机体内环境理化因素对降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）释放的影响

我们以前的工作表明在内毒素和失血性休克时ＣＧＲＰ释放入血循环。本实验在离体大鼠肠系膜动脉床灌流的模型上,发现低ｐＨ、高乳酸、高氯化钠和高蔗糖溶液均能直接引起ＣＧＲＰ释放增加,进一步应用辣椒素预灌流,ＣＧＲＰ释放的作用被抑制,同时ＣＧＲＰ释放可以被一种钙引起的细胞内钙池释放阻断剂钌红所抑制,而且应用无钙的低ｐＨ,高乳酸及高渗液就不能引起ＣＧＲＰ释放增多,实验结果提示：上述理化因子导致ＣＧＲＰ从大鼠肠     

内毒素对离体大鼠肠系膜动脉降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）释放的作用

我们以前的工作表明,动物内毒素血症和失血性休克以及人的败血症时血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量明显增多,它的主要来源之一是血管。本实验的目的是探讨是否内毒素可直接使离体大鼠肠系膜动脉床含ＣＧＲＰ的外周神经释放ＣＧＲＰ增加。结果显示内毒素（１０－１００μｐ／ｍｌ）灌流引起ＣＧＲＰ时间和剂量依赖性的释放,内毒素（５０μｐ／ｍｌ）灌注后１０－１５ｍｉｎ时,ＣＧＲＰ释放达高峰,该时释放量为基础状态时的２０倍。经反相高压液相分析证明,ＣＧＲＰ免疫活性的峰位与人工合成大鼠ＣＧＲＰ标准品的峰位吻合。以辣椒素（感觉神经选择性毒剂）预灌流或钌红（钙致细胞内钙池释放阻断剂）均可使上述内毒素引起的ＣＧＲＰ释放分别抑制９０％和６５％。在灌流液无钙时内毒素致ＣＧＲＰ释放的作用被抑制８０％。以上结果提示：内毒素可直接引起ＣＧＲＰ从大鼠肠系膜动脉床释放,来源主要为辣椒素敏感的感觉神经。释放依赖于细胞外钙离子的存在以及Ｃａ~（２＋）进入神经细胞后引起的对钌红敏感的细胞内钙池Ｃａ~（２＋）动员。     

Effect of Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase on Pre- and Postjunctional Actions of Peroxides in the Iris-Ciliary Body

In the present study, we investigated the effect of inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) with flurbiprofen (FBF) on peroxide-induced enhancement of field-stimulated [³H]norepinephrine ([³H]NE) release from bovine isolated irides. Furthermore, the effect of FBF was examined on peroxide-induced attenuation of contractions evoked by carbachol on this tissue. Irides were prepared for studies of neurotransmitter release and for measurement of contractile tension in vitro. Pretreatment of tissues with FBF (10 M) caused significant (P < 0.001) rightward shifts of concentration-response curves to H₂O₂ and also decreased cumene hydroperoxide (cuOOH)-induced enhancement of evoked [³H]NE release. FBF (10 M) partially prevented the attenuation of carbachol-induced contractions induced by H₂O₂ (300 M) and cuOOH (300 M). We conclude that inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostanoids reduced both the prejunctional stimulatory effects of H₂O₂ and cuOOH on sympathetic neurotransmission and inhibitory effects of peroxides on carbachol-induced contractions the in the bovine isolated iris.     

Effects of excitatory amino acids on inositol phosphate accumulation in slices of the cerebral cortex of young and aged rats

The effects of glutamate, NMDA and quisqualate on carbachol-and norepinephrine-elicited formation of inositol phosphate (IP) were evaluated in slices prepared from the cerebral cortex of 3-and 24-month Sprague-Dawley rats. Glutamate, NMDA, and quisqualate antagonized the IP response to carbachol in a concentration-dependent fashion. This antagonism was more pronounced in aged than in young rats, both for glutamate (IC5O 0.114 and 0.210 mM) and NMDA (IC5O 0.0029 and 0.127 mM), but not for quisqualate. Glutamate (but not NMDA) also antagonized in a concentration-dependent fashion the IP response to norepinephrine, IC50s were 0.061 and 0.126 mM for aged and young rats, respectively; quisqualate had an inhibitory effect only at 1 mM concentration in the two age-groups, while in aged rats some stimulatory effect was present at 0.1 mM concentration. Glutamate, NMDA and quisqualate (1 mM) did not affect basal IP accumulation in either young or aged rats; quisqualate, however, at 0.1 mM concentration had some stimulatory effect, more pronounced in aged rats. This effect was probably responsible for the biphasic effect of quisqualate in this age-group. The most important finding consists of the demonstration of an age-related increase in the inhibitory effects of NMDA on carbachol-induced IP accumulation. This implies an altered modulation of cholinergic post-receptor mechanisms by glutamatergic mechanisms.     

区域性血管床对局部注射植物雌激素三羟异黄酮的反应

在72只麻醉大鼠,分别采用后肢、肾脏和肠系膜动脉在体恒流灌注法,观察了向灌流环路中直接注射植物雌激素三羟异黄酮(genistein,GST)的血管效应,以所引起的灌流压增减反映血管的收缩和舒张。结果如下：(1)不同剂量的GST(0．4、0．8、1．2mg／k8)注射于股部灌注环路时,剂量依赖性地降低股动脉的灌流压。GST的这一效应可被L-硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)部分阻断,预先注射蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂正钒酸钠(50μg/kg),可部分抑制GST(0．8mg／kg)引起的效应;(2)向肾血管灌注环路中直接注射GST也可剂量依赖性地降低肾动脉的灌流压,预先注射正钒酸钠可完全抑制GST引起的效应,而L-NAME对此效应没有影响;(3)肠系膜血管灌流环路中注射GST可剂量依赖性地降低其灌流压,这一效应可被正钒酸钠部分抑制,而L-NAME对此无影响。根据上述结果得出的结论是：GST降低后肢、肾脏和肠系膜血管床的血管张力,其机制与酪氨酸激酶抑制有关,而在股动脉则与NO释放有部分关系。     

Delta4, an endothelial specific Notch ligand expressed at sites of physiological and tumor angiogenesis

Delta-Notch signalling regulates cell-fate choices in a variety of tissues during development. We report the expression of Delta4 (D14) in arterial endothelium during mouse embryogenesis and in the endothelium of tumor blood vessels. The expression of D14 in the mouse begins at 8 dpc in the dorsal aortae, umbilical artery and the heart. Subsequent expression is restricted to smaller vessels and capillaries and is reduced in most adult tissues. However, it is high in the vasculature of xenograft human tumors in the mouse, in endogenous human tumors and is regulated by hypoxia. These data implicate D14 and the Notch signalling pathway in angiogenesis and suggest possible new targets for antiangiogenic tumor therapy.     

急性低氧和间断低氧习服对大鼠主动脉收缩和舒张功能的影响

目的：观察急性低和间断低氧习服对大鼠主动脉收缩和舒张功能的影响。方法：用去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）诱发大鼠离体动脉环的收缩,反映收缩功能的变化,主动脉环以０．６２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮＥ预收缩后用乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）舒张对抗,反映舒张功能的变化。结果：与常氧对照组相比,急性低氧和间断低氧习照大鼠主动脉对去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ１０＾－９,１０＾０８,１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）介导的收缩反应显著增强（Ｐ〈０．０５～０．０１     

雌二醇对家兔窦房结自律细胞的电生理学效应

本文旨在探讨雌二醇（17β-estradiol）对家兔窦房结自律细胞的电生理学效应及其作用机制。应用经典的细胞内玻璃微电极技术观察不同浓度雌二醇（1,10,100μmol／L）对家兔窦房结自律细胞动作电位的影响。结果显示：（1）雌二醇浓度依赖性地延长窦房结自律细胞动作电位复极化50％时间（APD50）和动作电位复极化90％时间（APD50）,降低窦房结自律细胞动作电位0期最大除极速率（Vmax）、动作电位幅值（amplitude of action potential,APA）,降低窦房结自律细胞放电频率（rate of pacemaker firing,RPF）、舒张期（4相）自动去极化速率[velocity of diastolic（phase4）depolarization,VDD]：而雌二醇对窦房结自律细胞的最大舒张电位（maximal diastolic potential,MDP）无明显影响。（2）雌激素受体阻断剂他莫昔芬（10μmol／L）不能阻断雌二醇（10μmol／L）对窦房结自律细胞动作电位的抑制效应。（3）一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L—NAME（100μmol／L）可完全阻断雌二醇（10μmol／L）对窦房结自律细胞动作电位的抑制效应。结果提示,雌二醇对家兔窦房结自律细胞的电生理活动具有明显的抑制作用,此作用可能是通过非基因组机制发挥,与一氧化氮作用有关。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的抑制作用

在36只隔离灌流颈动脉窦区的麻醉大鼠上,观察了八肽胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin octapepide,CCK-8)对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的影响。其结果如下：(1)以CCK-8(0．1、0．5、1．0μmol／L)隔离灌流颈动脉窦区时,压力感受器机能曲线向右上方移位,曲线最大斜率(peak slope,PS)减小,反射性血压下降幅度(reflex decrease,RD)减少,阈压(threshold pressure,TP)和饱和压(saturation pressure,SP)均增高。其中RD、PS和TP呈明显的剂量依赖性;(2)用CCK-8的非特异性受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(100μmol／L)预处理后,能明显减弱CCK-8(0．50mol/L)对压力感受器反射的抑制;(3)预先灌流一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)阻断剂(L-NAME,100μmol／L),不能阻断CCK-8(0．5μmol/L)对压力感受器反射的影响;(4)用Ca^2 通道激动剂Bay K 8644(500nmol／L)预处理后,也能明显减弱CCK-8(0．5μmol／L)对压力感受器反射的抑制作用。以上结果提示,CCK-8是通过作用于颈动脉窦压力感受器神经元末梢上的受体而起到抑制作用的,其机制可能为抑制了牵张敏感性通道,致使Ca^2 离子内流减少,而与内皮细胞释放NO无关。     

Modeling of intraorgan arterial vasculature. I. Steady flow at low Reynolds numbers

Based on the statistical relationships between lengths and diameters of vessels in arterial beds obtained from measurements on plastic casts, a method is proposed for building models of intraorgan arterial vascualtures. The dependences of full hydraulic conductance on the model parameter values have been calculated. Discussed is the choice of adequate models based upon collation of the biophysical characteristics of the vasculatures.     

失血性休克引起大鼠肠系膜动脉平滑肌依钙K~ 通道活动改变

在由股动脉放血制备的失血性休克大鼠模型急性分离的肠系膜动脉平滑肌细胞上 ,利用膜片箝单通道记录技术观察了血管平滑肌依钙K 通道 (BKCa)的活动。发现在对去甲肾上腺素 (NE)反应性增高的休克代偿期 ,BKCa的开放概率 (Po)和单位电导都显著较正常动物的低 ,Po 的改变主要是由通道的慢关闭时间常数 (τcs)增大引起关闭时间延长所致 ;而处于对NE反应性降低的休克失代偿期 ,BKCa的Po 和单位电导都高于正常动物 ,Po的变化也主要是τcs减小所致。     

Studies on the structure of human coronary vasculature

Based on morphometric data, we calculate the structural parameters of the coronary vasculature as an optimal branching bed. We show (i) significant correlations between the diameters of the larger daughter and the parent vessel and between the diameter of the smaller daughter vessel and the asymmetry coefficient; (ii) differences in the structural parameters for two types of artery that deliver and distribute blood in the cardiac muscle; and (iii) the length-diameter relationships for different arteries. The coronary vasculature is characterized by asymmetrical branching and thus should be modeled with self-similar asymmetrical tree-like systems.     

卡巴胆碱对缺血再灌注大鼠小肠组织髓过氧化物酶的影响

研究拟胆碱药卡巴胆碱对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤小肠组织髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)和丙二醛 (MDA)的影响及其与肠损伤相关指标变化的规律。Wistar大鼠被随机分为预防、治疗和对照三组。活杀后取小肠组织测MPO、MDA和肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF-α)含量。结果显示 ,治疗组及预防组MPO活性、MDA和TNF -α含量均明显低于对照组 ,治疗组与预防组之间差异不明显。提示卡巴胆碱可抑制致炎因子TNF -α的释放 ,减少中性粒细胞在肠组织的聚集 ,从而使小肠MPO活性降低     

Role of the nitric oxide pathway in ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated perfused guinea pig lungs

We examined the role of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway on ischemia-reperfusion injury via the use of isolated perfused guinea pig lungs. We administered both L-Arginine and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to the lungs in or after 3 h of ischemia. We observed pulmonary artery pressures as well as tissue and perfusate malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. We observed that L-NAME significantly increased both tissue and perfusate GSH levels and pulmonary artery pressures, but it decreased both tissue and perfusate MDA levels. On the other hand, L-arginine significantly decreased pulmonary artery pressure and both tissue and perfusate glutathione levels, but it increased both tissue and perfusate MDA levels. Electron microscopic evaluation supported our findings by indicating the preservation of lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes. We concluded that L-NAME administration during reperfusion improves lung recovery from ischemic injury.     

氨甲酰胆碱引起的促钠排泄与下丘脑TH—IR神经元活性的变化

目的：我们最近的实验发现大鼠侧脑室注射氨甲酰胆碱引起显著的促钠排泄作用,本工作同时还观察了下丘脑内不同脑区的儿茶酚胺能神经元活性的变化。方法和结果：氨甲酰胆碱注射后４０ｍｉｎ,下丘脑室旁核的腹侧和内侧小细胞部、内侧视前区、尾核、苍白球的酪氨酸羟化酶免疫反应（ｔｈｙｒｏｓｉｎｅｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｌａｓｅｉｍｍｕｎｏｒｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,ＴＨＩＲ）阳性细胞数减少,免疫反应染色强度降低;下丘脑室旁核的后部,下丘脑前区的后部、下丘脑室周核、弓状核、下丘脑外侧区的ＴＨＩＲ阳性细胞数增多,免疫反应染色强度增强。结论：侧脑室注射氨甲酰胆碱对脑内不同脑区的内源性儿茶酚胺能神经元分别有兴奋或抑制作用,其与促钠排泄的关系将在本文中讨论     

神经肽在中枢和外周对大鼠胃粘膜血流量的调节作用

目的 :系统研究降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)、胃泌素 17(G17)、蛙皮素 (Bom)、甲基脑啡肽 (Met enk)、神经肽Y(NPY)和生长抑素 (SS)在中枢及外周对胃粘膜血流量 (GMBF)的影响及内源性NO在神经肽所致GMBF增加效应中的作用。方法 :采用氢气清除法测定GMBF以及近胃动脉灌注和侧脑室微量注射神经肽技术。结果 :①近胃动脉灌注CGRP和G17(5、5 0和 10 0pmol·min-1)均明显地、剂量依赖性地增加GMBF ,其中CGRP作用最强。事先静脉注射NO的生物合成阻滞剂L NAME ,可分别完全和部分阻断CGRP和G17的这一效应。②近胃动脉灌注5 0和 10 0pmol·min-1剂量的Bom和Met enk时 ,GMBF显著增加 ;L NAME可完全抑制Bom增加GMBF的效应 ,但仅部分阻断Met enk引起的效应。③近胃动脉灌注NPY(5、5 0和 10 0 pmol·min-1)可使GMBF明显降低 ,此作用具量效关系 ;SS(5 0和 10 0 pmol·min-1)亦可使GMBF明显降低。④侧脑室注射 10 μgCGRP和G17可使GMBF显著增加 ;L NAME可完全阻断CGRP的此效应 ,但仅部分阻断G17所致的GMBF增加效应。⑤侧脑室注射NPY(10 μg)可显著降低GMBF。 结论 :神经肽在大鼠GMBF的调节中具有十分重要的作用。在神经肽所致GMBF增加效应中 ,NO作为第二介质而发挥作用     

Effects of pH changes and charge characteristics in the uptake of norepinephrine by synaptosomes of rat brain

The pH dependence of the initial uptake of norepinephrine by rat whole brain synaptosomes was studied short incubation times at 37°C in order to examine the possible involvement of the phenolic OH group. The pH vs. uptake profile exhibits a maximum near pH 8.2 in H₂O medium. When the medium was changed to ²H₂O, the profile showed a shift of maximum corresponding to the pK_a change of the phenolic OH group. The pH vs. uptake profile of tyramine was quite different from that of norepinephrine. These pH effects on uptake were explained as manifestations of the involvement of the phenolic OH group in the process.The amine and phenolic hydroxyl groups in norepinephrine were studied separately by employing two series of compounds structurally related to catecholamines, amphetamine-like and catechol0like, for their inhibitory effects on the uptake. The inhibitions were affected by changes in pH with changes in opposite directions found for the two series indicating the need for a positive charge in the side chain and suggesting an effect of the negative charge on the ring. These charge characteristics agreed with the pH profile observed in uptake. Consequently, the two groups with opposite charge characteristics in norepinephrine both appear to function in the uptake process.