The effects of royal jelly protein on bone mineral density and strength in ovariectomized female rats

[Purpose]Sex hormones deficiency leads to dramatically bone loss in particular postmenopausal women. Royal jelly has anti-osteoporosis effect due to maintain bone volume in that condition. We hypothesized that royal jelly protein (RJP, a latent residue after extracting royal jelly) also prevents bone deficient in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, the animal model of postmenopausal women. [Methods]Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30, 6 weeks age old) were sham operated (Sham; sham operated group, n = 7), OVX control group (OC, n = 7), OVX with low RJP intake group (ORL, n = 8), and OVX with high RJP intake group (ORH, n = 8) during 8 weeks experimental periods. In the end point of this experiment, the bone samples (lumbar spine, tibia, and femur) were surgically removed under anesthesia. These bone samples were evaluated bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength.[Results]BMD of lumbar spine in RJP intake groups (ORL, ORH) were higher than that in OC group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in RJP intake volume dependent manner. BMD of tibial proximal metaphysis and diaphysis in RJP intake groups were also higher than these in OC group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01 / p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). In addition, breaking force of femur in RJP intake groups were significantly increase compared with that in OC group (p < 0.001 respectively). [Conclusion]These findings indicate that RJP contribute to prevent sex hormone related bone abnormality     

绝经后女性CYP19基因Val80及OPG基因A163G多态性与骨密度的相关性研究

探讨细胞色素P450 19 (CYP19) 基因Val80多态性及护骨素(OPG) 基因A163G多态性与绝经后女性骨密度 (BMD) 的关系。随机选择居住在重庆的绝经后女性200例, 采用多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性法检测Val80及A163G多态性, 采用Norland公司XR-46系列双能X线骨密度仪测量股骨近端及腰椎BMD。 200名绝经后女性中Val80基因型GG、GA及AA的频率分别为19.5％、44.5％及36.0％; A163G基因型GG、GC 及CC的频率分别为: 13.0％, 42.0％及45.0％; 基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡 (P＞0.05)。协方差分析及多元逐步回归分析显示CYP19基因第3外显子Val80多态性与绝经后女性BMD无相关性 (P＞0.05)。除大转子外, A163G位点AG/GG/AG+GG基因型者股骨颈、Ward’s三角及腰椎BMD均较AA基因型者低, A163G基因型与股骨颈、Ward’s三角及腰椎BMD有相关性 (P＜0.05)。OPG基因启动子区A163G多态性分布存在明显的种族差异, 且与绝经后女性BMD有一定关联, AA型对BMD具有一定的保护作用, G等位基因是BMD降低的危险因素。     

The ESR2 AluI gene polymorphism is associated with bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

Multiple factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis including environmental, life-style and genetic factors. Common variants in ESR2 gene encoding for ER-beta, highly expressed in bone tissue, have recently been proposed as candidates for affecting bone phenotype at the population level, particularly in postmenopausal women. In this study, we examined the genetic background at ESR2 AluI (rs4986938, 1730G>A) locus in 89 osteopenic, postmenopausal women (age range 49-56 years) together with BMD at lumbar spine and femoral neck sites as well as variations in plasma levels of bone metabolism and turnover markers. Genotyping for ESR2 G1730A polymorphism showed that the frequency of A mutated allele accounted for 0.4 in our cohort of postmenopausal women; moreover, the GA1730 heterozygous individuals were the most represented (50.6%) compared with GG (37.8%) and AA homozygous ones (14.6%). A regression analysis showed that lumbar spine BMD values were significantly associated with both ESR2 AA1730 genotype (p=0.044) and time since the onset of menopause (p=0.031), while no significant association was detected between biochemical markers and genetic background. Interestingly, 85% of patients with AA1730 genotype presented the smallest lumbar spine BMD values. These findings first indicate a worsening effect of ESR2 AluI polymorphism on lumbar spine BMD reduction in postmenopause, suggesting that the detection of this ESR2 variant should be recommended in postmenopausal women, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of ESR2 AA1730 homozygous genotype.     

Association between Levels of Serum Ferritin and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: KNHANES 2008–2010

Background

As women go through menopause, serum estrogen decreases and ferritin increases. Decreased serum estrogen is well known to cause detrimental effects on bone health; however, data on the associations of serum ferritin with BMD before and after menopause are still lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between serum ferritin levels and BMD in premenopausal and postmenopausal Korean women.

Methods

This study was performed using data from the 2008–2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including 7300 women (4229 premenopausal and 3071 postmenopausal). BMD was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry at the femur and the lumbar spine, and serum ferritin levels were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay.

Results

Median serum ferritin levels in postmenopausal women were higher than those in premenopausal women despite the same age ranges. Serum ferritin levels were only significantly correlated with BMD on the lumbar spine (β = −0.189, p-value = 0.005) in premenopausal women after adjusting confounding factors. Additionally, BMD on the lumbar spine had tended to decrease as serum ferritin quartiles increase (P for trend = 0.035) in premenopausal women after adjusting confounding factors. On the other hand, there were no significant associations between serum ferritin levels and BMD on the total femur and, femur neck in premenopausal women, and BMD on the total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women.

Conclusion

Increased serum ferritin levels were significantly associated with BMD in premenopausal women, particularly on the lumbar spine, but not in postmenopausal women.     

Association of a -1997G-->T polymorphism of the collagen Ialpha1 gene with bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women

Genetic variants that affect collagen Ialpha1 metabolism may be important in the development of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures. A -1997G-->T polymorphism in the promoter of the collagen Ialpha1 gene (COL1A1) was shown to be associated with bone mineral density (BMD) for the lumbar spine in postmenopausal Spanish women. The relation of this polymorphism to BMD in Japanese women or men has now been examined in a population-based study. The subjects (1,110 women, 1,126 men) were 40 to 79 years of age and were randomly recruited for a population-based prospective cohort study of aging and age-related diseases. BMD for the lumbar spine, right femoral neck, right trochanter, and right Ward's triangle was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Genotypes for the -1997G-->T polymorphism of COL1A1 were determined with a fluorescence-based allele-specific DNA primer assay system. When all women were analyzed together, BMD for the lumbar spine and trochanter was significantly lower in subjects with the COL1A1 *G/*G genotype than in those in the combined group of COL1A1 *G/*T and COL1A1 *T/*T genotypes. When postmenopausal women were analyzed separately, BMD for the femoral neck and trochanter was also significantly lower in those with the COL1A1 *G/*G genotype than in those with the COL1A1 *G/*T genotype or those in the combined group of COL1A1*G/*T and COL1A1 *T/*T genotypes. BMD was not associated with -1997G-->T genotype in premenopausal women or in men. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that -1997G-->T genotype affected BMD at various sites with a variance of 0.46-0.62% for all women and 0.61-1.01% for postmenopausal women. The -1997G-->T genotype was not related to the serum concentration of osteocalcin, the serum activity of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, or the urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline or cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen in men or in premenopausal or postmenopausal women. These results suggest that COL1A1 is a susceptibility locus for reduced BMD in postmenopausal Japanese women.     

Reproductive hormones and bone mineral density in women runners.

We examined the relationships among reproductive hormone concentrations and bone mineral density (BMD) in 43 women runners classified as eumenorrheic (n = 24), oligomenorrheic (n = 8), or amenorrheic (n = 11). Results were compared with a eumenorrheic nonrunner control group (n = 11). Serum 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations were determined in daily blood samples for 21 days, and integrated concentrations (areas under the curve) were calculated. BMD was assessed at the lumbar spine and proximal femur by dual-photon absorptiometry. As expected, 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and lumbar spine BMD were higher in the control and eumenorrheic runner groups than in the oligomenorrheic and amenorrheic runner groups (P less than 0.05). Progesterone concentration was significantly correlated with lumbar spine BMD in the eumenorrheic runners (r = 0.61). None of the steroid hormones was significantly related to BMD in the oligomenorrheic/amenorrheic group. The present data suggest that circulating levels of gonadal steroid hormones affect axial BMD in eumenorrheic runners.     

Plasma Selenium, Zinc, Copper and Lipid Levels in Postmenopausal Turkish Women and Their Relation with Osteoporosis

It has been shown that the trace elements and lipids play role in the growth, development and maintenance of bones. We aimed to investigate serum selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and lipid (total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, osteopenia and in healthy controls, and to determine the relationship between Se, Zn, Cu and lipid parameters and bone mineral density (BMD). The study included 107 postmenopausal women; 35 healthy (group 1), 37 osteopenic (group 2) and 35 osteoporotic (group 3). The women in all three groups were carefully matched for body mass index (BMI). Serum concentrations of Se, Zn and Cu were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma Se, Cu, Zn and lipid levels were similar in all groups (p?>?0.05). When we combined the women in each of the three groups, and considered them as one group (n?=?107) we found a positive correlation between BMI and lumbar vertebra BMD, femur neck BMD, femur total BMD; a positive correlation between TG and femur neck BMD, femur total BMD; a positive correlation between Zn and lumbar vertebra BMD (total T score) (p??0.05). Although BMI has a positive effect on BMD, trace elements and lipids, except Zn and TG, did not directly and correlatively influence BMD. Further studies are needed to clarify the role and relationship of trace elements and lipid parameters in postmenopausal osteoporosis.     

The effect of strength training combined with bisphosphonate (etidronate) therapy on bone mineral,lean tissue,and fat mass in postmenopausal women

The combined and separate effects of exercise training and bisphosphonate (etidronate) therapy on bone mineral in postmenopausal women were compared. Forty-eight postmenopausal women were randomly assigned (double blind) to groups that took intermittent cyclical etidronate; performed strength training (3 d/week) and received matched placebo; combined strength training with etidronate; or took placebo and served as nonexercising controls. Bone mineral, lean tissue, and fat mass were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after 12 months of intervention. After removal of outlier results, changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and bone mineral content (BMC) of the whole body were greater in the subjects given etidronate (+2.5 and +1.4%, respectively) compared with placebo (-0.32 and 0%, respectively) (p < 0.05), while exercise had no effect. There was no effect of etidronate or exercise on the proximal femur and there was no interaction between exercise and etidronate at any bone site. Exercise training resulted in significantly greater increases in muscular strength and lean tissue mass and greater loss of fat mass compared with controls. We conclude that etidronate significantly increases lumbar spine BMD and whole-body BMC and that strength training has no additional effect. Strength training favourably affects body composition and muscular strength, which may be important for prevention of falls.     

Association between ABO blood group and osteoporosis among postmenopausal women of North India

The present study is an attempt to examine possible associations between ABO blood groups and the risk of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women of North India. This cross-sectional study involved 250 postmenopausal women from North India, ranging in age from 45 to 80 years. Four anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference), blood sample (ABO status and haemoglobin concentration) and grip strength (dominant as well as non-dominant hand) of all the participants were taken. Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at lumbar spine (L1–L4) and proximal femur. Analysis of data revealed that at lumbar spine (L1–L4) osteoporosis was more prevalent among individuals with blood group A (31.58%), followed by those with blood group B (29.67%), AB (28.57%) and then blood group O (15%), whereas for proximal femur individuals with blood group AB (21.43%) showed the highest prevalence of osteoporosis followed by a decreasing trend from blood group A (17.54%) to B (12.08%) and then O (5%). Total prevalence of osteoporosis was 26.4% in lumbar spine and 13.2% in proximal femur, indicating that lumbar spine had an elevated risk for osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. All the anthropometric variables, haemoglobin concentration as well as grip strength of individuals with blood group O demonstrated non-significant differences with non-O blood group except for weight and body mass index, where differences were statistically significant. Women with blood group O exhibited significantly higher bone mineral density for lumbar spine (0.90 g/cm² vs. 0.85 g/cm², p < 0.05) and proximal femur (0.87 g/cm² vs. 0.79 g/cm², p < 0.05) as compared to those with non-O blood group, thereby suggesting an increasing risk of osteoporosis among individuals with non-O blood group.     

北京地区汉族妇女雌激素受体基因XbaI多态性与骨密度和体重指数的关系

为探讨北京地区汉族妇女雌激素受体（ER）基因XbaI多态性与骨密度的关系,采用双能X线吸收仪检测腰椎、股骨及前臂骨密度;采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）法,对179例北京地区汉族妇女ER基因XbaI多态性进行分析。北京地区汉族妇女ER基因XX、Xx和xx基因型频率分布为0.302、0.464和0.234,绝经前与绝经后妇女XbaI型基因频率分布有明显差异,绝经后妇女腰椎骨密度（0.836±0.18）g/cm²明显低于绝经前妇女（1.038±0.14);绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的发病率为54%。ER基因XbaI基因型频率分布有明显的种族差异并受绝经影响,ER基因XbaI基因型与骨密度无明显相关性。与体重和BMI有明显相关性。     

Long-term four-year exercise has a positive effect on menopausal risk factors: the Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of long-term exercise on coronary heart disease, osteoporotic risk factors, and physical fitness parameters in postmenopausal women. Forty early postmenopausal women (age 55.1 +/- 3.3 years) with no medication or illness affecting bone metabolism exercised (high impact aerobic, multilateral jumps, multi-set resistance exercise) for 50 months (EG), while 28 women (age 55.5 +/- 3.0 years) served as a nontraining control (CG). Both groups were supplemented with calcium and cholecalciferol. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the lumbar spine, hip, and forearm by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Blood lipids were determined using serum samples, and body composition was determined using the bioimpedance technique. Further, maximum isometric strength was determined (Schnell M3, Schnell Trainer). The BMD at the lumbar spine (+1.0%, p = 0.037) and the total hip (-0.3%, p = 0.194) were maintained in the EG, while significant (p < 0.001) decreases were observed in the CG (lumbar spine -3.2; total hip -2.3%). Differences between both groups were significant (p < 0.001). Significant differences between EG and CG were also observed, respectively, for total cholesterol (-6.1 vs. +3.5%, p = 0.008), HDL-cholesterol (+14.1 vs. -7.1%, p = 0.007), triglycerides (-10.2 vs. +27.5%, p = 0.002), body fat (-3.3 vs. +1.3%, p = 0.041), and waist-hip-ratio (-3.5 vs. +0.2%, p > 0.001). Maximum isometric strength significantly (p < 0.001) increased in the EG, while strength parameters decreased in the CG (-0.5 to -6.4%). Thus, the study demonstrated that multipurpose high-intensity exercise programs significantly affect relevant menopausal risk factors and, therefore, may be individually considered as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy.     

Adiponectin is associated with bone mineral density in perimenopausal women.

The aim of the current investigation was to investigate any potential effect of fasting plasma adiponectin concentration on bone tissue, and to find possible relationships of fasting plasma adiponectin level with different body composition, insulin sensitivity and physical performance parameters in a group of healthy perimenopausal women. Twenty-one premenopausal and 17 early postmenopausal women participated in this study. The women were matched for body mass index (BMI) and level of mean daily energy expenditure. Women had similar adiponectin (8.4 +/- 3.9 vs. 9.9 +/- 5.4 microg/ml) and leptin values (12.0 +/- 7.7 vs. 14.0 +/- 8.2 ng/ml) before and after menopause. Significant relationships were observed between plasma adiponectin and bone mineral content, total bone mineral density (BMD) and lumbar spine BMD values (r > - 0.36; p < 0.05). Furthermore, adiponectin had a significant negative association with total BMD (beta = - 1.228; p = 0.004) and lumbar spine BMD (beta = - 0.312; p = 0.005) independent of the influence that other measured body compositional, hormonal or physical performance factors may exert on BMD. Adiponectin was also significantly related to waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (beta = - 2.300; p = 0.002) and fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) (beta = - 0.006; p = 0.007) in separate regression models. No relationship was observed between leptin and measured bone, physical performance and insulin resistance values. Leptin significantly correlated to BMI (beta = 0.018; p = 0.034), lean body mass (beta = 0.025; p = 0.024) and fat mass (beta = 0.019; p = 0.001) in separate regression models. In conclusion, the results of present study show that circulating adiponectin appears to exert an independent effect on BMD in perimenopausal women and may represent a link between adipose tissue and bone mineral density.     

Antiresorptive Agents Increase the Effects of Exercise on Preventing Postmenopausal Bone Loss in Women: A Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives

It remains unknown whether the combination of antiresorptive agents and exercise would generate additive effects on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, though their separate roles in preventing bone loss have been well established. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the combined impact of antiresorptive treatment and exercise on the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD in postmenopausal women compared with an exercise-only intervention.

Methods

A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, SportDiscus and ProQuest up to Jun 2014 was conducted to identify the influence of antiresorptive agents and exercise on BMD in postmenopausal women. The study quality of the included trials was evaluated. The effect sizes were estimated by calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD). Subgroup analyses were conducted by pharmacological regimens and exercise categories.

Results

Nine studies with a total of 1,248 postmenopausal women met the inclusion criteria. The heterogeneity between the studies was evident at the spine (I² = 78.7%) and hip (I² = 41.7%) measurements; random-effects models were used in the data analysis. The pooled effect sizes associated with the combined interventions of antiresorptive agents and exercise were significant at the lumbar spine BMD (SMD = 0.511, 95% CI = 0.118-0.904, p = 0.011). Combining hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and exercise training generated greater beneficial effects on lumbar spine (SMD = 0.729, 95% CI = 0.186-1.273, p = 0.009) and femoral neck BMD (SMD = 0.220, 95% CI = 0.0110-429, p = 0.039) than the exercise-only intervention. Impact exercise was sensitive to antiresorptive agents in preventing postmenopausal bone loss both at the spine (SMD = 1.252, 95%CI = 0.465-2.039, p = 0.002) and hips (SMD = 0.414, 95%CI = 0.106-0.723, p = 0.008).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that antiresorptive agents significantly increase the impact of exercise on the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women, which implies that the combination of antiresorptive agents and exercise may generate additive effects.     

One-year spinal bone change in pre- and perimenopausal Japanese women. A prospective observational study

BACKGROUND: This prospective observational study was designed to determine whether the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine decreases before menopause. METHODS: The change in BMD of the second through fourth lumbar vertebrae (delta%L2-4BMD) over the course of 12 months was measured in 197 pre- and perimenopausal Japanese women aged 48.2 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD) years. RESULTS: Overall, delta%L2-4BMD decreased significantly, with a greater decrease seen in perimenopausal women. This group also had a significantly higher level of FSH (p < 0.05, t = 7.356), a significantly lower level of estradiol (p < 0.05, t = 4.245), and significantly higher levels of the bone metabolic markers, alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05, t = 3.841), calcium (p < 0.05, t = 3.939), and osteocalcin (p < 0.05, t = -3.295). Overall, there was a significant positive correlation between osteocalcin and delta%L2-4BMD (r = -0.194, p = 0.0479). CONCLUSION: A subset of perimenopausal women with transient decreases in ovarian function that do not respond to increased FSH may be at increased risk for abnormally low BMD, and may benefit from early management of bone mass.     

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms,bone mineral density and bone turnover: FokI genotype is related to postmenopausal bone mass

The relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR) intragenic polymorphisms FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI and bone mineral density (BMD) or biochemical markers of bone remodeling were investigated in 114 Czech postmenopausal women, on the average 62.5+/-8.9 years of age. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the VDR gene were assessed by PCR amplification and digestion with restriction enzymes FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI recognizing polymorphic sites in the VDR locus. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and at the hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, g/cm2). After adjusting for age and the body mass index (BMI), subjects with the ff genotype had 9.4% lower BMD at the hip than those with the Ff genotype (p=0.0459, Tukey's test). FF individuals had an intermediate BMD at the hip. A similar pattern of lower lumbar spine BMD was also found in ff individuals, but it did not reach statistical significance. There was no relationship between BsmI, ApaI and TaqI VDR polymorphisms and BMD at any skeletal site. Subjects with Aa (ApaI) genotypes had higher levels of propeptide of type I collagen (PICP) than homozygous AA (p=0.0459, Tukey's test). In FokI, BsmI and TaqI restriction sites the biochemical markers of bone remodeling did not differ by genotype. In addition, no significant difference was observed in VDR genotypic distribution between osteoporotic women and non-osteoporotic controls in the study group. To conclude, the FokI genotype of the vitamin D receptor gene is related to bone mass at the hip in Czech postmenopausal women, whereas the importance of remaining VDR genotypes was not evident.     

Estrogen receptor alpha and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and bone mineral density: association study of healthy pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women

In the present study, we tested the association between the estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes with bone mineral density (BMD). A total of 649 healthy Chinese women, classified as pre-menopausal (N=388) and post-menopausal (N=261) groups, were genotyped at the ER-alpha PvuII, XbaI, and VDR ApaI sites. BMDs at the lumbar spine (L(1)-L(4)) and total hip were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. For the VDR ApaI locus, AA carriers had lower spine BMD than Aa (p=0.02) and aa carriers (p<0.01) in the pre-menopausal group. For the ER-alpha gene, carriers of haplotype px had lower spine BMD than the non-carriers (p=0.03) in the pre-menopausal group. Furthermore, we observed significant interaction between the ER-alpha and VDR genes in the post-menopausal group: with AA genotype (or A allele) at the VDR ApaI locus, pX carriers had higher spine BMD than the non-carriers (p=0.02), and PX carriers had lower hip BMD than the non-carriers (p=0.04). Our data suggest that the ER-alpha and VDR genes may be associated with the BMD variation in Chinese women.     

Power training is more effective than strength training for maintaining bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Physical exercise has a favorable impact on bones, but optimum training strategies are still under discussion. In this study, we compared the effect of slow and fast resistance exercises on various osteodensitometric parameters. Fifty-three postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a strength training (ST) or a power training group (PT). Both groups carried out a progressive resistance training, a gymnastics session, and a home training over a period of 12 mo. During the resistance training, the ST group used slow and the PT group fast movements; otherwise there were no training differences. All subjects were supplemented with Ca and vitamin D. At baseline and after 12 mo, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the lumbar spine, proximal femur, and distal forearm by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We also measured anthropometric data and maximum static strength. Frequency and grade of pain were assessed by questionnaire. After 12 mo, significant between-group differences were observed for BMD at the lumbar spine (P < 0.05) and the total hip (P < 0.05). Whereas the PT group maintained BMD at the spine (+0.7 +/- 2.1%, not significant) and the total hip (0.0 +/- 1.7%, not significant), the ST group lost significantly at both sites (spine: -0.9 +/- 1.9%; P < 0.05; total hip: -1.2 +/- 1.5%; P < 0.01). No significant between-group differences were observed for anthropometric data, maximum strength, BMD of the forearm, or frequency and grade of pain. These findings suggest that power training is more effective than strength training in reducing bone loss in postmenopausal women.     

The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in the bone mineral density of Greek postmenopausal women with low calcium intake

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of common vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms on the bone mineral density (BMD) of Greek postmenopausal women. Healthy postmenopausal women (n=578) were recruited for the study. The BMD of the lumbar spine and hip was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with the Lunar DPX-MD device. Assessment of dietary calcium intake was performed with multiple 24-h recalls. Genotyping was performed for the BsmI, TaqI and Cdx-2 polymorphisms of the VDR gene. The selected polymorphisms were not associated with BMD, osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures. Stratification by calcium intake revealed that in the low calcium intake group (<680 mg/day), all polymorphisms were associated with the BMD of the lumbar spine (P<.05). After adjustment for potential covariates, BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms were associated with the presence of osteoporosis (P<.05), while the presence of the minor A allele of Cdx-2 polymorphism was associated with a lower spine BMD (P=.025). In the higher calcium intake group (>680 mg/day), no significant differences were observed within the genotypes for all polymorphisms. The VDR gene is shown to affect BMD in women with low calcium intake, while its effect is masked in women with higher calcium intake. This result underlines the significance of adequate calcium intake in postmenopausal women, given that it exerts a positive effect on BMD even in the presence of negative genetic predisposition.     

绝经后骨质疏松症患者血清LECT2水平的临床意义及其预测价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨绝经后骨质疏松症患者血清白细胞衍生趋化因子2（LECT2）水平的临床意义及其预测价值。方法：选择2020年1月～2022年1月湖南师范大学第一附属医院收治的绝经后骨质疏松症患者125例作为研究组,另选取同期体检的绝经后健康女性志愿者120例作为对照组。比较两组血清LECT2水平,并分析血清LECT2水平与腰椎和股骨颈骨密度（BMD）及骨代谢相关指标的相关性;应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清LECT2对绝经后骨质疏松症患者的预测价值。结果：研究组血清LECT2、骨钙素（OC）、I型原胶原N端前肽（PINP）、 I型胶原交联C末端肽（S-CTX）显著高于对照组,腰椎和股骨颈BMD显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关分析显示,绝经后骨质疏松症患者血清LECT2水平与OC、PINP、S-CTX水平呈正相关（P<0.05）,与腰椎和股骨颈BMD呈负相关（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清LECT2、OC、PINP、S-CTX联合检验对绝经后骨质疏松症患者的预测价值的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.856,大于各单一指标预测。结论：绝经后骨质疏松症女性血清LECT2水平升高,其水平与骨代谢指标OC、PINP、S-CTX水平呈正相关,与腰椎BMD和股骨颈BMD呈负相关,血清LECT2联合OC、PINP、S-CTX对绝经后骨质疏松症患者的预测价值较高。     

Case study: Bone mineral density of two elite senior female powerlifters

The purpose of this case study was to examine the bone mineral density (BMD) of 2 women, aged 48 and 54 years, who had engaged in high-intensity resistance training for >30 years each and gained national prominence for their lifting performances. Each subject was measured using a dual x-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Prodigy, Fairfield, CT, USA) for both the BMD (grams per centimeter squared) and bone mineral content (grams) of the lumbar spine, dual femur, and total body. The Z and T scores of the 49-year-old subject were significantly higher than either age and gender-matched or peak BMD norms (lumbar spine Z + 2.2, T + 1.8, femoral mean Z + 1.1, T + 0.6, total body Z + 2.4, T + 2.0). The Z and T scores of the 54-year-old mark the largest ever reported in the literature for a Caucasian woman of this age (lumbar spine Z + 2.8, T + 2.2, femoral mean Z + 1.4, T + 1.9, total body Z + 2.6, T + 3.0). Although these results do not prove any causal relationship between long-term high-intensity strength training and elevated BMDs among women, they do raise questions that some type of relationship may exist.