我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

Stability analyses for estimating relative durability of quantitative resistance

Summary Experiments in which a series of host cultivars are inoculated in all combinations with a series of pathogen isolates have been used to detect specificity in the host resistance. A theoretical model of polygenic resistance involving both general and specific interactions with pathogen virulence was developed to test the abilities of statistical analyses to discriminate between host genotypes with different levels of general and specific resistance. Estimates of levels of specific resistance could be obtained in regressions of disease severity scores for each host cultivar X pathogen isolate combination vs. the virulence index of each isolate. If the virulence index was based on the mean disease severity induced by the isolate over all host cultivars, the slopes of the regression lines were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. If the virulence index was based on the disease severity induced by the isolate on a host cultivar with a minimum of specific resistance, the mean squares for deviations from the regression were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. A method was developed to consistently choose host cultivars with minimum specific resistance. The two regression analyses gave estimates of specificity in randomly generated, model genotypes of approximately equal accuracy, although the second method appeared to be more accurate when the numbers of loci controlling resistance and virulence were small. The best estimates of numbers of genes for specific resistance were obtained by calculating a rating based on mean disease severity, the mean square for deviation from the regression on the virulence index based on disease severity on the cultivar with minimum specific resistance and the slope of the regression on the virulence index based on the mean disease severity. The best estimates of proportions of resistance genes that were specific were obtained by calculating a rating based on the above deviation mean square and slope alone.Cooperative investigation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Journal Series Paper No. 8326 of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service     

PC12 Variants Deficient in Catecholamine Transport

We have isolated PC12 cell variants deficient in transporter-mediated uptake of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine). The variants either were obtained nonselectively, or they were selected by resistance to guanethidine or N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Dopamine uptake into guanethidine-resistant cells occurred with a decreased Vmax; the Km for dopamine and inhibition by guanethidine were normal. MPTP-resistant cells lacked the capacity to take up dopamine. Most of the variants resembled wild-type PC12 in their response to nerve growth factor and the storage and secretion of dopamine. MPTP-resistant cells exhibited several deficiencies in addition to dopamine transport, i.e., no measurable storage of dopamine or acetylcholine and no observable response to nerve growth factor. Wild-type and variant cells were compared with respect to the labeling of cell proteins with [3H]xylamine, which binds covalently to certain proteins apparently only after entering PC12 via the catecholamine transporter. When intact variant cells were used, there was markedly reduced labeling of the proteins by [3H]xylamine. Almost all of these proteins were readily labeled when cell homogenates were exposed to [3H]xylamine. However, MPTP-resistant cells were missing three of these proteins. Northern blot analysis with cDNA clones revealed that the MPTP-resistant cells had markedly reduced levels of several specific mRNA species.     

西花蓟马的抗药性及其治理策略

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）是世界性的园艺作物上的重要害虫,几乎对每种类型的杀虫剂均产生了抗药性,包括有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和多杀菌素等。本文对国外西花蓟马的抗药性发展现状和抗性机制进行了总结,并提出了抗性治理策略,即科学合理使用杀虫剂,结合栽培防治、物理防治、生物防治和寄主植物抗性等方式降低杀虫剂对西花蓟马的选择压,从而达到抗性治理的目的。     

甜菜夜蛾的抗性及抗性机理研究进展

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是世界性农业害虫,近年来在我国由次要害虫上升为主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾对很多种化学杀虫剂和生物杀虫剂产生了抗性。本文分别阐述了甜菜夜蛾对常用杀虫剂如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、生长调节类杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂等的抗性发展现状,并且对抗药性机理进行了总结,提出了抗性治理措施。     

Selection of a dexamethasone-resistant H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma tissue-culture line

Summary Exposure of H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma cell cultures to the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, results in an inhibition of cellular proliferation which is not the result of steroid-induced cytolysis. A significant decrease in both the rat of DNA synthesis and DNA content precedes, a detectable effect on cell number. Continuous culture of H-4-IIE-C3 cells in medium containing 10⁻⁵ m dexamethasone results in the selection of a steroid-resistant cell population that has the growth characteristics of unselected sensitive cultures and shows normal steroid induction of tyrosine transaminase. Selection is a slow process requiring 24 to 36 months to obtain, a phenotypically stable resitant cell line, and can be subdivided into three phases—a sensitive phase, adaptation and resistance. A comparison of the karyotypes of unselected and resistant cultures shows that the selection process enriches for a dexamethasone-resistant subpopulation. This work was supported by Special Grant No. 716 from the California Division of the American Cancer Society, and a grant-in-aid from the San Diego State University Foundation.     

害虫及害螨对阿维菌素抗药性研究进展

阿维菌素(avermectins)是一类新型高效广谱的生物源农药,对多种害虫及害螨具有极好的防效。随着阿维菌素在害虫及害螨防治中的广泛应用,害虫和害螨对其的抗性问题日益受到关注。文章综述国内外的最新研究结果表明:小菜蛾Pluttella xylostella(L.)、二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticate Koch等已对阿维菌素产生抗性,对阿维菌素产生抗性的害虫和螨并不总是表现适合度劣势,且抗性一旦产生敏感性较难以恢复;抗性遗传多数由多基因、不完全隐性控制;抗性机理涉及多种因素。综合分析发现害虫和螨对阿维菌素存在较大的、潜在抗性风险。     

Herbicide resistance—what have we learned from other disciplines?

Herbicide resistance is a growing threat to agriculture and has parallels to resistances to fungicides and insecticides. However, there are many reasons to treat the resistance to herbicides differently. To highlight these similarities and differences, three pests, a weed, an insect, and a disease that have shown the ability to rapidly develop resistance to a variety of products and product classes were used as illustrations. The situation in herbicide resistance is approaching a point already experienced by the other pest control disciplines, and thus, it is worthwhile to revisit their experiences.     

种子内生菌增强宿主植物重金属抗性的功能机制研究进展

种子是植物的繁殖器官,其内定殖有一定数量的内生菌,种子内生菌通过垂直传播成为新生植物组织内最早定殖的微生物,对连续几代植物内生菌群落的形成起着决定性作用,并在植物抗逆方面发挥着重要作用。本文对种子内生菌与宿主植物重金属抗性之间的关系及其功能机制进行综述,并对下一步研究方向予以展望。     

Comutagenic effects exerted by N-nitroso compounds.

Mutagenesis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA1530 is characterized by biphasic dose and time response curves. At low doses or short incubation times mutagenic response is minimal, but increases rapidly when an apparent threshold dose or threshold incubation time is exceeded. Bacteria pretreated with subthreshold doses of DMN or NMU were many times more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of methylating and ethylating N-nitroso compounds than were untreated bacteria. The growth phase of the bacteria had little effect on the percentage enhancement of mutagenesis caused by pretreatment with NMU although exponentially growing cells were more sensitive to mutagenesis induced by NMU or diethylnitrosamine. Mutagenesis induced by methylmethanesulfonate and N-propyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was not significantly enhanced by pretreatment of bacteria with NMU or NEU suggesting that the former mutagens act by different mechanisms than NMU or NEU.     

表层阻力和环境因素对杨树(Populus sp.)人工林蒸散发的控制

在水资源短缺地区大面积栽植高耗水的人工林相比于低矮农作物会加剧地区的水分短缺,因而其可持续性正受到越来越多的关注。但是,在不同地域复杂的水、能量和气候条件下的人工林蒸散发的控制机制仍不清楚。基于涡度相关(EC)系统和微气象系统对北京市大兴区杨树(Populus euramerLcana CV."74/76")人工林生态系统与大气间水分交换的连续监测,(a)分析了2006-2009年生长季中生态系统蒸散发(ET)、表层阻力(R_s)、气候阻力(R_i)和空气动力学阻力(R_a)在干湿年份间的变化动态;(b)以偏相关分析法探讨了干旱和湿润年份中不同土壤水分条件下生物因素R_s和环境因素(R_i和R_a)对杨树人工林ET的直接控制作用。研究结果表明:在年际尺度上,干旱年份杨树人工林的日平均ET(2.23±1.30)mm/d低于湿润年份约17%,对应地,干旱年份的表层阻力(R_s:LAI)高于湿润年份(71.2 s/m)约50%,而R_i和R_a未表现出干湿年份间的差异。在季节尺度上,季节性的干旱胁迫显著影响杨树人工林的ET和R_s、R_i的变化,水分供应(降雨量与灌溉量之和)是该尺度上影响杨树人工林ET的主导因素,其解释了ET变化的71%(P0.01)。偏相关分析结果表明,除了在土壤水分严重胁迫(REW0.1)情况外,其他土壤水分条件下表层阻力R_s是日尺度上控制ET变化的主导因素,其与ET呈负相关关系,二阶相关系数(SOCC)变化范围为-0.518--0.293(P0.01),且干旱年份中R_s对ET的控制程度高于湿润年份;环境因素中气候阻力R_i和空气动力学阻力R_a各自对ET的控制作用远小于表层阻力R_s;相对土壤含水量(REW)只在干旱年份中干旱胁迫时段(REW0.4)直接影响ET(Pearson相关系数为0.217-0.323,P0.01),其他情况下则是通过影响表层阻力R_s、气候阻力R_i和空气动力学阻力R_a对ET的作用来间接影响ET的。另外,相比于偏相关分析,简单的相关性分析会对各因素对ET的控制作用造成估计偏差。     

Fungicide Resistance Phenotypes of Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Commercial Vineyards in South West Germany

Fungicide resistance frequencies of Botrytis cinerea populations in the German Wine Road region were determined for 4 years. Strains showing specific resistance against carbendazim, iprodione or fenhexamid were found to occur wide‐spread, but at low frequencies. In contrast, cyprodinil resistance increased from 5.4% in 2006 to 21.9% in 2008 and 16% in 2009, and strains resistant to boscalid increased from 2% in 2006 to 26.7% in 2009. Strains with multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes were found at high frequencies. One of the three MDR phenotypes, MDR1, with reduced sensitivity to cyprodinil and fludioxonil, was dominating, representing 19% to 35% of the total population. Strains with a combination of cyprodinil resistance and MDR1 were found to be strongly increasing in 2008 and 2009.     

小菜蛾区域性抗药性治理技术研究——公益性行业(农业)科研专项“十字花科小菜蛾综合防控技术研究与示范推广”研究进展

专项围绕我国蔬菜产业发展及食品安全需求,在2008年前期行业科研专项研究的基础上,综合应用多学科的理论和技术,以抗药性治理为核心,系统深入研究了我国小菜蛾种群灾变规律、灾变机制、预测预警、抗药性监测、抗药性机制、抗药性治理策略与关键技术体系,丰富了小菜蛾种群抗药性治理的基础理论,紧密结合实际,显著提升了我国对小菜蛾的防控技术水平,并对其它虫害的研究与防治具有重要的参考价值。     

桔小实蝇对敌百虫抗性稳定性及再增长趋势

通过室内试验,研究了用LC₅₀及LC₉₀两种浓度敌百虫汰选14代建立的不同程度高抗性水平的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis抗性品系TrR₅₀和TrR₉₀在停止使用药剂后的抗性衰退规律,以及抗性衰退到原有水平的1/3时再用药汰选的抗性再增长规律。结果表明：两抗性品系对敌百虫抗性均不稳定,但抗性衰退速率不同,TrR₉₀完全隔离药剂4代后,抗性已衰退至原有水平的1/3,而TrR₅₀完全隔离药剂7代后,抗性才衰退至原有水平的1/3,但随后两品系抗性衰退均减缓,到19代后抗性均还处于低水平抗性阶段,无法衰退至敏感水平。通过对其抗性衰退趋势进行方程拟合,结果表明两品系抗性衰退均符合S型曲线模型。抗性再增长试验结果表明：桔小实蝇两抗性品系对敌百虫抗性再增长趋势不同,TrR₅₀继续使用药剂汰选,经过6代选育,抗性迅速上升,接近原有的抗性水平,随后保持平稳增长; 而TrR₉₀继续使用药剂汰选,经过9代选育,抗性才迅速上升,经过12代选育,抗性才接近原有的抗性水平。通过对两品系抗性再增长趋势进行方程拟合,结果表明两品系抗性再增长趋势不同,TrR₅₀品系抗性再增长趋势符合逻辑斯蒂模型,而TrR₉₀品系则符合二次曲线模型。     

葡萄花翅小卷蛾抗药性研究进展

葡萄花翅小卷蛾是葡萄上的重要害虫,具有多食性、多化性等生物学特点,抗逆能力极强。该虫起源于欧洲,现已入侵全球多个国家。葡萄花翅小卷蛾主要以幼虫取食葡萄花序、幼果和成熟果实,给葡萄生产造成重大损失;其危害有利于真菌的侵入,导致灰霉病、白粉病等病害大量发生,从而造成葡萄腐烂。由于该虫入侵风险极高,已被我国列为重要的进境检疫性有害生物。国外对葡萄花翅小卷蛾的防治主要采用化学杀虫剂,由于长期大量且不合理地使用化学杀虫剂,葡萄花翅小卷蛾已对多种不同类型的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本研究总结了葡萄花翅小卷蛾的抗性测定方法、抗性现状及其抗性机理,同时结合国外葡萄花翅小卷蛾抗性和防治相关研究,提出该虫抗性治理策略,并对我国预防该虫的入侵提出建议。     

植物抗病毒病育种策略

为了得到抗病毒的寄主植物,植物育种学家进行了许多有益研究,形成了许多行之有效的抗病毒病育种策略。利用植物本身对病毒侵染所具有的一些免疫功能及其本身的一些抗性基因来获得抗性;利用来源于病毒自身基因的一些抗病性策略(PDR),如利用病毒外壳蛋白基因,病毒复制酶基因,病毒移动蛋白基因,病毒卫星RNA和反义RNA等,植物也可以获得抗性。近年来对由转录后RNA沉默引起的由RNA介导的病毒抗性策略(RMVR)也进行了深入地研究。除了PDR和RMVR以外,还有一些导致植物抗病毒的策略,包括利用美国商陆的病毒抗性蛋白(PAP),2',5’-寡腺苷酸合成酶,“植物抗体”以及病毒蛋白多肽来获得病毒抗性等。     

肿瘤治疗中的多细胞耐受性与三维细胞培养

肿瘤治疗中的多细胞耐受性是由于体内肿瘤具有三维结构而产生的对药物、射线等作用的耐受性。近年来人们利用体外三维细胞培养技术研究多细胞耐受性,发现其机制主要为三维结构相关的耐受性和接触性耐受性,并发现一些逆转或减弱多细胞耐受性的方法,显示了其作为临床肿瘤单独治疗或联合治疗的应用前景。     

The evaluation of horizontal resistance of winter wheats by the ‘center pivot’ method

Summary Twenty bread wheat varieties were sown in forty meter long plots and infected with a mixture of three races of stem rust (14, 34, 311) in the Center-pivot design. The epidemic's development and its effect on yield (factors) were studied in an experiment.With the Center-pivot method we modelled the natural processes without chemicals. The epidemic's development and the processes connected with it can be studied quantitatively as well as by subjective evaluation.Some of the studied genotypes were quickly infected and others slowly. The date of infection proved to be especially important to the amount of yield decrease.However, a quick spread of the epidemic does not inevitably lead to a decrease of yield and 1000-grain-weight for every genotype.Vertical resistance has qualitative features. On the other hand, there is only a quantitative difference between field resistant and tolerant genotypes, and between horizontally resistant and susceptible ones. The tolerant genotypes cannot limit the spread of the epidemic, but they can limit the degree of damage, and so their yields and 1000-grain-weights are essentially uninfluenced. The field resistant genotypes slow down the epidemic's development, and therefore their yields and 1000-grain-weights decrease less. This fact makes possible their separation in two steps, first on the basis of epidemic development, and then by measuring the decrease of yield and 1000-grainweight.Tolerance and field resistance are supposed to be inherited olygenically. Consequently, breeding for horizontal resistance should work with basically different methods than those previously used for race-specific resistance.