制作竹类秆箨标本的新方法

秆箨作为鉴别竹类植物重要的营养器官,自然脱落后易卷或易破碎。常规的压制方式所制作的腊叶标本通常质量都不高,这给竹种的鉴定带来很大的困难。本文介绍一种新的秆箨腊叶标本制作方法,即熨斗熨烫法,并就这种方法对秆箨性状所产生的影响作了客观分析,结果表明：它对保存秆箨分类性状有很大的改进,对标本质量有明显的提高。     

制作竹类秆箨标本的新方法

秆箨作为鉴别竹类植物重要的营养器官 ,自然脱落后易卷或易破碎。常规的压制方式所制作的腊叶标本通常质量都不高 ,这给竹种的鉴定带来很大的困难。本文介绍一种新的秆箨腊叶标本制作方法 ,即熨斗熨烫法 ,并就这种方法对秆箨性状所产生的影响作了客观分析 ,结果表明 :它对保存秆箨分类性状有很大的改进 ,对标本质量有明显的提高     

An Improved Method of Making Tissue Carriers for TEM and SEM Fixation

Hazards in fixing small pieces of tissue for electron microscopy include damage, drying, or loss. Over the years, microstrainer tissue carriers have been developed to minimize these problems. Construction materials have included glass tubing, copper grids for electron microscopy, stainless steel screen, and bolting silk (Padawer 1951, Friend 1963, Bronskill 1970). Carriers made from plastic embedding molds (e.g., BEEM capsules) with either TEM grids attached to the conical tip (Buchanan 1965) or Nitex screen cloth held to one end by a retaining ring have proven to be inexpensive and popular, though the former has a very small filtration area and in the latter small tissues may be lost or crushed between the screen cloth and the bottom rim of the carrier. This note describes a carrier in which Nitex is permanently sealed to the bottom edee of a BEEM capsule cylinder.     

A New and Rapid Method for Making Permanent Aceto-Carmin Smears

Smear the pollen mother cells of a single anther from each flower bud on a clean dry slide, using a small scalpel. Flood the slide with Belling's acetocarmin and heat for a second over an alcohol flame. Examine under the microscope to determine the stage of microsporogenesis. If the stage is satisfactory, smear the remaining anthers in the same manner, but fix and stain them by immediate immersion, face downward, in a petri dish full of hot (steaming) acetocarmin for from 1 to 10 minutes. Then rapidly transfer thru the following mixtures: two parts 99% (glacial) acetic acid plus one part absolute ethyl alcohol; one part acetic acid plus two parts absolute alcohol; and finally one part acetic acid plus nine parts absolute alcohol. The slides are then to be dehydrated completely by 1 to 2 minutes immersion in pure absolute alcohol, and cleared 2 to 3 minutes in a mixture of xylene and absolute alcohol in equal parts. The preparations are then made permanent by mounting each with balsam and a cover glass. The whole process takes from 5 to 15 minutes and is particularly recommended for chromosome counts.     

A Direct Silver Method for the Golgi Apparatus

Direct immersion of fresh tissue in a solution of silver in formalin at pH 4, followed by development in hydroquinone-formalin, results in consistent silvering of the Golgi apparatus. The time required depends on the penetration of the tissue, two hours for each step being adequate for routine purposes. Proper general fixation of the tissue is enhanced by returning it to a fixative for the customary periods of time. A weak solution of iron alum is suggested as a convenient method for reducing the intensity of the silver image in sections, when that is desired. Replacing the silver image with gold allows it to survive more drastic subsequent treatment, such as periodic acid oxidation.     

江西省缓步动物四个新纪录种记述

本文报道了江西省缓步动物4个新记录种:双裂角棘影熊虫Cornechiniscus lobatusRamazzotti,1943(异缓步纲,棘影熊虫科),节值大生熊虫Macrobiotus harmsworthiMurray,1907(真缓步纲,大生熊虫科),胡氏大生熊虫Macrobiotus hufelandiSchultze,1833(大生熊虫科)和杜氏高生熊虫Hypsibius dujardiniDoyére,1840(高生熊虫科)。     

一种中小型哺乳动物标本整体塑化制作方法

此方法在改变传统哺乳动物标本制作方法上进行了一些新的尝试与改进,形成了一种小型哺乳动物标本的制作方法.该方法使用无毒的聚乙二醇替代传统的保存药品,可制作哺乳动物的整体标本,并能长期保持其原有形态,所制标本不仅可作为教学、科研材料之用外,由于其无毒处理,还可用于家居装饰.     

A New Staining Dish for Handling Cover-Glass Preparations

The fixing, staining, dehydrating and clearing of preparations, which are made, for reasons of convenience or necessity, on cover-glasses rather than slides, are operations with which almost all technical workers sooner or later have to deal. Such preparations are in constant use by protozoologists and are occasionally employed by cytologists¹ and specialists in several other lines of biological study. Nevertheless, up to the present time all sorts of inconvenient, makeshift devices have been used for handling the cover-glasses, usually resulting in the use of unnecessary amounts of reagents and general dissatisfaction with the added difficulties in manipulation.     

Making Dry Preparations of Vertebrate Material

A method is presented by which whole embryos, immature animals, parts of organs, or even thick sections, of vertebrate material are very slowly dehydrated, thoroughly cleared, and then dried to show the topography of complicated structures.

A representative photomicrograph is included to show the result obtained.     

红腹锦鸡血细胞的光镜和扫描电镜观察

为了探讨红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)血细胞的形态特征,为生理学研究提供生物学基础资料,利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了红腹锦鸡血细胞的形态特征。结果表明,红腹锦鸡红细胞呈椭圆形或扁圆形,表面光滑,具核;白细胞为球形,体大,淋巴细胞表面有绒毛状突起,嗜中性粒细胞核一般分2~5叶,嗜酸性粒细胞核一般分2叶,嗜碱性粒细胞核分2~3叶,单核细胞表面粗糙不平,核大,呈肾形或圆形;凝血细胞呈球形或不规则形。     

A Family Level Analysis of Tardigrade Phylogeny

In the present study a character data set suitable for cladistic analysis at the family level was developed. A data matrix consisting of 50 morphological characters from 15 families of tardigrades was analyzed by maximum parsimony. Kinorhynchs, loriciferans, and gastrotrichs were used as outgroups. The results agree with the currently accepted hypothesis that Eutardigrada and Heterotardigrada are distinct monophyletic groups. Among the eutardigrades, Eohypsibiidae was found to be a sister group to Macrobiotidae+Hypsibiidae, while Milnesiidae was the basal eutardigrade family. The basal heterotardigrade family was found to be Oreellidae. Echiniscoideans grouped with some traditional Arthrotardigrada (Renaudarctidae, Coronarctidae+Batillipedidae) suggesting that the arthrotardigrades are not monophyletic. The 18S rRNA gene sequence of Batillipes mirus Richters, 1909 and Calohypsibius schusteri Nelson & McGlothlin, 1996 were obtained and their addition to a previously published dataset supports the monophyly of Heterotardigrada and of Parachela versus Apochela within the Eutardigrada.     

A New Apparatus for Standardized Rat Kidney Biopsy

Survival biopsies are frequently applied in rat kidney disease models, but several drawbacks such as surgical kidney trauma, bleeding risk and variable loss of kidney tissue are still unsolved. Therefore, we developed an easy-to-use core biopsy instrument and evaluated whether two consecutive kidney biopsies within the same kidney can be carried out in a standardized manner. On day 0, 18 Lewis rats underwent a right nephrectomy and 9 of these rats a subsequent first biopsy of the left kidney (Bx group). 9 control rats had a sham biopsy of the left kidney (Ctrl group). On day 7, a second kidney biopsy/sham biopsy was performed. On day 42, all animals were sacrificed and their kidneys were removed for histology. Biopsy cylinders contained 57±28 glomeruli per transversal section, representing an adequate sample size. PAS staining showed that the biopsy depth was limited to the renal cortex whereas surgical tissue damage was limited to the area immediately adjacent to the taken biopsy cylinder. On day 42, the reduction of functional renal mass after two biopsies was only 5.2% and no differences of body weight, blood pressure, proteinuria, serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis or number of ED-1 positive macrophages were found between both groups. In summary, our apparatus offers a safe method to perform repetitive kidney biopsies with minimal trauma and sufficient sample size and quality even in experimental disease models restricted to one single kidney.     

A Simple Feed-back Method for Temperature Control of Experimental Preparations

Abstract A simple system for temperature control and display is described. The feedback method employed reduces temperature oscillations to values negligible for most practical applications.     

A Method for Making Aceto-Carmin Smears Permanent

Anthers are collected and placed in a solution of 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts of absolute alcohol. The contents of the anther are squeezed out on a slide in a drop of Belling's iron-aceto-carmin solution and a cover glass placed over the drop. Care should be taken to remove all anther walls and flower parts. Heat the slide over an alcohol flame for a second, repeating 4 or 5 times. Place the slide in a petri dish filled with a 10% solution of acetic acid. When the cover glass has risen away from the slide gently remove the cover glass and place in a Coplin jar containing equal parts of alcohol and acetic acid. Likewise, place the slide in this solution. Run both cover and slide thru the following solutions: 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts absolute alcohol, 1 part acetic acid to 9 parts absolute alcohol, absolute alcohol and finally equal parts of absolute alcohol and xylol. Recombine the cover and slide in xylol-balsam directly from this solution.     

A Method for Making Aceto-Carmin Smears Permanent

Anthers are collected and placed in a solution of 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts of absolute alcohol. The contents of the anther are squeezed out on a slide in a drop of Belling's iron-aceto-carmin solution and a cover glass placed over the drop. Care should be taken to remove all anther walls and flower parts. Heat the slide over an alcohol flame for a second, repeating 4 or 5 times. Place the slide in a petri dish filled with a 10% solution of acetic acid. When the cover glass has risen away from the slide gently remove the cover glass and place in a Coplin jar containing equal parts of alcohol and acetic acid. Likewise, place the slide in this solution. Run both cover and slide thru the following solutions: 1 part acetic acid to 3 parts absolute alcohol, 1 part acetic acid to 9 parts absolute alcohol, absolute alcohol and finally equal parts of absolute alcohol and xylol. Recombine the cover and slide in xylol-balsam directly from this solution.     

一种利用普通垂直电泳槽回收PAGE胶蛋白条带的简便方法

植物总蛋白样品经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离之后,直接用考马斯亮蓝染色、切胶回收目的条带,再用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳槽电洗脱纯化得到单一条带的目的蛋白.此法可得到有活性的黄瓜衰老叶片中被特异激活的DNA酶,对样品中含量少,特别是与其他分子量相近的蛋白质十分有效.     

A morphological study of heavy metal complexes of chitosan and crosslinked chitosans by SEM and WAXRD

Metal complexes of salts of Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Mn with chitosan and crosslinked chitosans were prepared, and their morphologies were studied using scanning electron microscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction. The metal ions which were specifically and strongly complexed to the amino functions of chitosans, like Hg, showed smooth surface morphology inspite of large number of ions complexed (372 mg/g of chitosan). The presence of metal ions on the surface of the chitosans could be detected with decrease in metal ion binding, in the following sequence Hg > Cu > Cd > Zn > Pb > Mn. Particularly in the case of Pb ions, the presence of these ions is clearly seen on the surface of the polymer by SEM. The number of ions of Mn complexed on the polymers was too few (5 mg/g of chitosan) to be visible. SEM of Hg and Cu complexes do not show the “holes” observed in the crosslinked polymers as they bind specifically to amino groups of chitosan, but for Cd, Zn, Mn, and Pb complexes, these “holes” are clearly visible. These results are also in agreement with the morphologies studied by WAXRD. The metal complexation data for each of these metal ions was also in the same sequence.     

A Quick-Freeze Method for Making Smear Slides Permanent

Many types of smear slides can be made permanent rapidly and effectively by substituting for the usual dehydration series a single-step process of freezing the slide on a block of dry ice, placing it immediately in 95% or absolute alcohol, and then mounting it. Advantages of the technic are its speed, the ease of separation of cover slip from slide with a minimum loss of cells, and the superiority of the resulting permanent slides.     

A Rapid Method for Making Permanent Mounts of Nematodes

A rapid method which can be used to mount and clear nematodes and their eggs is presented. Permanent mounts of certain nematodes and parasite eggs have been prepared using a medium consisting of 56 parts of a stock solution of polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”), 22 parts phenol and 22 parts of lactic acid. The stock solution of PVA is prepared by dissolving 15 grams of PVA in 100 ml. of distilled water. This medium can be used on material killed and fixed in 10% formalin, any concentration of alcohol, alcohol-glycerin or glycerin. Results have been very satisfactory in most instances. An accompanying plate of photographs shows some of the preparations obtained by using this method.