草盲蝽属中国种类纪要：半翅目：盲蝽科

本文共记述半翅目盲蝽科的常见属—草盲蝽属Lygus(s.str.)Hahn中国种类共11种。其中包括3个新种:毛斑草盲蝽L.paradiscrepans sp.nov.,西藏草盲蝽L.tibetanus sp.nov.,萧氏草盲蝽L.hsiaoi sp.nov.;1个中国新记录种:瓦氏草盲蝽L.wagneri(Remane);以及1项新组合:将poluensis Wagner由Exolygus Wagner属移入本属。文章提供了名录、分布纪录和新种描述     

丽盲蝽属(丽盲蝽亚属)中国种类修订(半翅目:盲蝽科:盲蝽亚科)(英文)

对丽盲蝽属 (丽盲蝽亚属 )Lygocoris (subg .Lygocoris)的中国种类作了修订。文中共包括 19个种 ,其中有 12新种 ,1个中国新纪录种 ,并包括 1项新等级的认定。即暗胝丽盲蝽L .(L .)calligersp .nov .(正模 :四川峨眉山九老洞 ) ,程氏丽盲蝽L .(L .)chengisp .nov .(正模 :四川峨眉山大乘寺 ) ,晕斑丽盲蝽L .(L .)diffusomaculatussp .nov .(正模 :甘肃榆中兴隆山 ) ,淡色丽盲蝽L .(L .)dilutussp .nov .(正模 :甘肃夏河县合作 ) ,锈褐丽盲蝽L .(L .) ferrugineussp .nov .(正模 :云南哀牢山 ) ,褐盾丽盲蝽L .(L .) fuscoscutel latus (Reuter ,190 6 )stat .nov .[由L .(L .)striicornisvar.fuscoscutellatus升为种级阶元 ],广西丽盲蝽L .(L .) guangxiensissp .nov .(正模 :广西龙胜 ) ,东亚丽盲蝽L .(L .)idoneus(Linnavuori,196 3) (中国新纪录种 ) ,完脊丽盲蝽L .(L .)integricarinatussp .nov .(甘肃榆中麻家寺 ) ,林氏丽盲蝽L .(L .)linnavuoriisp .nov .(云南哀牢山簸箕坝 ) ,长翅丽盲蝽L .(L .)longipennis (Reuter ,190 6 ) ,斑盾丽盲蝽L .(L .)maculis cutellatussp .nov .(四川理县刷经寺 ) ,原丽盲蝽L .(L .) pabulinus (Linnaeus ,176 1) ,红盾丽盲蝽L .(L .)rufiscutellatussp .nov .(甘     

丽盲蝽属(丽盲蝽亚属)中国种类修订1)(半翅目: 盲蝽科: 盲蝽亚科)

对丽盲蝽属（丽盲蝽亚属）Lygocoris(subg.Lygocoris)的中国种类作了修订。文中共包括19个种,其中有12新种,1个中国新世录种,并包括1项新等级的认定。即暗胝丽盲蝽L．（L．）calliger sp.nov.(正模：四川峨眉山九老洞）,程氏丽盲蝽L.(L.)chengi sp.nov.（正模：四川峨眉山大乘寺）,晕斑丽盲蝽L.(L.)diffusomaculatus sp.nov.(正模：甘肃榆中兴隆山）,淡色丽盲蝽L.(L.)dilutus sp.nov.（正模：甘肃夏河县合作）,锈褐丽盲蝽L.(L.)ferrugineus sp.nov.（正模L：云南衰牢山）,褐盾丽盲蝽L.(L.)fuscoscutellatus(Reute,1906)stat.nov,[由L.(L.)striicornis var.fuscoscutellatus升为种级阶元],广西丽盲蝽L.(L.)guangxiensis sp.nov.(正模：广西龙胜）,东亚丽盲蝽L.(L.)idoneus (Linnavuori,1963)（中国新纪录种）,完脊丽盲蝽L.(L.)integricarinatus sp.nov.(甘肃榆中麻家寺）,林氏丽盲蝽L.(L.)linnavuorii sp.nov,（云南哀牢山簸箕坝）,长翅丽盲蝽L.(L.)longipennis(Reuter,1906),斑质丽盲蝽L.(L.)maculiscutellatus sp.nov,(四川理县刷经寺）,原丽盲蝽L.(L.)pabulinus(Linnaeus,1761),红质丽盲蝽L.(L.)rufiscutellatus sp.nov.(甘肃榆中）,中红丽盲蝽L.(L.)pabulinus(Linnaeus,1961),红盾丽盲蝽L.(L.)rufiscutellatus sp.nov.（甘肃榆中）,中红丽盲蝽L.(L.)rufomedialis sp.nov.(云南玉龙山）,皱胸丽盲蝽L.(L.)rugosicollis(Reuter,1906),四川丽盲蝽L.(L.)sichuanicus sp.nov.(四川巴尔康）,纹角丽盲蝽L.(L.)striicornis(Reuter,1906),台湾丽盲蝽L.(L.)taivanus(Poppius,1915)。模式标本除注明者外,均存于南开大学生物系昆虫标本室。     

中国束盲蝽属二新种记述(半翅目,盲蝽科,叶盲蝽亚科)

记述中国束盲蝽属Pilophorus 2新种,即修长束盲蝽Pilophorus elongatus sp.nov.及壮黑束盲蝽Pilophorus fortinigritus sp.nov..文中提供了新种成虫背面观照片及雄性生殖器特征图.新种模式标本保存于南开大学昆虫学研究所.     

中国的纹唇盲蝽属和喙盲蝽属(半翅目:盲蝽科)

本文共记载:1,盲蝽科纹唇盲蝽属Charagochilus Fieber 7个中国种,其中包括3个新种:邻纹唇盲蝽Ch. similis sp. nov., 玉龙纹唇盲蝽Ch. yulongensis sp. nov., 淡领蚊唇盲蝽Ch. pallidicollis sp. nov.;1个中国新记录种:狭领纹唇盲蝽Ch. angusticollis Linnavuori;将Proboscidocoris taivanus Poppius 1915移入Charagochilus属;并对Charagochilus gyllenhali (Fallen)的中国记录提出疑问。2,喙盲蝽属Proboscidocoris Reuter 1种:马来喙盲蝽P. malayus Reuter(中国新记录)。     

蕨盲蝽属二新种(半翅目,盲蝽科)

记述蕨盲蝽属2新种:宽蕨盲蝽Bryocoris(Cobalorrhynchus)latus sp.nov.和亮蕨盲蝽Bryocoris(Bryocoris)nitidus sp.nov..模式标本存放于南开大学昆虫标本室. 新种与宽垫盲蝽族内的淡足息盲蝽Sinevia pallidipes (Zheng et Liu,1992)(胡奇,郑乐怡,2003)也相象,但新种爪内面无宽扁的爪垫而与蕨盲蝽族种类爪的类型相同,并且生殖腔腹向开口,可与之区别.     

中国杂盲蝽属二新种记述(半翅目,盲蝽科,叶盲蝽亚科)

记述杂盲蝽属Psallus2新种,即河南杂盲蝽Psllus henanensis sp.nov.、壮杂盲蝽Psallus fortis sp.nov..文中给出杂盲蝽属中国已知种分种检索表,同时还提供了新种虫背面观照片及足、雄外生殖器特征图.新种均采自中国河南省,模式标本保存在南开大学昆虫学研究所.     

中国斜唇盲蝽属新种及新纪录种记述：（半翅目：盲蝽科）

本文记述了我国内蒙古地区斜唇盲蝽属二新种及一中国新纪录种,即阿拉善斜唇盲蝽Plagiognathus(s.str.)alashanensis sp.nov.,灰黄斜唇盲蝽P.(Poliopterus)canoflavidus sp.nov.和褐斜唇盲蝽P.(s.str.)obscuriceps(Stal)。文中对新种进行了描述,对中国新纪录种作了简要记载。     

中国松盲蝽属种类记述(半翅目:盲蝽科:盲蝽亚科)

记述松盲蝽属Pinalitus Kelton中国种类共7种,其中包括中国2新纪录和4新种,即红褐松盲蝽P.rubeolus Kulik, 黑头松盲蝽P.nigriceps Kerzhner, 长喙松盲蝽P.rubricatus (Fallén)(后两种为中国新纪录种);冷杉松盲蝽P.abietis sp. nov.,高山松盲蝽P.alpinus sp. nov.,华山松松盲蝽P.armandicola sp. nov.,泰山松盲蝽P.taishanensis sp. nov..文章提供了分种检索表.     

内蒙古的植盲蝽（半翅目：盲蝽科）

本文记载内蒙古植盲蝽属(Phytocoris Fall.)14种,其中包括突植盲蝽Ph.(Ph.)procerussp.n.、郑氏植盲蝽Ph.(Ph.)zhengi sp.n.、柠条植盲蝽Ph.(Ktenccoris)caraganae sp.n.、蒙古植盲蝽Ph.(K.)mongolicus sp.n.、褐植盲蝽Ph.(K.)nigritus sp.n.、红褐植盲蝽Ph.(K.)rubiqionsus sp.n.、砂地植盲蝽Ph.(K.)desertorum sp.n.、贺兰山植盲蝽Ph.(K.)alashanensissp.n.8个新种及5个新纪录种。     

中国南部亚热带森林地表植被动态变化

系统研究了南方5个亚热带森林生态系统地表植被的动态变化情况.研究方法是:在每个研究区域内,按照地形梯度分别布设50个1m2 的样方,记录样方内所有物种的频度及相关的环境变量,5个研究区域共设250个样方,每个样方分别调查两次.通过单元及多元统计方法分析表明:维管植物物种频度在一个区域明显下降,另二个区域显著增加;苔藓物种频度在一个区域有明显下降,另一个区域明显增加;苔藓物种数量在3个区域显著增加,另二个区域显著下降;维管植物物种数量显著增加在二个区域;物种组成沿着第一个植被梯度轴DCA 1没有显著变化,沿着第二个植被梯度轴DCA 2在二个区域有显著变化.综合分析表明,苔藓对气候变化及其波动反映敏感,是较好的气候变化及气候波动生物指示因子,而管植物数量及频度的变化没有明显证据显示与土壤酸化和大气污染有紧密关系.     

Detection of a colonizing, aquatic, non-indigenous species

Detecting the presence of rare species has interested ecologists and conservation biologists for many years. A particularly daunting application of this problem pertains to the detection of non-indigenous species (NIS) as they colonize new ecosystems. Ethical issues prevent experimental additions of NIS to most natural systems to explore the relationship between sampling intensity and the detection probability of a colonizing NIS. Here we examine this question using a recently introduced water flea, Cercopagis pengoi , in Lake Ontario. The species has biphasic population development, with sexually-produced 'spring morphs' developing prior to parthenogenetically-produced 'typical' morphs. Thus, this biphasic morphology allows distinction between new colonists (spring morphs) from subsequent generations. We repeatedly sampled Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario for the presence of both spring and typical morphs. Probability of detection was positively related to both the number of samples taken and animal density in the lake; however, even highly intensive sampling (100 samples) failed to detect the species in early spring when densities were very low. Spatial variation was greatest when densities of Cercopagis were intermediate to low. Sub-sampling, which increased space between adjacent samples, significantly decreased the number of samples required to reach greater, calculated detection probabilities on these dates. Typical sampling protocols for zooplankton have a low probability (< 0.2) of detecting the species unless population density is high. Results of this study suggest that early detection of colonizing, aquatic NIS may be optimized through use of a risk-based sampling design, combined with high sampling intensity in areas deemed most vulnerable to invasion, rather than less intensive sampling at a wider array of sites.     

Human land use, agriculture, pesticides and losses of imperiled species

Aim  Anthropogenic habitat loss is usually cited as the most important cause of recent species' extinctions. We ask whether species losses are in fact more closely related to habitat loss than to any other aspect of human activity such as use of agricultural pesticides, or human population density (which reflects urbanization).
Location  Canada.
Methods  We statistically compared areas in Canada where imperiled species currently occur, versus areas where they have been lost. Using multiple regressions, we relate the numbers of species that had suffered range reductions in an ecoregion to variables that represent present habitat loss, pesticide use and human population density.
Results  We find high losses of imperiled species in regions with high proportions of agricultural land cover. However, losses of imperiled species are significantly more strongly related to the proportion of the region treated with agricultural pesticides. The relationship between species losses and area treated with pesticides remains significant after controlling for area in agriculture.
Main conclusions  Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that agricultural pesticide use, or something strongly collinear with it (perhaps intensive agriculture more generally), has contributed significantly to the decline of imperiled species in Canada. Habitat conversion per se may be a less important cause of species declines than how that converted habitat is used.     

Land use history, hurricane disturbance, and the fate of introduced species in a subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico

Tropical forests are suffering from increasing intensities and frequency of disturbances. As a result, non-native species accidentally introduced or intentionally planted for farming, plantations, and ornamental purposes may spread and potentially invade undisturbed native forest. It is not known if these introduced species will become invasive, as a result of recurrent natural disturbances such as hurricanes. Using data from three censuses (spanning 15 years) of a 16-ha subtropical wet forest plot, we investigated the impact of two hurricanes on populations of plant species that were planted in farms and plantations that were then abandoned and from the natural spread of species introduced into Puerto Rico in the past. The populations of four species (Citrus paradis, Mangifera indica, Musa sp., and Simarouba glauca) changed little over time. Six species (Artocarpus altilis, Calophyllum calaba, Genipa americana, Hibiscus pernambucensis, Syzygium jambos, and Swietenia macrophylla) declined between the first two censuses after Hurricane Hugo, then increased again in Census 3 after Hurricane Georges. Spathodea campanulata gradually increased from census to census, while Coffea arabica declined. These introduced species represent only a small part of the forest basal area and few show signs of increasing over time. The number of stems per plant, new recruits, and the growth rates of these introduced species were within the ranges of those for native plant species. The mortality rates over both census intervals were significantly lower for introduced species (<5% year⁻¹) than for native ones (15% year⁻¹). Many new recruits established after Hurricane Hugo (prior to this study) had opened the forest canopy and these high mortality rates reflect their death as the canopy recovered. Only Swietenia macrophylla and Syzygium jambos showed an increase in stem numbers in the closed canopy area of forest that had suffered limited human disturbance in the past. A future increase in frequency of disturbance may enable greater stem numbers of introduced species to establish, while lower-mortality rates compared to native species, may allow them to persist during inter-hurricane intervals. An increase in the population of introduced species, especially for those that grow into large trees, may have an impact on this tropical forest in the future.     

Assessment of the seaweed-seagrass resource of Mararison Island,Culasi, Antique,Philippines*

A bimonthly sampling of the seaweed-seagrass resource of Mararison Island, Culasi Antique, was undertaken over 1 year to assess the species composition, similarity of taxa, and biomass (dry weight [d.w.] g m^?2) at seven localities. A total of 45 species was identified: 17 Chlorophyta, seven Phaeophyta, 15 Rhodophyta, one Cyanophyta and five seagrasses. Except for some Rhodophyta and Syringodium isoetifolium (Ascherson) Dandy, the occurrence of species between stations was not significantly different; however, differences in biomass between sampling time (month) were significant. Identical taxa between stations were determined. The highest (40) and lowest (22) number of species collected were in May and July, respectively. The species were most abundant from March to May (dry months) and sparse from July to September (wet months). The most abundant species were: Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh (399 g m^?2) (Phaeophyta), Dictyosphaeria cav-ernosa (Forsskat) Borgesen (43.1 g m^?2) (Chlorophyta), Acanthopeitis japonica Okamura (97.2 gm^?2) (Rhodophyta) and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson (1370 g m^?2; seagrass). The Phaeophyta were abundant in March, and the Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta in May, while the seagrasses were abundant in September. Some species occurred only during the dry months: two Phaeophyta, nine Chlorophyta and five Rhodophyta. All the seagrasses were found year-round. Almost all of the seaweeds (39/45) were found associated with seagrass. The number of seaweeds in Mararison Island was higher than for seagrasses but the total biomass of the latter was much higher than the combined biomass of the seaweeds.     

Increasing numbers of bird species result from taxonomic progress,not taxonomic inflation

The impact and significance of modern taxonomy on other fields in biology have been subjects of much debate. It has been proposed that increasing numbers of vertebrate species are largely owing to ‘taxonomic inflation’. According to this hypothesis, newly recognized species result from reinterpretations of species limits based on phylogenetic species concepts (PSCs) rather than from new discoveries. Here, I examine 747 proposals to change the taxonomic rank of birds in the period 1950–2007. The trend to recognize more species of birds started at least two decades before the introduction of PSCs. Most (84.6%) newly recognized species were supported by new taxonomic data. Proposals to recognize more species resulted from application of all six major taxonomic criteria. Many newly recognized species (63.4%) were not based exclusively on PSC-based criteria (diagnosability, monophyly and exclusive coalescence of gene trees). Therefore, this study finds no empirical support for the idea that the increase in species is primarily epistemological rather than data-driven. This study shows that previous claims about the causes and effects of taxonomic inflation lack empirical support. I argue that a more appropriate term for the increase in species is ‘taxonomic progress’.     

Influence of settlement time, human population, park shape and age, visitation and roads on the number of alien plant species in protected areas in the USA

Abstract. I examined a data set of 77 protected areas in the USA (including national and state parks) to determine which of the following variables most strongly influence alien plant species richness: park area, climate (temperature and precipitation), native species richness, visitation rate, local human population size, total road length, park shape and duration of European settlement. Many of these predictor variables are intercorrelated, so I used multiple regression to help separate their effects. In support of previous studies, native species richness was the best single predictor of alien species richness, probably because it was a good estimator of both park area and habitat diversity available for establishment of alien species. Other significant predictors of alien species richness were years of occupation of the area by European settlers and the human population size of adjacent counties. Climate, visitation rate, road length and park shape did not influence alien species richness. The proportion of alien species (alien richness/native richness) is inversely related to park area, in agreement with a previous study. By identifying which variables are most important in determining alien species richness, such findings suggest ways to reduce alien species establishment.     

云南西双版纳的淡水蟹类 (软甲纲:十足目:束腹蟹科:溪蟹科)

本文记述西双版纳６种淡水蟹类的种类组成及分布,其中包括二新种的描述。     

贵州兴义实蝇类昆虫多样性特征

【目的】掌握贵州兴义实蝇的种类组成和不同生境中的发生规律及多样性变化。【方法】2010-2011年,在贵州兴义 5个不同生境的监测点,采用性诱剂、食物引诱剂及被害瓜果培养法对实蝇类昆虫种类和数量进行了系统调查和监测,并对监测数据进行分析。【结果】贵州兴义实蝇优势种包括桔小实蝇 Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)、瓜实蝇 B. cucurbitae (Coquillett)、南瓜实蝇 B. tau (Walker)及具条实蝇 B. scutellata (Hendel),且不同年份各监测点实蝇优势种及相似性系数(0.33~0.89)存在差异;但其年种群动态相似。聚类分析结果显示,两个农村生境果园中实蝇种群关系最近,城市混合果园与其他生境果园中实蝇种群关系最远;各监测点的多样性指数在不同年份也不同,监测的2年间 Simpson 指数、Shannon 指数和均匀度指数分别在0.11~0.68、0.28~1.25和0.18~0.62之间。【结论】贵州兴义实蝇种类丰富,种群发生规律与气候、寄主、生态位竞争等因素有关;相近生境混合果园诱捕到的实蝇种数和数量大于单一果园;离城区越近,实蝇发生期越早,数量越大。研究结果为了解该地区实蝇种类分布以及预防实蝇危害提供了科学依据。     

指示种、伞护种与旗舰种:有关概念及其在保护生物学中的应用

指示种、伞护种和旗舰种等的运用常常可以作为解决保护生物学问题的捷径。指示种被用来评价环境中人为干扰因素的程度,监测其他物种的种群动态,或用于确定生物多样性较高的区域;伞护种则常用来确定需保护生境的类型和面积;而旗舰种被用于引起公众对保护行为的关注。本文试图对上述术语和概念在使用上加以明确区分,并对其应用提出一些指导性原则。认为针对上述不同类型的代理种,使用的目的和选择的标准应有所不同,彼此不能混淆使用。