分解者在生态系统物质循环中的作用

在生态系统的物质循环中,分解者起着关键的作用,分解者需分泌胞外酶水解动植物残骸中的大分子有机物质,然后吸收水解产物,作为营养物质,在细胞内氧化分解,最终将有机物变成无机物。     

森林生态系统硅素循环研究进展

硅是植物生长发育的有益元素,其在生态系统内的迁移转化是维持生态系统结构与功能的决定性因素之一。近年来,陆地生态系统硅循环特别森林生态系统硅循环在全球生物地球化学循环中的重要性,受到越来越多的关注。该文总结了国内外森林生态系统硅循环研究的成果,在综述了硅在森林生态系统中的存在形态、分布、循环过程的基础上,总结了森林生态系统硅循环的特点、作用及其影响因素,并指出典型森林生态系统类型中硅循环规律的研究、森林生态系统与其它生态系统硅循环的比较研究、森林生态系统硅循环对全球气候变化的影响和响应研究和人类干扰对森林生态系统硅循环的影响的研究将是今后开展森林生态系统硅循环研究的重点。     

基于SOFM网络对黄土高原森林生态系统的养分循环分类研究

对森林生态系统进行分类是认识森林生态过程的根本途径,传统的从结构角度对森林生态系统分类只能反映森林的外在特征,而无法从功能角度区别森林的本质差异.通过对黄土高原3个生物气候区18个不同森林生态系统的养分循环特征测算和分析,选取了能全面反映养分的积累和分布(生物量、枯落物积累量、养分积累量)、循环通量(年吸收量、年存留量、年归还量)以及养分循环效率(循环系数、利用系数、养分生产力)等多方面指标作为分类指标体系,利用自组织映射特征网络(SelfOrganizing Feature Maps,SOFM)聚类方法,从养分循环的角度将黄土高原森林生态系统划分为2个一级类型,6个二级类型.该分类结果与实际较符,从而探索了森林生态系统的功能分类方法,也验证了SOFM网络模型应用于森林养分循环分类的可行性.     

森林生态系统生物多样性的遥感评估

目前的评估由于方法的原因,常常会遗留下一些含糊不清的地方。遥感则可以作一种观察生态系统多样性和单个生态系统中各种结构侧面的重要工具。它提供了一种能够跨越几个不同空间尺度实施评估的手段,并且对于评估生态系统格局随时间的变化也是必不可少。现在许多不同的遥感技术已经被应用在生态学研究中。大多数工作所用的数据主要是来自机载和星载平台提供的摄影和数字光学图像,目前则越来越强调激光扫描和合成孔径雷达数据的应用。这些技术手段为从景观到林分规模的不同现象的评估提供了机会。遥感提供了可用于确定森林生态系统中生物多样性景观尺度的元素最有效的工具。例如基质和斑块的相对百分比以及它们的配置。在中间尺度,遥感为评价廊道的存在和边界的特性提供了理想的工具。在林分尺度,遥感技术可用来获取关于森林分结构属性的信息,例如冠层表面的特性,是否存在冠内分层等等。随着的发展,遥感将更广泛地应用于生态学研究。     

农业生态系统物质循环的系统分析

一、试验区基本情况下丁家位于乾县北部属渭北高原台塬沟壑区,耕地面积77.9ha,荒坡地46.9ha。本地土层深厚,耕性良好,有效土层一般在100cm 以上,利于蓄水保墒,但水土流失严重。土壤有机质含量为0.7885%,全N0.0634%,属偏低类型。年降雨量590.2mm,分布不均。产量水平1985年为1710kg·ha~(-1),物质循环强度低而     

森林演替在南亚热带森林生态系统碳吸存中的作用

研究了鼎湖山南亚热带森林同一演替系列中3个不同演替阶段(马尾松针叶林、马尾松荷木混交林和季风常绿阔叶林)生态系统碳贮量和分配格局特征,并探讨了该地区森林演替过程中生态系统碳吸存潜力和速度。结果表明:(1)针叶林各组分碳素含量高于阔叶林对应组分的碳素含量(后者是前者的72.0%～94.5%)。两个森林植物碳素含量,不同层次比较,均为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,不同器官比较,以根或干最高。(2)乔木层生物量随森林演替进展而增加。针叶林、混交林和阔叶林乔木层生物量分别为:143.5t/hm2、270.1t/hm2和407.8t/hm2,其中大部分由干和皮组成(各器官占乔木层生物量的比例平均为:叶2.8%、枝19.3%、干和皮混合57.0%、根20.9%)。林下层生物量为4.23～14.10t/hm2,是乔木层的1.0%～9.8%,随森林演替进展而减少。(3)土壤容重随深度增加而增加,但随森林演替进展而减少。与土壤容重相反,土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而明显减少,但随森林演替进展而增加。(4)3种类型森林生态系统碳总贮量分别为135.8t/hm2、215.1t/hm2和259.7t/hm2。生态系统碳贮量在各组分的格局十分相似,植被、土壤和凋落物层所占比例均分别约为67.6%、30.2%和2.2%。与其它地带森林比较,鼎湖山保护区森林植被与土壤碳贮量之比和表层(0～20cm)的土壤碳占整个     

农业生态系统养分循环研究概况

营养物质循环作为农业生态系统的主要过程及基本功能,是系统生产力及持久性的决定因素,也对生物圈化学环境有重大影响。早在本世纪初,人们就从植物营养生理的角度开始了营养物质循环平衡的研究［１］。１９５５年Ａｌｉｓｏｎ将系统和整体的观点引入生态系统物质循环的...     

马陆在森林生态系统物质转化中的功能研究

马陆是森林生态系统重要的分解者,在帽儿山林区,马陆摄食量随温度的升高而增加。据初步估算,马陆地对凋落物的分解量约占该地区年平均凋落物量的０．２１％。马陆对同一种、不同腐解程度的叶片摄食不同,对妆分解凋落物的摄食量大于对未分解凋落物的摄食量。在不同温度条件下,马陆的生态效率不同,其同化效率随温度升高而降低,而粪便率则随温度升高而增加。在不同林型下个体数量分布不均匀。通常、阔叶林＞针阔叶混交林＞针叶林。在土壤的垂直分布上,具有明显的表聚现象。马陆的个体数量季节变化明显,以夏末最多,冬末最少。     

植物在湿地养分循环中的作用

植物是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分之一,在养分循环过程中起着重要的作用。植物通过自身的生长代谢吸收湿地中的营养元素,但植物对营养物质的吸收能力随植物种类、群落组成及季节不同而存在差异;不同植物以及植物的不同器官对营养元素的累积特征存在显著差异,并随生长节律表现出明显的季节动态;植物本身的化学组成和特征制约着枯落物的分解和矿化过程,从而影响植物的养分归还。本文从植物对湿地营养元素吸收、累积以及养分归还方面总结了植物在湿地养分循环中的作用,指出目前研究中存在的不足,并对今后的研究提出一些建议。     

森林生态系统碳氮循环功能耦合研究综述

在大气CO2浓度升高和氮沉降增加等全球变化背景下,森林生态系统减缓CO2浓度升高的作用及其对全球变化的响应和反馈存在诸多不确定性.森林生态系统碳氮循环相互作用及功能耦合规律的研究是揭示这些不确定性的基础,也是反映森林生态系统生物产量与养分之间作用规律,涉及林地持久生产力（sustainability of long-term site productivity）的生态学机理问题.森林生态系统碳氮循环的耦合作用表现在林冠层光合作用的碳固定过程,森林植物组织呼吸、土壤凋落物与土壤有机质分解、地下部分根系周转与呼吸等碳释放过程,这些过程存在反馈机理和非线性作用,最终决定森林生态系统的碳平衡.着重在生态系统尺度上,综述了碳氮循环耦合作用研究的一些进展与存在的问题,对今后研究方向进行了展望.     

一个农牧结合生态系统营养循环的源,库,流

一个农牧结合生态系统营养循环的源、库、流曾江海,张玉铭（中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所０５００２１）Ｓｏｕｒｃｅ,ＰｏｏｌａｎｄＦｌｕｘｏｆＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔＣｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａＣｏｍｂｉｎｅｄＡｇｒｏ－ＡｎｉｍａｌＨｕｓｂａｎｄｒｙＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅ...     

兴安落叶松人工林生态系统营养元素生物地球化学循环特征

生态系统营养元素的生物地球化学循环是生态系统重要功能过程之一。营养元素循环和动态平衡过程直接影响生产力水平,并直接关系到生态系统的连续与稳定。因此,营养循环     

苏南丘陵次生栎林生态系统磷素循环的系统分析与预测

森林生态系统中的养分循环是该系统的主要功能之一 ,历来为许多研究者所重视[1,4 ,5] 。磷是植物生长发育所不可缺少的重要营养元素 ,它对促进林木生长 ,提高林业生产力具有很大作用。以往有关森林生态系统磷素循环的研究 ,大多忽视了根系凋落归还的作用 ,从而影响循环结果及其相应评价。为此 ,研究了苏南丘陵次生栎林生态系统磷素循环 ,并进行系统分析 ,建立生态系统磷素动态模型 ,预测并分析其变化规律 ,为制定合理的经营管理措施 ,保持林业持续发展提供理论依据。1　自然概况与研究方法1.1　自然概况试验地位于江苏省句容县境内 ,东经119…     

陆地土壤碳循环的研究动态

１　引　言陆地碳循环不仅关系到陆地生态系统生产力的形成，同时也影响到整个地球系统的能量平衡，是陆地生态系统结构和功能的综合体现。近几十年来，由于人类活动引起大气ＣＯ２浓度的急剧上升，并可能导致全球气候变化，而且这种变化与陆地碳循环之间存在复杂的相互反馈机制，陆地碳循环已成为生态学、气候学、土壤学、生理学及地质学等众多学科研究的共同目标。在国际地圈生物圈研究计划（ＩＧＢＰ）中，碳循环也是全球尺度模型化工作最初集中的主要目标［１３］。然而由于陆地生态系统的多样性和复杂性，目前在陆地碳循环研究中仍存…     

Changes in Production and Nutrient Cycling across a Wetness Gradient within a Floodplain Forest

Floodplain forest ecosystems are highly valuable to society because of their potential for water quality improvement and vegetation productivity, among many other functions. Previous studies have indicated that hydrology influences productivity but that the relationship between hydroperiod and productivity is a complex one. Consequently, we compared multiple indexes of productivity, nutrient circulation, and hydroperiod among three communities on the Flint River floodplain, Georgia, that differed in terms of inundation frequency. We hypothesized that (a) the wettest community would have the lowest total net primary production (NPP) values because of saturated soil conditions; (b) as wetness increases, nutrient circulation in litterfall would decrease because of the hypothesized lower productivity in the wetter community; and (c) as wetness increases, internal translocation would become more efficient. The study site was partitioned into three wetness types—somewhat poorly drained (SPD), intermediate (I) and poorly drained (PD). We found that belowground biomass was greatest on the SPD, litterfall was similar for all three sites, and that woody biomass current annual increment (CAI) was greatest in the PD community. However, when the three variables were totaled for each site, the PD had the greatest NPP, thus disproving hypothesis (a). For hypothesis (b), we observed that P content in litterfall, although not significant, followed the predicted trend; nitrogen (N) content displayed the opposite pattern (PD > I > SPD). As wetness increased, internal translocation became more efficient for phosphorus (support for hypothesis [c]), but the SPD community was more efficient at retranslocating N (contradiction of hypothesis [c]). Received 19 June 2000; accepted 19 October 2000.     

Mini-Review: Nutrient Cycling in Lakes and Streams: Insights from a Comparative Analysis

Understanding of general ecosystem principles may be improved by comparing disparate ecosystems. We compared nutrient cycling in lakes and streams to evaluate whether contrasts in hydrologic properties lead to different controls and different rates of internal nutrient cycling. Our primary focus was nutrient cycling that results in increased productivity, so we quantified nutrient cycling by defining the recycling ratio (ρ) as the number of times a nutrient molecule is sequestered by producers before export. An analytic model of nutrient cycling predicted that in lakes ρ is governed by the processes that promote the mineralization and retard the sedimentation of particulate-bound nutrients, whereas in streams, ρ is governed by processes that promote the uptake and retard the export of dissolved nutrients. These differences were the consequence of contrast between lakes and streams in the mass-specific export rates (mass exported · standing stock^-1· time^-1) of dissolved and particulate nutrients. Although ρ is calculated from readily measured ecosystem variables, we found very few published data sets that provided the necessary data for a given ecosystem. We calculated and compared ρ in two well-studied P-limited ecosystems, Peter Lake and West Fork Walker Branch (WFWB). When ecosystems were scaled so that water residence time was equal between these two ecosystems, ρ was three orders of magnitude greater in WFWB. However, when we scaled by P residence time, ρ was nearly equal between these two ecosystems. This suggests broad similarities in ρ across ecosystem types when ecosystem boundaries are defined so that turnover times of limiting nutrients are the same. Received 19 November 1998; accepted 6 October 1999.     

国外林木养分内循环研究

国外林木养分内循环研究廖利平（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＯｖｅｒｓｅａｓＲｅｓｃａｒｃｈｅｓｏｎＷｉｔｈｉｎ－ＴｒｅｅＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔＣｙｃｌｉｎｇ￥．ＬｉａｏＬｉｐｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏ－ｇｙ,Ａｃ...     

An Exotic Tree Alters Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling in A Hawaiian Montane Forest

We evaluated the effects of the exotic tree Fraxinus uhdei on decomposition dynamics and nutrient turnover in a montane Hawaiian rainforest. We used reciprocal transplants of litterbags between forests dominated by Fraxinus and by the native Metrosideros polymorpha to distinguish between endogenous (litter quality) and exogenous (for example, microclimate, nutrient availability, microbial and invertebrate communities) effects of Fraxinus on mass loss and nutrient dynamics of decomposing litter. Fraxinus produced greater quantities of litter that was thinner, had higher N and P concentrations, and lower concentrations of lignin and soluble polyphenols. Microbes decomposing Fraxinus litter produced fewer enzymes involved in N and P acquisition and more of those involved in cellulose degradation. Differences in litter quality and microbial activity resulted in a strong effect of litter type on rates of mass loss, whereby Fraxinus litter decomposed and released nutrients at nearly twice the rate of Metrosideros litter (k=0.82 versus 0.48), regardless of site of decomposition. Although site of decomposition had no effect on rates of litter mass loss, Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Fraxinus canopy mineralized approximately 20% less P after one year than Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Metrosideros canopy. Furthermore, Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Fraxinus canopy immobilized greater amounts of N and P in the early stages of decay, suggesting that the large amounts of N and P in Fraxinus litterfall have raised nutrient availability to decomposers in the forest floor. Greater immobilization of N and P under a Fraxinus canopy may act as a governor on rates of nutrient cycling, limiting the degree to which Fraxinus invasion accelerates N and P cycling in this system.