸] BK (10⁻⁵ M) and [ -Arg⁰-Hyp³-Thi⁵- -Tic⁷-Oic⁸] BK (HOE140,3 × 10⁻⁷ M), respectively, or B₁ agonist [des-Arg⁹] BK (10⁻⁸–10⁻⁴ M). Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) was tested with N^G-nitro- -arginine (LNNA, 10⁻⁴ M). BK induced concentration-dependent relaxation with a maximal effect (E_max) of 40.86 ± 1.50% at 10⁻⁶ M and a pD₂ (−log₁₀ EC₅₀) of 6.818 ± 0.044. This relaxation could be prevented with HOE140 or LNNA, but was not influenced by [des-Arg⁹-Leu⁸] BK. [des-Arg⁹] BK did not induce any effect. These results demonstrate that BK induced relaxation via endothelial B₂ receptors and release of NO in isolated rat MCA.     

Characteristics of thermoluminescence bands of intact leaves and isolated chloroplasts in relation to the watersplitting activity in photosynthesis

Plant materials (intact leaves, chloroplasts or subchloroplast particles) preilluminated at a low temperature (e.g. −60°C) were rapidly cooled to −196°C and then the luminescence emitted from the sample on raising the temperature was measured as a function of temperature, by means of a sensitive photo-electron counting technique. Mature spinach leaves showed five luminescence bands at different temperatures which were denoted as Z_v, A, B₁, B₂ and C bands. The A, B₁, B₂ and C bands appeared at constant temperatures, −10, +25, +40 and +55°C, respectively, being independent of the illumination temperature, but the Z_v band appeared at a variable temperature slightly higher than the illumination temperature. The B₁ and B₂ bands were absent in the thermoluminescence profiles of samples devoid of the oxygenevolving activity, such as heat-treated spinach leaves, wheat leaves greened under intermittent illumination and photosystem-II particles prepared with Triton X-100. It was deduced that these luminescence bands arise from the energy stored by the electron flow in photosystem II to evolve oxygen, and other bands were ascribed to charge-separation in some other sites not related to the oxygen evolving system.     

Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes

Vitamin B(6) (pyridoxine) supplementation has been found beneficial in preventing diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy, and the glycosylation of proteins. Oxygen radicals and oxidative damage have been implicated in the cellular dysfunction and complications of diabetes. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that pyridoxine (P) and pyridoxamine (PM) inhibit superoxide radical production, reduce lipid peroxidation and glycosylation, and increase the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in high glucose-exposed red blood cells (RBC). Superoxide radical production was assessed by the reduction of cytochrome C by glucose in the presence and absence of P or PM in a cell-free buffered solution. To examine cellular effects, washed normal human RBC were treated with control and high glucose concentrations with and without P or PM. Both P and PM significantly lowered lipid peroxidation and glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1)) formation in high glucose-exposed RBC. P and PM significantly prevented the reduction in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in high glucose-treated RBC. Thus, P or PM can inhibit oxygen radical production, which in turn prevents the lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity reduction induced by the hyperglycemia. This study describes a new biochemical mechanism by which P or PM supplementation may delay or inhibit the development of complications in diabetes.     

覆膜与滴灌对河套灌区玉米花粒期叶片光合特征的影响

光合作用是作物生长发育和产量形成的基础,栽培方式和土壤含水量变化显著影响作物的光合作用.灌浆期和乳熟期是玉米花粒期2个重要阶段,是玉米籽粒形成和干物质积累的关键时期.通过大田试验研究了河套灌区不同覆膜方式与滴灌水平对不同生育时期玉米光合特征及产量的影响.结果表明: 灌浆期玉米叶片光合特征在不同处理下无显著差异,乳熟期净光合速率和蒸腾速率在半覆膜(B₂)和全覆膜(Q₂)滴灌水平2(350 mm)处理下均显著高于半覆膜(B₁)和全覆膜(Q₁)滴灌水平1(200 mm),并且B₁和Q₁处理下灌浆期叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及气孔导度等显著高于乳熟期.不同处理下灌浆期和乳熟期叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率,灌浆期的气孔导度以及乳熟期的水分利用效率等在日变化上存在着同步关系,均呈现出倒“U”型的日变化特征,而胞间CO₂浓度则呈现相反的变化趋势.逐步回归分析显示,光合有效辐射、大气温度和空气相对湿度等气象因子是影响玉米叶片光合特征的主要环境因子.此外,B₂和Q₂处理下玉米产量显著高于B₁和Q₁处理(分别增加了29.3%和50.9%),但B₁和Q₁处理间并无显著差异.这表明与覆膜方式相比,滴灌水平对干旱地区玉米产量的影响更大.     

生物炭对塿土水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响

试验设生物炭用量为0 (B₀)、20 (B₂₀)、40 (B₄₀)、60 (B₆₀)、80 (B₈₀) t·hm^-2 5个处理,研究了施用果树树干、枝条生物炭2年后,对塿土容重、含水率、土壤温度和团聚体稳定性及其分布的影响.结果表明： 在0～30 cm土层,施炭处理与B₀相比,土壤容重显著降低7.7%～10.9%;土壤含水率显著增加10.0%～13.4%;施用40～60 t·hm^-2生物炭可以缓冲土壤的温度变化,提高土壤的保温性能;大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体（WR_0.25）显著增加30.3%;平均质量直径（MWD）在干筛、湿筛条件下分别显著增加15.2%和31.6%;团聚体破坏率（PAD）和不稳定团粒指数（E_LT）分别显著降低19.1%和17.5%.说明生物炭的施用明显改善了塿土的水热特性,提高了团聚体的含量和稳定性;其施用量为40～60 t·hm^-2时综合表现较优.     

Light-dependent development of thermoluminescence, delayed emission and fluorescence variation in dark-grown spruce leaves

Thermoluminescence profiles of spruce leaves grown under various light or dark conditions were measured after excitation at a low temperature (−70 to −20 °C) by 1-min illumination with red light, and the following results were obtained. Mature spruce leaves showed five thermoluminescence bands at −30, −5, +20, +40 (or +35) and +70 °C (denoted as Z_v, A, B₁, B₂ and C bands, respectively), but dark-grown spruce leaves with a similar chlorophyll content showed only two bands, at −30 and +70 °C (the Z_v and C bands) and were devoid of the three other bands (the A, B₁ and B₂ bands). On exposure of the dark-grown leaves to continuous red light, the A, B₁ and B₂ bands were rapidly developed, and the development was accompanied by enhancement of delayed emission, fluorescence variation and the Hill activity (photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol with water as electron donor). It was demonstrated that the dark-grown spruce leaves are devoid of the water-splitting system in Photosystem II, and that the latent water-splitting activity is rapidly photoactivated by exposure of the leaves to continuous red light. These results on the gymnosperm spruce leaves, in which greening proceeds in complete darkness, being independent of the development of the water-splitting system in light, were discussed in relation to previous observations on angiosperm leaves, in which both greening and the activity generation proceed in the light.     

保水剂与有机肥配施对铁尾矿理化性质的改良作用

为了分析保水剂与有机肥配合施加对铁尾矿理化性质的影响,确定适宜尾矿改良的保水剂与有机肥最优配比,在迁安首钢所辖的铁尾矿区内,布设保水剂与有机肥2因素4水平的野外小区试验,并测定试验小区铁尾矿容重、孔隙度及持水量和pH、有机质、氮、磷、钾含量等理化性质,分析有机肥和保水剂对尾矿改良的作用;同时在小区内播种紫苜蓿和紫穗槐两种植物,测其生物量,验证改良效果.保水剂水平为(L·m^-3):0(B₀)、10(B₁)、50(B₂)、100(B₃);有机肥水平为(kg·m^-2):0(N₀)、2.25(N₁)、11.24(N₂)、22.49(N₃).结果表明:不同配比处理对尾矿理化性质的改良作用主要体现在0～20 cm表层尾矿,各指标均在0～20 cm层与对照(CK)差异显著.有机肥对尾矿理化性质的改良作用优于保水剂.在0～20 cm层,保水剂单因素的所有处理尾矿容重、非毛管孔隙度、有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量均与CK无显著差异,而单独施加有机肥B₀N₂、B₀N₃处理的上述指标均与CK差异显著.保水剂与有机肥二者配合施加优于保水剂或有机肥单独添加的改良效果.0～20 cm层各项指标均在配施处理B₃N₃下达到最佳,且均与CK达到显著差异.综合考虑,B₃N₃可以作为尾矿改良的保水剂与有机肥最优配比.