长期施肥对双季稻田土壤微生物学特性的影响

为探明不同施肥处理对早稻和晚稻各个生育时期稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,以湖南宁乡长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了定位长达29年5种施肥处理之间(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥+70%化肥、60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥)双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的差异。结果表明,早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,长期施肥均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期达到最低值;其中,以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均为最高,均显著高于其他处理,其大小顺序表现为60%有机肥30%有机肥秸秆还田化肥无肥。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵,有机肥与化肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物熵可以反映土壤质量的变化,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

DOM对米槠次生林不同土层土壤微生物呼吸及其熵值的影响

可溶性有机质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)作为土壤可溶性有机碳的重要来源,进入土壤之后通过改变土壤微生物数量和活性影响土壤矿化。DOM输入对土壤微生物呼吸和熵值的研究多集中在表层土壤,但对深层土壤微生物呼吸和熵值的影响关注较少。通过室内培养实验(120 d)研究米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)鲜叶DOM添加对表层土壤(0—10 cm)和深层土壤(40—60 cm)微生物呼吸及其土壤代谢熵和微生物熵的影响,为揭示DOM输入对亚热带森林土壤碳过程的影响提供理论依据。结果表明,在培养第1天,添加DOM的表层和深层土壤CO_2瞬时排放速率均显著高于对照(P0.001),分别是对照(不添加DOM)的3.58倍和6.93倍,之后显著下降。就累积排放量而言,无论是DOM添加处理还是对照,表层土壤显著大于深层土壤;在米槠鲜叶DOM添加后,表层土壤累积排放量显著大于对照的表层土壤(P0.001),但DOM添加处理深层土壤累积排放量与对照的深层土壤无明显差异。就微生物生物量碳而言,表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量在培养期间显著大于深层土壤。在整个添加DOM培养期间,表层土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著大于表层对照土壤,深层土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著大于深层对照土壤(第3天除外)。培养结束时(120 d),米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理下,表层土壤和深层土壤有机碳含量与第3天相比分别减少26%和19%。米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理后的深层土壤代谢熵(qCO_2)显著低于对照的深层土壤和DOM添加处理的表层土壤qCO_2(P0.001),说明外源DOM进入深层土壤后提高了土壤微生物对碳的利用效率。米槠鲜叶DOM添加处理后的深层土壤微生物熵是培养第3天的1.58倍,显著大于培养初期(P0.05),而DOM添加处理的表层土壤、对照的表层土壤与深层土壤的微生物熵分别是培养第3天的68%、79%和21%,说明DOM添加提高了深层土壤质量。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤剖面微生物特性对植被和坡位的响应

选取广西环江县喀斯特峰丛洼地:草丛(T)、灌丛(S)、原生林(PF)(中坡位)不同植被类型,原生林上、中、下不同坡位,按土壤发生层采集淋溶层(A层,0-10 cm)、过渡层(AB层,20-30 cm,草丛和灌丛;30-50 cm,原生林)、淀积层(B层,70-100cm)样品,研究土壤微生物量碳、氮(Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC)、soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN))、微生物碳熵、氮熵(ratio of SMBC to soil organic carbon (qMBC)、ratio of SMBN to soil total nitrogen (qMBN))、土壤基础呼吸(soil basic respiration (SBR))以及代谢熵(microbial metabolic quotient(qCO2))的剖面分异特征及其影响因素.结果表明,植被、土层深度显著影响土壤微生物量及基础呼吸,随植被恢复,SMBC、SMBN、SBR由草丛、灌丛、原生林依次上升,并随土壤发生层位的加深逐渐减少,qCO2在3种植被类型间差异显著:T＞PF＞S;原生林A层SMBC,SMBN在各坡位间均显著高于AB层、B层,SBR在A层由下坡位至上坡位递减,而在AB和B层的上、下坡位间无显著差异,qCO2坡位间无显著差异(P＞0.05);SMBC与SMBN之间存在显著正相关(r=0.825,P＜0.01,n=45),且SMBC、SMBN、SBR分别与有机碳、全氮、碱解氮均呈显著正相关.因此,随植被恢复,土壤质量明显改善,且坡位对A层土壤的影响较AB层和B层更显著,对于维持土壤微生物调节的土壤养分循环功能,调控土壤氮素营养与土壤有机质同等重要,这为合理制订喀斯特生态恢复措施提供了理论依据.     

26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响

研究长期小麦连作施肥条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的相关性。以陕西长武长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法、碱液吸收法和化学分析法分析了长达26a不同施肥处理农田土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和土壤呼吸之间的差异及其调控土壤肥力的作用。长期施肥及种植作物,均能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,尤其是施用有机肥,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于单施无机肥的处理,土壤呼吸量也提高15.91%—75.73%,而施用无机肥对于土壤呼吸无促进作用。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸与土壤有机质、全氮呈极显著相关。长期有机无机肥配施可以提高土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸,氮磷肥与厩肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸可以反映土壤质量的变化,作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

亚热带森林转换对土壤微生物呼吸及其熵值的影响

土壤微生物呼吸及其熵值是表征土壤质量变化的敏感性指标,不仅能衡量土壤微生物碳利用效率,还能揭示土壤有机碳的变化。通过比较亚热带米槠天然林转换为马尾松人工林和杉木人工林后土壤微生物呼吸速率、土壤微生物生物量碳以及微生物熵、代谢熵的差异,研究亚热带森林转换对土壤微生物碳利用效率的影响。研究结果显示:(1)与天然林相比,马尾松人工林0—10 cm土壤微生物呼吸速率上升32%(P<0.05),马尾松人工林和杉木人工林10—20 cm土壤微生物呼吸速率分别下降26%和24%(P<0.05);但在20—40 cm土层和40—60 cm土层,天然林土壤微生物呼吸速率比马尾松人工林分别高50%和43%;(2)马尾松人工林和杉木人工林0—10 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)比天然林分别下降19%和40%(P<0.05),但马尾松人工林10—20 cm土壤MBC上升29%(P<0.05);(3)人工林表层土壤微生物熵与天然林没有显著差异,但与天然林相比,杉木人工林和马尾松人工林20—40 cm土层土壤微生物熵分别下降51%和71%(P<0.05),40—60 cm分别下...     

不同分子量壳聚糖对土壤碳、氮及呼吸的影响

考察了不同分子量壳聚糖对土壤微生物量C、N、土壤呼吸及矿质N的影响.研究发现：不同分子量的壳聚糖施入土壤后,土壤的微生物量C、N、呼吸及矿质N均明显提高.微生物量C、N及土壤呼吸有相似的变化趋势： 随壳聚糖用量的增加而增大.低分子量壳聚糖施入土壤后,微生物量C、N及土壤呼吸均先快速增加,然后下降;中等及高分子量壳聚糖施入土壤后则是开始时变化较小,第14天开始快速增加,34d后下降.研究还发现,NO3^--N与NH4^＋-N变化趋势不完全相同,NO3^--N开始时变化较小,第14天开始快速增加,34d后快速下降;低分子量壳聚糖处理时,NH4^＋-N开始时快速增加,之后缓慢下降;中等分子量壳聚糖处理时,因加入量不同而不同;高分子量壳聚糖处理时则是从第24天开始变化显著.     

冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的短期影响

研究不同的冬季作物马铃薯、黑麦草、紫云英、油菜在"冬季作物-双季稻"轮作种植制度下短期内对稻田土壤微生物碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,在湖南省土壤肥料研究所的实验网室内设置了小区试验.试验结果表明:几种冬季作物均提高了稻田土壤微生物碳、氮含量,黑麦草明显提高了土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵,紫云英明显提高了土壤微生物量氮.冬季作物对土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮的季节性影响变化趋势基本一致,紫云英、马铃薯处理的土壤微生物量C、N含量均在水稻生育期间8月中旬达到最大值.     

黄土旱塬区冬小麦不同施肥处理的土壤呼吸及土壤碳动态

依据黄土旱塬区黑垆土上中国科学院长武站长期定位试验 (始于1984年),于2008年3月到6月,测定了冬小麦连作系统中返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和收获期土壤呼吸日变化、生育期变化以及土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic C, DOC)和微生物量碳(Soil microbial biomass C, MBC),研究了施肥措施对土壤呼吸、DOC和MBC的影响以及土壤呼吸与碳组分之间的关系.研究涉及6个处理:休闲地(F)、不施肥(CK)、有机肥(M)、氮肥(N)、氮磷肥(NP)和氮磷有机肥(NPM).结果表明,冬小麦连作系统中土壤呼吸的日变化格局呈单峰曲线,最高值出现在12:00左右(拔节期)和14:30左右(成熟期),最小值出现在0:00～3:00之间或6:00左右;冬小麦土壤呼吸速率拔节期最高,其次是灌浆后期,抽穗期最低;不同施肥条件下,各生育期土壤呼吸速率大小顺序:NPM＞M＞NP＞N＞CK＞F.土壤水分亏缺是导致抽穗期和灌浆期土壤呼吸速率降低的重要原因.各施肥处理DOC含量高低顺序为灌浆期＞抽穗期＞成熟期＞返青期＞拔节期;除M,NPM处理MBC含量拔节期＞灌浆期外,各施肥处理MBC含量高低顺序为成熟期＞抽穗期＞灌浆期＞拔节期＞返青期.同一处理不同生育期土壤呼吸速率与DOC,MBC的相关性较低,但同生育期不同施肥处理土壤呼吸与土壤有机碳组分间存在显著的相关性.以F处理土壤呼吸为基础,估算CK、N和NP处理生育期根系对土壤呼吸的平均贡献率依次为36%、45%和54%.     

黄土丘陵区草地土壤微生物C、N及呼吸熵对植被恢复的响应

以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复年限下草地土壤微生物C、N及土壤呼吸熵的变化.结果表明,土壤微生物量碳明显地随着植被恢复年限的增加而增加.在恢复前23a, 土壤微生物量碳在0～20 cm土层年增加率为24.1%;20～40 cm为104.4%.植被恢复23a后,0～20 cm土层增长率为0.83%,20～40 cm为0.19%.土壤微生物量N表现为在植被恢复的初期略有下降,3a后,开始出现明显增加.0～20 cm土层年增长率为20.14%,20～40 cm为15.11%.在植被恢复23a后,0～20 cm土层的年增长率为0.14%,20～40 cm变化不大.土壤微生物呼吸强度随着恢复年限的增加逐渐加强;土壤呼吸熵随植被封育时间的增加而呈对数降低趋势.土壤呼吸熵(qCO2)在反映土壤的生物质量变化时,显得更加稳定,受植物生长状况影响较小.相关分析表明,土壤微生物量和土壤微生物活性与土壤有机质、碱解氮和粘粒含量显著正相关;与土壤粉粒含量明显负相关;表层土壤pH值对其也有明显影响.草地植被自然恢复过程可增加土壤微生物活性,有利于土壤质量的提高.     

杉木根系和凋落物对土壤微生物学性质的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了杉木根系和凋落物及其交互作用对土壤微生物学性质的影响.结果表明：杉木根系和凋落物在土壤生态过程中发挥的作用有所不同.与对照相比,杉木根系处理的土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、土壤基础呼吸、土壤有机碳（TOC）和微生物熵显著增加,土壤呼吸熵（qCO₂）显著降低（P<0.05）;凋落物处理中,仅土壤基础呼吸和qCO₂显著降低（P<0.05）,而MBC、TOC和微生物熵没有显著变化（P>0.05）.杉木根系和凋落物对土壤基础呼吸和qCO₂的影响具有显著的交互作用.qCO₂与土壤可溶性碳（R²=0.325）及TOC（R²=0.209）含量呈显著正相关,说明微生物对碳的利用效率随土壤有机碳数量的增加而降低.与凋落物相比,杉木根系在土壤生态过程中发挥着更重要的作用.     

Metabolic quotient of the soil microflora in relation to plant succession

Summary In this study we propose the hypothesis that ecosystem succession is accompanied by a decrease in the metabolic quotient qCO₂ (respiration-to-biomass ratio) of the soil microflora. The qCO₂ is calculated from basal respiration (CO₂-C·h^-1) per unit microbial biomass carbon (C_mier). The hypothesis was tested by studying two primary successions on recessional moraines of the Rotmoos Ferner (Austria) and the Athabasca Glacier (Canada). For both soil seres (0->200 years) it was shown that the qCO₂ decreased with time, which corroborated the hypothesis. In addition, the short term development of the qCO₂ was demonstrated with a revegetation trial. We observed a rise in qCO₂ for the first two years after reclamation, followed by a subsequent decrease.     

C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: is there a “Redfield ratio” for the microbial biomass?

Well-constrained carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) ratios in planktonic biomass, and their importance in advancing our understanding of biological processes and nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems, has motivated ecologists to search for similar patterns in terrestrial ecosystems. Recent analyses indicate the existence of “Redfield-like” ratios in plants, and such data may provide insight into the nature of nutrient limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. We searched for analogous patterns in the soil and the soil microbial biomass by conducting a review of the literature. Although soil is characterized by high biological diversity, structural complexity and spatial heterogeneity, we found remarkably consistent C:N:P ratios in both total soil pools and the soil microbial biomass. Our analysis indicates that, similar to marine phytoplankton, element concentrations of individual phylogenetic groups within the soil microbial community may vary, but on average, atomic C:N:P ratios in both the soil (186:13:1) and the soil microbial biomass (60:7:1) are well-constrained at the global scale. We did see significant variation in soil and microbial element ratios between vegetation types (i.e., forest versus grassland), but in most cases, the similarities in soil and microbial element ratios among sites and across large scales were more apparent than the differences. Consistent microbial biomass element ratios, combined with data linking specific patterns of microbial element stoichiometry with direct evidence of microbial nutrient limitation, suggest that measuring the proportions of C, N and P in the microbial biomass may represent another useful tool for assessing nutrient limitation of ecosystem processes in terrestrial ecosystems.     

Soil biochemical/microbial indices as ecological indicators of land use change in mangrove forests

The objective of the study was to examine the long-term changes in biochemical/microbial indicators of soil quality due to clear felling of mangroves for establishment of plantations. The biochemical/microbial parameters included dissolved organic-C (DOC) and -N (DON), soil microbial biomass-C (SMBC), -N (SMBN) and -P (SMBP), soil respiration (SR), metabolic quotient (qCO₂), adenylates (ATP, AMP and ADP), adenylate energy charge (AEC), ergosterol and their ratios. Results revealed that the undisturbed mangroves possessed considerably greater amounts of soil organic C, DOC and DON. Consequently, SMBC, SMBN and SMBP showed marked reductions in the plantations suggesting an average loss of 66%, 49% and 75%, respectively due to changed land use. Likewise, SR decreased by 46.4% in the plantations. Enhanced qCO₂ levels in the plantations indicated a microbial community under stress with a high maintenance carbon demand, while lower qCO₂ levels in the mangroves indicated an efficient microbial community and a better use of available organic substrates. The levels of ATP, AMP and ADP followed a trend identical to that of SMB and SR. Greater ergosterol concentration led to greater ergosterol/SMBC ratio suggesting a shift in the microbial community structure from a primarily fungi dominated SMB in the mangroves to a fungi recessive SMB in the plantations.     

Effect of long-term nutrient managements on biological and biochemical properties of semi-arid tropical Alfisol during maize crop development stages

Understanding the influence of organic or inorganic nutrient management on soil biology and biochemistry during crop growth may help to develop more sustainable fertilization strategies. Hence, the biological variables including soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), six cultivable microbial communities, five hydrolytic enzymes activity and soil respiratory indices from a long-term fertility experiment field (>100 years) were assessed at different growth stages of maize. The samples were taken from four long-term treatments viz., control (no fertilization), balanced inorganic fertilizers (IC), organic amendments (OM) and integrated nutrient management (INM, organic manure plus chemical fertilizers) at five different stages of maize cropping (S1, pre-cropping; S2, five days after sowing; S3, vegetative; S4, flowering; S5, after harvesting). Responses of most of the assessed parameters to organic fertilization (OM and INM) were significantly higher than those from inorganically managed and control soils. There was significant difference in SOC due to long-term nutrient managements (OM > INM > IC > control) but not due to growth stages of maize. MBC was also higher in OM and INM compared to IC and control and found significantly different at growth stages of maize. Values of microbial counts and assessed enzyme activities were highest at vegetative stage of maize following a declined trend at later stages. The respiration studies indicate a difference between the responses of substrate induced respiration rate (SIR) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). SIR was more significantly influenced by long-term nutrient managements than crop stages, while qCO₂ was by early stage of maize growth (S2) alone. The principal component analysis (PCA) identifies MBC, qCO₂, SIR, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and aryl sulphatase and counts of Actinobacteria and diazotrophs as major drivers for the variability among the samples. PCA discriminated OM and INM samples from IC and control and vegetative stage of maize from other stages. The interaction effects of long-term nutrient managements and maize growth stages were found significant to MBC, counts of Actinobacteria and diazotrophs and activities of dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase. However, the resilience of semi-arid tropical soil, independent of long-term nutrient management adoptions, was not affected due to maize growth. The present study thus provides some reliable biological indicators to monitor the semi-arid tropical soils, those influenced by nutrient managements.     

太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征变化

为评价太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征,比较分析了针阔混交林、针叶混交林、针叶纯林、落叶阔叶纯林、灌丛和裸露地6种不同植被群落中的土壤微生物区系、微生物生物量和呼吸强度等指标的变化.结果表明,6种不同植被群落土壤中的微生物学特征存在较大差异. 灌丛地在微生物数量和微生物生物量两项指标中均为最高,其余植被群落在这两项指标中的顺序从大到小依次为落叶阔叶纯林＞针阔混交林＞针叶纯林＞针叶混交林＞裸地,土壤呼吸强度也有相似的变化趋势.在进行退化山地的植被恢复时,应充分重视生态系统的自然恢复能力.     

Priming effect after glucose amendment in two different soils evaluated by SIR- and PLFA-technique

This study investigated the metabolic and structural effects of adding glucose to the top soils of a contaminated sandy Eutric Cambisol and an uncontaminated silty Haplic Chernozem during substrate-induced respiration (SIR) measurement. We hypothesized that glucose amendment causes microbial community shifts. To indicate changes of the microbial structure during SIR measurement, we have evaluated the microbial community structure using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis on soil samples immediately before they were enclosed in SIR apparatus (Start), after the equilibrium of basal respiration had been reached (Con-0), 8 h later (Con-8), and on the other hand immediately after adding glucose (Glu-0), and 8 h after that (Glu-8).The accumulated PLFA content of Start, Con-0 and Con-8 was of the same order of magnitude with no significant differences among them in the contaminated sandy Eutric Cambisol. In contrast, PLFA-biomass of the Glu-0 sample was only 52% of that measured in the Start. Furthermore, the PLFA-biomass was reduced even more drastically to 20% compared to the original Start value in Glu-8. The reduction of PLFA-microbial biomass after glucose amendment was accompanied by the inverse reaction of basal respiration. The PLFA profiles were dominated by the group of saturated fatty acids in the case of Start, Con-0 and Con-8, but by unsaturated fatty acids in the Glu-0 and Glu-8. In contrast to these results, the uncontaminated silty Haplic Chernozem showed no significant differences between Start, Con-0 and Glu-0 but a 243% and a 274% higher PLFA content of Con-8 and Glu-8 compared to the Start, respectively.The findings of triggered metabolic activities indicate that the microflora of these soils is affected and that PLFA analysis reflects a shift in the soil microbial community after adding glucose. We hypothesized that this shift from slow-growing microbial oligotrophs with low substrate needs to fast-growing copiotrophs with high substrate demands might be caused by the glucose added. Structural differences of the microbial community before and after glucose amendment should be taken into consideration when interpreting the metabolic SIR results in future.     

半干旱地区不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的微生物量属性

团聚体是土壤基本结构单元,是土壤质量和肥力的基础,研究了解不同土地利用方式下,不同团聚体的生物学属性,有助于深入了解土壤肥力本质,以及不同土壤肥力差异的根本原因。采集半干旱地区林地、旱地、灌溉耕地和草地4种土壤利用类型的表层土壤,用干筛法获得6级团聚体,测定微生物量碳(MBC)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、基础呼吸速率(BR)和基质诱导呼吸量(SIR)等指标。结果表明:土壤微生物量ATP浓度在7.79—9.26μmol ATP/g Cmic,灌溉耕地最高、林地最低;微生物代谢熵(q CO2)和SIR分别为0.35—0.69μL CO2g-1Cmicd-1和88.7—132.2μg CO2g-1d-1,灌溉耕地最高、旱地最低。土壤团聚体的微生物量ATP浓度在6.54—9.32μmol/g Cmic之间,平均值为8.22μmol/g Cmic;q CO2和SIR分别为0.29—0.71μL/g Cmic和64—120μg CO2/g土,大团聚体含量总体上高于小团聚体,可能暗示不同团聚体土壤微生物群落活性及生理状态存在差异。土壤ATP含量、SIR和q CO2与微生物量碳呈显著相关性(r=0.929、0.865、0.885,P0.01),SIR和BR之间也有存在较高的相关性(r=0.828、P0.01),说明尽管各级团聚体微生物学属性的绝对值存在很大的差异,但相互关系并未随团聚体大小而变化。     

不同粒级土壤团聚体呼吸特征及其对碳排放的贡献

通过土盆培养试验研究了不同粒级黄棕壤团聚体呼吸特征及其对碳排放的贡献,结果表明:各粒级土壤团聚体及原状土在培养初期土壤呼吸速率较高,之后逐渐降低。在整个培养期间原状土保持了最大的土壤呼吸速率;土壤团聚体类型对土壤呼吸速率影响较大,3种粒级团聚体土壤呼吸速率大小表现为(5 mm)(1 mm)≈(1~5 mm),其中以5 mm团聚体对土壤碳排放的贡献最大。相关性分析表明,指数模型能较好地描述不同粒级团聚体的土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应;Q10值介于2.53~5.11之间且与土壤有机碳、全氮含量的变化规律基本一致,表现为1 mm团聚体有机碳、全氮含量和Q10值较大,5 mm、1~5 mm团聚体有机碳、全氮含量和Q10值相对较低,说明土壤团聚体粒级越小,其呼吸速率对温度越敏感。土壤有机碳、氮含量与土壤结构是影响土壤呼吸温度敏感性的重要因素。     

Root biomass and nutrient dynamics in a scrub-oak ecosystem under the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2

Elevated CO₂ can increase fine root biomass but responses of fine roots to exposure to increased CO₂ over many years are infrequently reported. We investigated the effect of elevated CO₂ on root biomass and N and P pools of a scrub-oak ecosystem on Merritt Island in Florida, USA, after 7 years of CO₂ treatment. Roots were removed from 1-m deep soil cores in 10-cm increments, sorted into different categories (<0.25 mm, 0.25–1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2 mm to 1 cm, >1 cm, dead roots, and organic matter), weighed, and analyzed for N, P and C concentrations. With the exception of surface roots <0.25 mm diameter, there was no effect of elevated CO₂ on root biomass. There was little effect on C, N, or P concentration or content with the exception of dead roots, and <0.25 mm and 1–2 mm diameter live roots at the surface. Thus, fine root mass and element content appear to be relatively insensitive to elevated CO₂. In the top 10 cm of soil, biomass of roots with a diameter of <0.25 mm was depressed by elevated CO₂. Elevated CO₂ tended to decrease the mass and N content of dead roots compared to ambient CO₂. A decreased N concentration of roots <0.25 mm and 1–2 mm in diameter under elevated CO₂ may indicate reduced N supply in the elevated CO₂ treatment. Our study indicated that elevated CO₂ does not increase fine root biomass or the pool of C in fine roots. In fact, elevated CO₂ tends to reduce biomass and C content of the most responsive root fraction (<0.25 mm roots), a finding that may have more general implications for understanding C input into the soil at higher atmospheric CO₂ concentrations.     

华南地区5种人工幼林的土壤呼吸及其季节性变化

为了解华南人工林的碳固存机制,对广东鹤山的尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)纯林、30种树种混交林、10种树种混交林、红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)纯林、厚荚相思(Acacia crassicarpa)纯林5种人工林(林龄2–5 a)的土壤总呼吸(Rs)和自养呼吸(Ra)的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,从2007年到2012年,5种人工林的Rs为81.3~103.9 mg C m–2h–1,Ra为11.2~22.3 mg C m–2h–1,自养呼吸贡献率(RC)为12.4%~26.9%,且5种人工林间的Rs、Ra及RC差异不显著。5种人工林湿季的Rs均显著大于干季的,平均高出311.4%;Ra、RC的季节性差异不显著。湿季土壤温度与Rs具有显著相关性,土壤温度解释了90.2%的变异,而两者关系在干季不显著。人工林间的微环境和土壤条件差异不明显,可能是由于造林时间短,土壤还处于干扰的恢复过程中,导致人工林间土壤呼吸差异不显著。