植物性膳食营养素调节焦虑抑郁行为的研究进展

研究表明，膳食营养素与焦虑抑郁关系密切，本文综述植物性膳食营养素与焦虑抑郁调节的研究进展。     

中枢神经系统对血压的调节

一、引言中枢神经系统对血压的调节是生理学中一个比较老的题目。上一世纪后期,生理学家开始用刺激躯体传入神经的方法观察血压反射,用逐段切断脑干的方法研究心血管中枢的定位,至今已经一百多年。然而,随着研究技术的不断更新和发展,人们对心血管中枢和各种心血管反射的认识也不断深入和更新。关于心血管神经元的生理特征及其在中枢的所在部位,至今仍是许多生理学家热中于研究的课题。中枢神经系统活动异常和原发性高血压发病的关系,得到了普遍的承认。各种中枢神经递质和调节肽在血压调节和高血压形成中的作用,也受到了广泛的重视。本文仅就心血管中枢、若干心血管反射,以及神经系统与高血压发病的关系等几个问题的研究情况作一概述。二、延髓血管运动中枢的定位     

营养素和医药

有机体用营养素来维持自己的正常生活,用医药来调节它们的代谢失衡状态.某种有机体营养素种类和数量同此有机体的进化程度呈正相关.从某种意义上说,医药是准营养素,如不加限制地使用,可能会变成营养素,而转基因技术有可能推进这一过程.     

漫话“循环”

血液循环是高等动物机体生存的重要条件之一。它不断地将消化道吸收的各类营养素连同肺吸入的O_2运送至全身的各个组织细胞加以利用,并将细胞内物质代谢和各种废物和CO_2转运到肾肺等器官以待清除;同时传递激素至靶组织,从而调节组织细胞生理功能,适应     

针刺调节免疫功能的研究——电针大鼠血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的发现、生化特性鉴定和作用机制分析

针刺是传统中医学中有效的治疗手段之一。长期以来.人们利用针刺来止痛、调节血压、治疗神经性耳聋、小儿麻痹,并用于调节免疫功能、抗炎、抗过敏及缓解自身免疫性疾病如风湿性关节炎等。20多年来,对针刺的镇痛作用和调节血压的功能进行了大量的研究,成果累累。关于针刺调节免疫功能的研究也在逐步开展。     

动脉血压及其调节

一、动脉血压的范围及影响因素　(一)动脉血压的范围　(二)影响因素二、动脉血压的调节(一)神经调节(二)反射性调节(三)体液调节学科分类号　Ｒ331.3　　一、动脉血压的范围及影响因素[1](一)动脉血压的范围　动脉血压一般指主动脉压。最近,我国对正常血压和高血压的标准?..     

膳食营养素推荐供给量的进展

目录一、背景二、膳食营养素的需要量三、膳食营养素的推荐供给量　 (一 )供给的照顾面问题　 (二 )供给量转换成为日常食物四、膳食营养素供给量的解释与普及五、膳食营养素推荐供给量的进展———膳食参考摄入量膳食营养素推荐供给量 (ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｅｄｄｉｅｔａｒｙａｌｌｏｗａｎｃｅｓ,ＲＤＡｓ) ,是依据营养科学的知识和实践 ,为居民集团指定的为使机体处于最佳状态的各种已知营养素摄入量。这一量值考虑到居民集团中不同年龄、性别及生理状况的差别 ,以便指导人们的饮食实践 ,并不断改善人们的健康与生活质量 ;同时也为全民的…     

血压控制系统中压力感受器反馈回路的研究

应用控制系统分析方法研究血压调节已进行了大量的工作,并对深入研究血压调节与控制的原理提供了许多有价值的结果。现已了解,控制人体血压稳定的主要有9个子系统,就其功能而言,这些子系统又可分成快速比例型控制和慢速积分型控制两大类。在快速比例控制作用中,动脉压力感受器反馈回路起着格外重要的作用,这个回路是一个比较典型的负反馈控制系统,它具有多输入、多输     

热量限制与心血管老化的研究进展

热量限制(caloric restriction,CR)是指在不减少必需营养素摄入的情况下减少20%～40%的热量摄入. CR可通过由各种分子介导的氧化应激、炎症、程序性死亡、端粒体等机制,通过调节人及其他动物心血管老化的危险因素,进而减缓生理和病理状态下心血管老化进程.本文通过对CR与心血管老化研究进展的系统阐述,探寻人类预防心血管老化的解决之道.     

基于西方营养学的食物营养评价指标体系构建

基于西方营养学的营养素度量方法、《中国居民膳食指南》以及国外的营养素指标要求,建立了一套包括42种营养素在内的食物营养评价指标体系,为各种食品原料、预包装食品和加工食品等各类食物的综合营养价值评价提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of water stress control with polyethylene glycols by analysis of guttation

The water relations of pepper plants (Capsicum frutescens L.) under conditions conducive to guttation were studied to evaluate the control of plant water stress with polyethylene glycols. The addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 to the nutrient solution resulted in water relations similar to those expected in soil at the same water potentials. Specifically, xylem pressure potential in the root and leaf became more negative during a 24-hour treatment period, while osmotic potential of the root xylem sap remained constant. The decrease in pressure potential was closely correlated with the decrease in osmotic potential of the nutrient solution. In contrast, the addition of polyethylene glycol 400 to the nutrient medium resulted in a reduction of osmotic potential in the root xylem sap; this osmotic adjustment in the xylem was large enough to establish an osmotic gradient for entry of water and cause guttation at a nutrient solution osmotic potential of −4.8 bars. Pressure potential in the root and leaf xylem became negative only at nutrient solution osmotic potentials lower than −4.8 bars. About half of the xylem osmotic adjustment in the presence of polyethylene glycol 400 was caused by increased accumulation of K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in the root xylem. These studies indicate that larger polyethylene glycol molecules such as polyethylene glycol 6000 are more useful for simulating soil water stress than smaller molecules such as polyethylene glycol 400.     

作物种植前后土壤有机质及养分因子的空间变异分析

以作物土壤试验数据为基础,结合多年的农户调查数据,采用Moran's I指数分析、Pearson相关系数分析和Kriging插值3种地统计学方法,探讨了浙江省浦江县作物种植前后土壤有机质及氮磷钾等养分因子的空间演化规律。研究发现Moran's I指数分析证实随着区域范围的加大,各因子间自相关程度产生较大差异。这一点在Pearson相关系数分析中也得到证实,并在kriging插值图中直观表达。结果还表明:有机质和碱解氮的形成与水的关系较为密切,水源区两因子的含量较周边高,且会促进前者向后者转化。养分投入后,过多的养分在土壤中降解过程与区域自然环境条件的关系较密切。同一作物的农户养分投入在不同区域差异较大,不同作物的农户养分投入在区域内却存在量的相关。     

Gradual adjustment of circaseptan-circadian blood pressure and heart rate rhythms after a trans-9-meridian flight.

Circadian and circaseptan adjustment of blood pressure and heart rate after a transmeridian flight by a family of four was relatively fast, but it was not abrupt; it was not completed during the first week in the new setting. Gradual changes continued for the ensuing three weeks. The circadian and circaseptan rhythm characteristics and their adjustment in particular differed among variables in the husband: the circadian component of heart rate adjusted more rapidly than that of blood pressure. The adjustment also differed among two members of the family. A new phenomenon, namely a difference in circadian rhythm adjustment between husband and wife, is also described herein: the wife's circadian rhythm in blood pressure advanced by 9 hours within the 4-week span of recording following a 9-hour advance in living routine (after a 9-zone transmeridian flight); since both schedule and rhythm moved in the same direction (albeit not at the same rate), the behavior may be dubbed concursive. By contrast, the husband delayed to achieve the same adjustment: his behavior was anticursive. The phenomenon of a difference in direction of adjustment for different variables in the same subject has been described earlier as polarity, now qualified as intra-individual polarity, to separate it from the precedent of an intrafamilial or more broadly inter-individual polarity or partitioning, reported apparently for the first time and dubbed 'cursion'.     

Continuous measurement of protein osmotic pressure in blood and lymph of sheep

We have continuously measured protein osmotic pressure of blood and lymph in sheep to compare two kinds of needle osmometers (rigid and flexible) with a membrane osmometer (Wescor). We also compared the averaged values of the continuous measurement with osmotic pressure calculated from total protein and albumin fraction, using the Yamada equation. The rigid-needle and membrane osmometers showed excellent correlation (y = 1.00x + 0.06; r greater than 0.99). The flexible-needle osmometer tended to overestimate osmotic pressure (avg 16%). We used the rigid-needle osmometer for continuous measurements of protein osmotic pressure of blood and lymph in anesthetized or unanesthetized sheep to observe changes in protein osmotic pressure of blood and lymph through the three different interventions. The relationship between the theoretical values (x) and the continuous measurements (y) of osmotic pressure was good (y = 0.99x + 0.16, r = 0.97), but after various interventions, the continuously measured protein osmotic pressure tended to exceed the calculated measurements. The continuous measurement should be monitored with spot samples measured in a stationary osmometer or by calculation of osmotic pressure from total protein concentration and albumin fraction.     

Genome scan linkage results for longitudinal systolic blood pressure phenotypes in subjects from the Framingham Heart Study

The relationship between elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease risk is well accepted. Both systolic and diastolic hypertension are associated with this risk increase, but systolic blood pressure appears to be a more important determinant of cardiovascular risk than diastolic blood pressure. Subjects for this study are derived from the Framingham Heart Study data set. Each subject had five records of clinical data of which systolic blood pressure, age, height, gender, weight, and hypertension treatment were selected to characterize the phenotype in this analysis. We modeled systolic blood pressure as a function of age using a mixed modeling methodology that enabled us to characterize the phenotype for each individual as the individual's deviation from the population average rate of change in systolic blood pressure for each year of age while controlling for gender, body mass index, and hypertension treatment. Significant (p = 0.00002) evidence for linkage was found between this normalized phenotype and a region on chromosome 1. Similar linkage results were obtained when we estimated the phenotype while excluding values obtained during hypertension treatment. The use of linear mixed models to define phenotypes is a methodology that allows for the adjustment of the main factor by covariates. Future work should be done in the area of combining this phenotype estimation directly with the linkage analysis so that the error in estimating the phenotype can be properly incorporated into the genetic analysis, which, at present, assumes that the phenotype is measured (or estimated) without error.     

Does early nutrition in infants born before term programme later blood pressure?

OBJECTIVES--To test whether nutrition early in infants'' development programmes later blood pressure and whether the reported relation between low birth weight and later high blood pressure is due to poor nutrition or growth before full term. DESIGN--Prospective randomisation of preterm infants to early diets differing greatly in nutrient content in four parallel multicentre trials, with blinded follow up 7.5-8 years later. SETTING--Neonatal units at Cambridge, Ipswich, King''s Lynn, Norwich, and Sheffield. SUBJECTS--758 children weighing under 1850 g at birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Blood pressure at age of 7.5-8 years. RESULTS--There were major differences in nutrient intake from randomised diets (preterm formula v standard formula and preterm formula v donor breast milk; in each case with or without mother''s milk), but follow up showed no differences in later blood pressure. Individual subjects showed large variation in protein and energy intakes and in growth performance, including degrees of growth failure seldom seen in utero, but these factors were also unrelated to later blood pressure. CONCLUSION--Extremes of nutritional intake and growth performance in preterm infants do not programme later blood pressure at 7.5-8 years of age. These findings do not support the hypothesis that high blood pressure has early nutritional origins. We suggest that the long term rise in blood pressure reported in individuals who had low birthweight (at full term) is not, as previously speculated, due to poor fetal nutrition or growth as such.     

Complexity in the eutrophication–harmful algal bloom relationship,with comment on the importance of grazing

This article seeks to guide the conceptual development and field application of the eutrophication–HAB hypothesis. After considering the evidence for this hypothesis, the importance of exogenous nutrients as a chemical habitat conditioner and the “family” of nutrient regulated effects that occur are discussed. The various definitions of eutrophication are applied; the conceptual ambiguity over how to perceive eutrophication, and the need to view eutrophication as a process and not as an ecological state are considered. The habitat irradiance-nutrient-flushing gradient regulates the bloom potential in response to exogenous nutrients. There is an apparent species-specific paradox within the eutrophication–HAB hypothesis related to the phycotoxin synthesis–nutrient relationship. Two nutrient–toxin relationships occur: toxin biosynthesis during nutrient sufficiency, and biosynthesis that requires a nutrient limitation. HAB events can be just as much nutrient depletion events as nutrient stimulated events, and whether the former develops depends upon the specific cellular toxicity–nutrient relationship of the bloom species. The importance of grazing in bloom regulation is highlighted. HABs and red tides generally should be viewed as blooms that are regulated by coupled nutrient-grazer processes – nutrient stimulation alone is inadequate, even when exogenous nutrients are not a factor. In assessing the eutrophication–HAB relationship, the collective grazing behavior of the micro-zooplankton, herbivorous copepods, filter feeding benthos, benthic larvae and, when present, omnivorous nekton must be considered. The importance of grazing in the bloom behavior of HAB species is illustrated using field and experimental data during a 5-month brown tide in Narragansett Bay. A cascade in grazing pressure regulated this bloom, with the initial collapse and then restoration of grazing pressure progressing through 7 stages of collective grazing pressure by micro-zooplankton, herbivorous copepods, benthic larvae, benthic filter feeders, and lytic virus infection.     

Pre-Dialysis Systolic Blood Pressure-Variability Is Independently Associated with All-Cause Mortality in Incident Haemodialysis Patients

Systolic blood pressure variability is an independent risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular events. Standard measures of blood pressure predict outcome poorly in haemodialysis patients. We investigated whether systolic blood pressure variability was associated with mortality in incident haemodialysis patients. We performed a longitudinal observational study of patients commencing haemodialysis between 2005 and 2011 in East Anglia, UK, excluding patients with cardiovascular events within 6 months of starting haemodialysis. The main exposure was variability independent of the mean (VIM) of systolic blood pressure from short-gap, pre-dialysis blood pressure readings between 3 and 6 months after commencing haemodialysis, and the outcome was all-cause mortality. Of 203 patients, 37 (18.2%) patients died during a mean follow-up of 2.0 (SD 1.3) years. The age and sex-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for mortality was 1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.17) for a one-unit increase of VIM. This was not altered by adjustment for diabetes, prior cardiovascular disease and mean systolic blood pressure (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16). Patients with VIM of systolic blood pressure above the median were 2.4 (95% CI 1.17–4.74) times more likely to die during follow-up than those below the median. Results were similar for all measures of blood pressure variability and further adjustment for type of dialysis access, use of antihypertensives and absolute or variability of fluid intake did not alter these findings. Diastolic blood pressure variability showed no association with all cause mortality. Our study shows that variability of systolic blood pressure is a strong and independent predictor of all-cause mortality in incident haemodialysis patients. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism as this may form a therapeutic target or focus for management.     

两种钙离子拮抗剂联用治疗尿毒症合并难治性高血压的临床研究

目的：探讨联用两种钙离子拮抗剂（calciumchannelblocker,CCB）治疗尿毒症合并难治性高血压的临床疗效。方法：选择广东省湛江市廉江市人民医院血液净化中心2010年10月至2011年9月收治的72例终末期肾病维持性血液透析合并难治性高血压患者作为观察对象,并随机分为A、B、C三组,每组24例,A组和B组病分别用硝苯地平缓释片和苯磺酸氨氯地平治疗8周,C组联合应用硝苯地平缓释片和苯磺酸氨氯地平治疗8周,观察各组血压变化情况及不良反应的发生情况。结果：C组病例治疗完成时收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压较A组和B组病例治疗前的血压明显降低,总有效率明显高于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。三组治疗过程中,均无严重不良反应发生。结论：联合应用两种CCB治疗尿毒症顽固性高血压,降压效果明显,且可耐受性好。     

Orthostatic Change in Blood Pressure and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation: Results from a Bi-Ethnic Population Based Study

Background

Autonomic fluctuations are associated with the initiation and possibly maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, little is known about the relationship between orthostatic blood pressure change, a common manifestation of autonomic dysfunction, and incident AF.

Methods

We examined whether supine-to-standing changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) are associated with incident AF in 12,071 African American and white men and women aged 45–64 years, enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risks in Communities (ARIC) study. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) was defined as a supine-standing drop in SBP by ≥20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure by ≥10 mmHg. AF cases were identified based on study scheduled 12-lead ECG, hospital discharge ICD codes, and death certificates through 2009.

Results

OH was seen in 603 (5%) at baseline. During an average follow-up of 18.1 years, 1438 (11.9%) study participants developed AF. Incident AF occurred more commonly among those with OH than those without, a rate of 9.3 vs. 6.3 per 1000 person years, (p<0.001). The age, gender, and race adjusted hazard ratio (95%CI) of AF among those with OH compared to those without was 1.62 (1.34, 2.14). This association was attenuated after adjustment for common AF risk factors to HR 1.40 (1.15, 1.71), a strength similar to that of diabetes or hypertension with AF in the same model. A non-linear relationship between orthostatic change in SBP and incident AF was present after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusions

OH is associated with higher AF incidence. Whether interventions that decrease OH can reduce AF risk remains unknown.