鳅鮀鱼类鳔囊结构及系统发育研究(鲤形目:鲤科)

本文应用分支系统学原理对鳅(鱼它)鱼类的鳔囊、鳔及相关结构进行了特征分圻,并以(鱼句)亚科作为外类群。解剖结果表明,鳅(鱼它)鱼类的鳔分四种类型;分析结果进一步证实鳅(鱼它)鱼类是一个单源群,作为一亚科可分为异鳔鳅(鱼它)属和鳅(鱼它)属,后者又分为原鳅(鱼它)和鳅(鱼它)二个亚属。     

长江上游异鳔鳅鮀线粒体控制区遗传多样性

异鳔鳅鮀(Xenophysogobio boulengeri)是长江上游特有鱼类,目前主要分布在长江上游干流及岷江江段,近年来其资源量呈显著下降趋势。本研究采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)控制区序列,分析江津、南溪、犍为和水富4个群体共178尾异鰾鳅鮀的遗传多样性。结果表明:异鳔鳅鮀线粒体控制区序列共检测出38个变异位点,定义41个单倍型;平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.817和0.002;分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示总群体间无显著遗传分化,绝大部分变异来自群体内部;但基因流(Nm)分析显示部分群体间基因交流受到阻碍,两两群体间的FST值支持部分群体间出现初步分化;错配分布及中性检验表明,异鳔鳅鮀在历史上曾发生过群体扩张事件,发生群体扩张的时间是0.0173 Ma;单倍型网络结构及NJ系统发育分析显示异鳔鳅鮀遗传结构比较单一。基于上述结论,应将异鳔鳅鮀作为一个整体进行就地保护。     

鲱科鱼类消化系统和鳔的比较研究

本文对鲱科5亚科、9属9种鱼类的消化系统和鳔作了比较研究。鲱科鱼类主食浮游生物、硅藻和有机碎屑。口小。齿小或退化。鳃耙发达,细长数多,具滤食作用。有些种类具咽上器官。胃呈Y型和U型。斑(鱼祭)的幽门胃壁肌肉屡增厚,它们主食浮游植物,肠长而盘曲多。所有鲱科鱼类均具幽门盲囊,鳔分支向前经耳囟延伸至内耳区,有些有后鳔管孔通外界。鳔有3式型和2亚型。     

几种条鳅属(Nemachilus)鱼类的分类问题

研究了一些条鳅属鱼类的大量标本,对其分类问题澄清如下:巩乃斯条鳅在鳔、肠、脊椎骨等方面远不同于黑背条鳅,不该并入后一种。它可再分成指名亚种和东方亚种,elongatus为东方亚种异名,重繐唇条鳅以一系列性状充分区别于黑斑条鳅,因此恢复其单型种地位。武威条鳅鉴别性状发现不够充分有效与近似种硬鳍条鳅区分,作了修正。根据形态差异和在河西疏勒河弱水两水系同域分布,将尖体条鳅和短尾条鳅从高原条鳅的亚种提升为分立种。     

异鳔鳅年龄结构、生长特性与生活史类型

2010年10月至2011年7月在长江上游宜宾至江津江段采集405尾异鳔鳅鮀(Xenophysogobio boulengeri)样本。以耳石作为主要年龄鉴定材料,研究了异鳔鳅鮀的年龄结构和生长特征,采用模糊聚类分析法推断了异鳔鳅鮀的生活史类型。结果表明:长江上游异鳔鳅鮀由4个年龄组组成,其中优势年龄组为1～2龄(占83.70%);体长(L)与体重(W)关系为W=5×10-6L3.294 3(r2=0.941 3,n=405,F=6 040.22,P0.01),体长与耳石半径(R)的关系为L=0.000 8R2-0.168 4R+42.504(r2=0.836 5,n=399,F=399.20,P0.01);von Bertalanffy方程描述的生长方程为Lt=179.49(1-e-0.249 8(t+0.289 8))、Wt=133.18(1-e-0.249 8(t+0.289 8))3.294 3,体重生长拐点年龄为4.48龄;异鳔鳅鮀属于r-选择类型鱼类。当前长江上游异鳔鳅鮀群体生长特征较2001～2002年已发生变化,因此有必要采取保护措施。     

南盘江水系三种高原鳅的分化（鲤形目：鳅科）

南盘江是高原鳅属鱼类分布的南缘地带,目前发现有3种,其中有2个是新种。它们分别生活于河道或湖泊中。生活环境的差异导致了它们的分化。形态的分化主要表现在臀鳍和尾鳍分枝鳍条的数目以及体高、头长、尾柄等与有关部分的比值,须的发达程度、骨质鳔囊的形态构造,肛门的位置和身体斑纹等方面。     

中国贵州省穴居盲鳅一新种(鲤形目,爬鳅科)

记述了采集于贵州省荔波县佳荣镇水井湾溶洞(25°28’N,108°06’E)适应洞穴环境的鳅类1新种:佳荣盲高原鳅Triplophysa jiarongensis sp.nov.。新种与之前记录的7种分布于西江水系的高原鳅(阿庐高原鳅、个旧盲高原鳅、长须盲高原鳅、巨头高原鳅、邱北盲高原鳅、石林盲高原鳅和天峨高原鳅)同属典型洞穴鱼类,都具有一系列与洞穴环境有关的适应性特征。新种与本属其它种类的区别主要为:胸鳍长,后伸达腹鳍起点;尾鳍微凹形;体表色素退化,光滑裸露无鳞;背鳍截形,起点位于腹鳍起点略后方;腹鳍后伸盖过泄殖孔;臀鳍截形;尾柄上下缘存在脂状鳍褶;背鳍分支鳍条8;臀鳍分支鳍条6;胸鳍分支鳍条11;脊椎骨总数4+34;眼完全退化,外观无痕迹;鳔前室被骨质鳔囊包裹,后室发达膨大呈游离膜质鳔。此外还介绍了其栖息地概况和部分生态学信息。     

云南省滇池条鳅亚科的一新属新种(鲤形目:鳅科)

1978年在整理中国科学院水生生物研究所保存的鳅科(Cobitidae)鱼类标本时,发现分別于1950和1963年采自云南滇池的两尾标本是属于条鳅亚科(Nemacheilinae)的一个新属新种——球鳔鳅属,新属Sphaerophysa gen. nov., 滇池球鳔鳅,新种Sphaerophysa dianchiensis sp. nov.。为了能得到较多的标本进行比较研究,作者曾数次到滇池及其周围河流采集,结果没有发现这种鳅,也没有发现有其他的条鳅亚科鱼类(曾经记录有四种),表明滇池的鱼类组成已有很大变化。1982年,在已故的中国科学院     

鳔与浮力

解剖鲫鱼,在体腔背侧肾脏的腹面,有一银白色的气囊,这就是鳔。很多真骨鱼类都有鳔。鳔能调节鱼体的比重,帮助鱼类取得中性浮力(neutral buoyancy),鱼只用小的气力,就可以在不同深度水层中自如地浮、沉和静止。     

六种鲤科鱼类耳石形态以及在种类和群体识别中的应用

描述了6种鲤科鱼类的耳石形态特征,并利用耳石形态的测量性状,对其种类特征进行了判别分析。其中,对张氏(卜夕又鱼)、长鳍吻鮈、圆口铜鱼、宜昌鳅（鱼它）和鲫的判别正确率为100％,异鳔鳅（鱼它）的判别正确率为90.91％,6种鱼类的平均判别正确率达到了99.1％,说明了鱼类的耳石形态特征可以用于鉴别种类。三个区域鲫群体的平均判别正确率为68.9％,显示三个区域鲫群体的耳石形态存在一定的差别。     

A new cave-dwelling loach, Triplophysa macrocephala (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Balitoridae), from Guangxi, China

A new cave-dwelling species, Triplophysa macrocephala sp. nov. is described based on specimens collected from a karst cave in Renguang village, Lihu Town, Nandan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by possessing the following combination of characters: pectoral fin not reaching beyond pelvic-fin origin; caudal fin forked; body smooth or scaleless; dorsal-fin origin anterior to pelvic-fin origin, edge of dorsal fin truncate; dorsal fin with eight branched rays; anal fin with five branched rays; eye small and vestigial; lower jaw arched with a median notch; air-bladder wrapped in bony capsule, lateral enlarged, posterior chamber of air-bladder degenerated.     

Comparative studies of testicular structure and sperm morphology among copulatory and non-copulatory sculpins (Cottidae: Scorpaeniformes: Teleostei)

Testicular structure of 9 species and sperm head morphology of 19 species of Cottidae were observed in order to clarify relationships between morphological characteristics of the male reproductive organ and reproductive mode (copulation or non-copulation). Morphological structure of the testis was divided into the following five types based on the sperm transfer and reservoir system: (1) a non-duct type in which the sperm duct is not a distinct exterior structure, but the tube for sperm transport traverses along the testis as an interior structure; (2) an anterior duct type with distinct anterior sperm ducts traversing along the testis; (3) a posterior duct type with distinct anterior sperm ducts traversing along the dorsal hilus of testis and posterior sperm ducts extending to the rear of the testis; (4) an anterior duct posterior vesicle type with distinct anterior sperm ducts traversing along the testis, and the right and left sperm ducts fusing in the rear of testis, forming the seminal vesicle; (5) a non-duct posterior vesicle type in which sperm ducts do not accompany the testis, and the testis and seminal vesicle are connected directly or through posterior sperm ducts. It is thought that in Cottidae the non-duct type of reproductive organ is primitive, and the anterior duct type is common to all non-copulating species. The testes and accompanying seminal vesicle were seen only in copulating species. Sperm head morphology was divided into three types according to the length/width ratio: oval type ≤2, intermediate type >2 and ≤3, and slender type >3. The type of sperm head corresponded closely to the reproductive mode; non-copulating species had oval sperm head, and copulating species had intermediate or slender ones. These results suggest that the structure of the testis and the morphology of the sperm head evolved from testes with anterior sperm ducts and oval sperm heads to testes with an associated seminal vesicle and slender sperm heads in association with the evolution from non-copulatory to copulatory reproduction in Cottidae.     

中国鲀形目鱼类嗅觉器官类型的研究

嗅觉器官是鱼类的一种重要感觉器官,它感受由化学而引起的刺激。各种鱼类的感觉器官是十分不同的,不少学者研究了它的构造及其生理机能。以往对鲀形目鱼的嗅觉器官构造的研究报道甚少,大多注意了它的外鼻孔的形态变化,仅在少数文章(Hora,1975)提到鲀形目鱼的嗅觉器官极不发达。为了弄清它的构造特点,解剖观察了中国鲀形目代表性种类的嗅觉器官,对它们的构造特征进行了比较研究,发现它们在各不同分类阶元有独特的构造。     

Adaptive head coloration in case-making caddis larvae

SUMMARY. 1. In daylight conditions brown trout preferably attacked head capsules with a contrasting colour pattern compared to those which were more uniformly coloured. This preference was reversed under reduced illumination. It is argued that striped head capsules are cryptic to predators at low light intensities.
2. In caddis larvae contrasting head patterns are found mainly in lentic species, whilst the heads of lotic larvae are usually more uniformly coloured. Lentic species dwell in conditions of more diffuse illumination than lotic one, and each category thus achieves high crypsis with respect to head capsule coloration.
3. Lentic molannid and phryganeid larvae often dwell at considerable depths, and these species also have the most sharply defined head patterns. These species are predatory and, besides being cryptic to larger predators, may also be cryptic to their prey.
4. Intraspecific variation in head capsule coloration in relation to habitat type is also discussed.     

革鲀科鳞片构造的扫描电镜观察和比较研究

革鲀科的鳞片构造不同于一般真骨鱼类的骨鳞,由特化的基板和鳞棘两部分组成。中国有革鲀科鱼类12属19种,本文研究了其中10属14种的鳞片构造,运用扫描电镜进行了观察和比较。根据基板表面棱突的特征,可将革鲀科基板构造分为3个式型、2个亚型;根据鳞棘数目、形状及排列方式的不同,可以划分为4个式型。革鲀科各种间的鳞片具有不同的性状,而且比较稳定,因此可以作为分类鉴定的依据之一。     

Do Honeybees Shape the Bacterial Community Composition in Floral Nectar?

Floral nectar is considered the most important reward animal-pollinated plants offer to attract pollinators. Here we explore whether honeybees, which act as pollinators, affect the composition of bacterial communities in the nectar. Nectar and honeybees were sampled from two plant species: Amygdalus communis and Citrus paradisi. To prevent the contact of nectar with pollinators, C. paradisi flowers were covered with net bags before blooming (covered flowers). Comparative analysis of bacterial communities in the nectar and on the honeybees was performed by the 454-pyrosequencing technique. No significant differences were found among bacterial communities in honeybees captured on the two different plant species. This resemblance may be due to the presence of dominant bacterial OTUs, closely related to the Arsenophonus genus. The bacterial communities of the nectar from the covered and uncovered C. paradisi flowers differed significantly; the bacterial communities on the honeybees differed significantly from those in the covered flowers’ nectar, but not from those in the uncovered flowers’ nectar. We conclude that the honeybees may introduce bacteria into the nectar and/or may be contaminated by bacteria introduced into the nectar by other sources such as other pollinators and nectar thieves.     

鲤科鱼类前方椎体的形成及其在系统发育上的意义

本文对九种鲤科鱼类与中国胭脂鱼幼体的前方椎体的发育进行了比较。观察结果表明这两个科鱼类的前方椎体发育是近似的,它们的魏氏小骨有共同的来源;魏氏复合骨由前方椎体上方的第二骨化中心形成,这个骨化中心与第三和第四上神经骨相当。另一方面,胭脂鱼幼体的第二椎体副突已与第四椎体的胸肋相接;魏氏复合骨的扩展是骨化中心背脊部均匀地发生的,这些与鲤科有着明显的不同。鲤科幼体的魏氏复合骨发育具有共同的特点,第二骨化中心的前方有一棘状物在早期出现,它代表了第三上神经骨伸出部份。但随后的发育可以区分为两种不同方式:一种为雅罗系鱼类所具有,即第二骨化中心以棘状物的扩展为主,前、后棘存在并有缝合线相连;另一种为鲃系鱼类所有,即第二骨化中心的发育以其背中部伸出的实心嵴突为主,仅有不发达的前棘,此系属于派生性结构。与魏氏复合骨相关的是2—3椎体间的关系也有相应的差别:雅罗系鱼类的幼体其2—3椎体间分离(仅鳑(鱼皮)亚科鱼类例外),而鲃系鱼类的幼体其2—3椎体愈合。由于幼体魏氏复合骨与椎体的特征比成体表现更为明显,它们在系统发育上能提供更为清楚的信息。     

北草蜥精子的超微结构--兼评不同类群蜥蜴精子形态的差异

应用透射电镜对北草蜥精子的超微结构研究结果表明,北草蜥精子头部顶体囊始终呈圆形,由皮质和髓质组成;顶体囊单侧脊的皮质与髓质问具电子透亮区;穿孔器1个,无穿孔器基板;具顶体下腔;细胞核长形,核内小管缺,核前电子透亮区缺,核肩圆。尾部颈段具片层结构。中段短,多层膜结构缺;纵切面上具2层线粒体;横切面上每圈线粒体6个;2组致密体,具连续的环状结构;线粒体与环状结构的排列模式：rs1／mi1、rs2／mi2;纤维鞘伸人中段,具终环。主段前面部分具薄的细胞质颗粒区;纤维3和8至主段前端消失;轴丝呈“9＋2”型。蜥蜴科内不同种类的线粒体数目不同,但都具有2组致密体。不同类群蜥蜴的顶体囊、顶体下腔、核前电子透亮区、穿孔器基板、核肩,以及线粒体与致密体的数目和排列方式等精子超微结构特征都为研究蜥蜴的系统发生提供了辅助信息。