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1.
Masayuki Nakamichi April Silldorff Peggy Sexton 《Primates; journal of primatology》2001,42(3):245-252
The present report describes behavioral reactions of a 33-month-old female infant gorilla to maternal separation in a captive
social group whose composition is similar to that of wild groups. The infant gorilla responded differently to two types of
maternal separation. When she remained alone for a few hours, she cried repeatedly and moved restlessly, indicating protest.
Upon reunion and also for a few days thereafter, an intensification of the mother-infant relationship occurred. On the other
hand, when she was separated from her mother but remained with the other group members for nine days, she did not display
any behaviors that could be characterized as protest, but rather showed clear behavioral depression. During the 9-day separation
period, she hardly played with other group members but she developed affiliative relationships with the leading male. After
the reunion from the 9-day separation, she spent as much time near her mother as before separation and played with other infants
at a level similar to that before separation, while she sometimes displayed behavioral patterns demanding the maintenance
of physical contact with her mother. The present findings are compared with other reports in great apes and human children. 相似文献
2.
Kelly J. Stewart 《Primates; journal of primatology》1977,18(4):965-976
The live birth of a wild mountain gorilla is described. Details of the birth process are given along with the mother’s periparturitional
behaviour and the responses of others to the birth. The mother, a multiparous female, gave no observable indication that birth
was imminent, and delivered her infant quickly and easily. During parturition, a subadult male showed interest in the proceedings.
Following delivery, several animals approached the mother, who then left the birth site. The mother cleaned her infant and
by two hours postpartum had established ventro-ventral contact and, possibly, nursing. These data are related to relevant
observations from the literature and unpublished data on other animals from this study. 相似文献
3.
A case of adoption of a 2.5-month-old infant by an adult female and its development in a captive group of spider monkeys is
reported for a period of nine months. The female fully adopted the infant and in addition it was discovered that she was producing
milk. The female had not been pregnant nor in contact with an adult male for 12 months prior to the adoption. 相似文献
4.
Benjamin B. Beck 《Primates; journal of primatology》1984,25(3):378-383
A 7 year-old captive-born mother-reared gorilla gave birth to a healthy infant after being in labor for 27 min. The young
female was a wholly competent mother although she had never observed gorilla mothers or interacted with gorilla infants. This
reinforces previous evidence, still often ignored by zoo officials, that gorillas do not have to learn maternal behavior. 相似文献
5.
Robert W. Mitchell 《Primates; journal of primatology》1991,32(4):523-527
Deception and hiding are described for a group of captive lowland gorillas comprising two adult males, one female, and her
infant. The males repeatedly interacted with the infant, and their interest was repeatedly thwarted by the mother. As in other
social situations in which one animal controls access to an object desired by another, deceit was used to thwart the other's
control. Either one or both males at times concealed their actions toward the infant, inhibited their attention to the infant,
created a neutral image to get the infant, or interacted with the infant to tease the mother. 相似文献
6.
Robert W. Mitchell 《Zoo biology》1989,8(2):125-137
The functions and social consequences of infant-adult male interaction in a captive group of lowland gorillas were evaluated. The two males repeatedly attempted to interact with the infant, the infant sometimes attempted to interact with the males, and the mother usually interrupted interactions between male and infant. Infant-directed actions by the two males frequently showed their interest in the infant and infrequently showed care giving toward her; their other infant-directed actions occurred near the time of excitement or of playful actions between adults. Male-directed actions by the infant frequently showed its interest in one male and infrequently showed care seeking from him. All infant-adult male interactions but one occurred in the less stimulating of the gorillas' two enclosures. Boredom and the mother's frequent thwarting of contact between a male and infant are suggested as influences on the males' interest in the infant. The data suggest that availability of interesting objects alleviated the boredom of captivity for males and thus dissuaded them from seeking stimulation which sometimes resulted in harmful behaviors toward the infant. 相似文献
7.
Infanticide has been observed in several colobines, but only one infanticide has previously been documented for black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). This report describes an infanticide observed in Kibale National Park, Uganda, in the summer of 2001. An adult male from a neighboring group attacked and killed a young infant whose mother subsequently remained in her own group and was observed mating 10 days later. She engaged in two mating periods of several days each, separated by approximately 1 month, during which she copulated frequently with the dominant male within her group. Urinary estrogen (EC) and progesterone metabolite (PdG) excretion patterns demonstrated that the female resumed ovarian cycling soon after the infanticide. Because the infanticidal male did not attempt to mate with the victim's mother, his actions were not consistent with the predictions of the sexual-selection hypothesis. We speculate that infanticide associated with intergroup aggression may help secure access to high-quality resources for the infanticidal male's group. 相似文献
8.
Calls emitted by infants when the infant loses sight of its parents are useful to estimate the infant's requirement for parental care. When an Old World monkey infant loses sight of its mother it emits whistles. Therefore, it would be interesting to determine whether mothers could distinguish their own infant's whistles from the whistles of other infants. The response of each of seven Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) mothers to her own infant's whistle was compared with their responses to another infant's whistle. Matched control playback experiments were performed when the infants were four to six months old. The results showed that each mother could distinguish her own infant's whistle from that of another infant when the infants were four to six months old. Although a stricter experimental plan is required to further examine the issue, we found that the dominance rank of the infant's mother was another important factor in the female response to the infant's call. The finding suggests that females can associate a call emitted by an infant with its mother's rank, even before the infant begins to wander far from its mother. 相似文献
9.
A primiparous mother and her infant were subjects of a longitudinal behavioral study at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois. From November 1998 to November 1999, we collected a total of 100 hr of focal nonhuman animal instantaneous point sampling and all occurrence data on the mother and her infant. After 8 months, we introduced the 4-member focal group to an 8-member gorilla group, thus providing an opportunity to study the effect of the introduction on mother-infant behavior. Overall, time the pair spent physically apart was notably high with contact and proximate scores steadily decreasing over time. The infant was largely responsible for maintaining social proximity, rarely leaving the mother and frequently approaching her. In contrast, the mother left the infant frequently and approached the infant minimally. Maternal affiliative and nonaffiliative behaviors fluctuated throughout the study. Over time, both decreased. Despite a precarious maternal relationship, infant developmental trends were typical for captive gorillas. The results of this study suggest that allowing flexibility in judging maternal conduct can be of benefit to successful gorilla husbandry. 相似文献
10.
In the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, a young adult male chimpanzee was observed to feed on a 3-month-old male
infant of the same unit-group. Four other adult males and an adult female shared the carcass. The mother of the victim had
immigrated from a neighboring unit-group four years previously. Circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that the first-observed
cannibal male also killed the infant. The adult male and the mother of the victim had been familiar socially and sexually
with each other since the female immigrated. Since the mother of the victim had usually been ranging in the peripheral part
of the unit-group's range, i.e., the overlapping area of the two unit-group's ranges during pregnancy and soon after birth,
the infanticidal male might have had reason to suspect the paternity of her infant. Four such cases of within-group cannibalism
by adult males suggest that the female range and association pattern before and after parturition are key factors allowing
an infant to survive. The possibility of male-biased infanticide is also discussed. 相似文献
11.
Allo-parenting has been observed in a variety of female primates, and typically infants are reunited with their biological
mothers assuming that their mothers are alive. We observed an exception to this pattern when two wild northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) exchanged infants of different sexes and then reared their adopted infants through weaning. The process of this exchange
began when the infants were 4 and 8 days old, respectively. The mother of a 4-day old female carried and nursed her own daughter
and the 8-day old son of a second female. The exchange ended when the second mother was first observed carrying the wrong
infant 1.5 days later. This observation raises questions about the age and mechanisms of mother–infant recognition in this
species, and about assumptions of mother–infant relatedness based on behavioral observations alone. 相似文献
12.
During 19 years of study of chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park only one birth has been observed; this is probably the
first such observation for any chimpanzee in the natural habitat. The birth took place in a nest in a tall tree during the
morning. Details were recorded by Tanzanian field staff from a neighbouring tree. Labour and parturition are described as
well as the mother’s care of the infant immediately after birth. The mother consumed the placenta as she lay in another nest.
Throughout the birth process the mother’s juvenile son remained close by and watched with apparent interest. Another mother
and her offspring were present during the birth and an adult male approached the mother while she was feeding on the placenta.
Their behaviour is described. 相似文献
13.
Pascale Sicotte 《Primates; journal of primatology》2000,41(1):93-101
In mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei), male immigration in bi-sexual units is rare. This paper presents the case of a nearly weaned male infant gorilla who followed
his mother in her transfer. This case was recorded in the study population at the Kariske Research Center in 1988. The data
come from observation in Group B (on 12 days just prior to the transfer and on 54 days after the transfer over a period of
6 months). The situation of the infant did match the conditions in which infanticide occurs in gorillas, but he was not killed,
despite receiving male aggression and being wounded twice. In fact, both the mother and the infant received male aggression
more frequently than the long term residents in the group. The aggression received by the mother decreased after she mated
with the males and after she weaned the infant. The aggression received by the infant, however, did not decrease after his
mother mated with the males, and increased in intensity. The infant reacted fearfully to male aggression, in marked contrast
to his mother, who reacted either with indifference, or by simply avoiding the males. The aggression eventually stopped, and
the infant became a blackback in Group B. Evolutionarily, the death of the infant would not have markedly accelerated the
mother's return to estrus, but the death of the infant could still have benefitted the males, by decreasing the reproductive
output of a competitor. Adult male gorillas are also presumably selected to resist male immigration. Proximately, the aggression
directed towards the infant was not related to mating access to the mother. The sex of the infant may contribute to explain
the post-transfer male aggression, but data on the integration of old female infants in a new group is needed to test whether
the sex of the infant has an effect on their vulnerability to infanticide. Also, the intense fear displayed by the infant
may have played a role in prompting male aggression. 相似文献
14.
This report describes three cases of infant adoption in red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) of Venezuela. In one case, a lactating female adopted her infant granddaughter after the infant's mother disappeared and
the infant survived for the next 25 months. In the second case, an adult female adopted her infant granddaughter for nine
days while the infant's mother was still a group member. In the third case, a nulliparous female temporarily adopted an infant
from a neighboring group. The details and the possible reasons for these adoption are described. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS》2013,16(3):145-162
A primiparous mother and her infant were subjects of a longitudinal behavioral study at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois. From November 1998 to November 1999, we collected a total of 100 hr of focal nonhuman animal instantaneous point sampling and all occurrence data on the mother and her infant. After 8 months, we introduced the 4-member focal group to an 8-member gorilla group, thus providing an opportunity to study the effect of the introduction on mother-infant behavior. Overall, time the pair spent physically apart was notably high with contact and proximate scores steadily decreasing over time. The infant was largely responsible for maintaining social proximity, rarely leaving the mother and frequently approaching her. In contrast, the mother left the infant frequently and approached the infant minimally. Maternal affiliative and nonaffiliative behaviors fluctuated throughout the study. Over time, both decreased. Despite a precarious maternal relationship, infant developmental trends were typical for captive gorillas. The results of this study suggest that allowing flexibility in judging maternal conduct can be of benefit to successful gorilla husbandry. 相似文献
16.
Two high-ranking adult male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of M group in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, tried to get a newborn female infant of an adult female who
was born in M group. The mother was not seen to mate with these adult males during the probable conception cycle of the infant,
but she disappeared from the group during the later cycle, when she may have been inseminated by a male of one of the neighboring
unit groups. The adult males failed to get the infant because the grandmother of the newborn and her female friend cooperated
to protect the mother and infant from attacks by the males. The sexual selection hypothesis for infanticide by adult male
chimpanzees holds for this observed case. The sudden disappearance of another infant, a healthy female, strongly suggests
the killing of female infants too. Therefore, the asserted male-biased infanticide in chimpanzees appears to be less tenable. 相似文献
17.
Only two previous reports in the medical literature record the association of multiple congenital defects in the baby and varicella in the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy.The case is reported of a female infant born to a mother who contracted varicella in the 11th week of pregnancy. The infant was premature, small for dates, and had skin and localized muscular defects and respiratory difficulty. Subsequently she was found to be retarded. She failed to thrive and was subject to frequent infections. Further investigation revealed a unilateral diaphragmatic weakness, scoliosis and abnormalities of the ocular fundi. Several non-febrile seizures occurred. A pneumoencephalogram revealed dilated ventricles. She died at 20 months of age following a seizure.Consideration of maternal infections, especially viral, occurring early in pregnancy, augmented by antibody studies in the newborn and mother should be part of the investigation of multiple congenital defects in the newborn. 相似文献
18.
In the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, a chimpanzee mother moved to a neighboring unit-group leaving her 5-year-old
son behind in the original group. The mother remained in the new group for ten months and then after conceiving, returned
to the original group. The mother and son were reunited again but the son died of illness two months later. The mother gave
birth to a baby in the original group but eventually transferred to the neighboring group after that baby disappeared. This
is the first record of an immature chimpanzee abandoned by its emigrating mother, although a similar phenomenon has been reported
for gorillas and Hanuman langurs. The abandoned offspring followed an adult male of the unit-group and the male was the individual
who gave most of the care to the offspring. The offspring's time spent on grooming others increased, the time spent on being
groomed decreased, and the rate of aggression toward him increased after his mother's desertion. This report will occasion
to reconsider the previous notion of all-powerful mother-offspring bond in chimpanzees. 相似文献
19.
Between 1951 and January 1972 listeriosis was diagnosed bacteriologically in 101 Canadian patients. This study adds 80 cases to the 21 reported from Metropolitan Toronto by Sepp and Roy in 1963. The Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, collated epidemiological and clinical data. Serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes included 4b (53), 1 (15), 1b (6), 1a (2), 2 and 3. Clinically, 54 patients had meningitis and 23 septicemia. The mortality rate was 30%.Between 1954 and January 1972 listeriosis affected 15 British Columbian patients: nine were male and six female; 12 were less than 1 or more than 45 years old. Among the patients were a pregnant mother and the son to whom she gave premature birth. A day-old infant and an elderly man died. 相似文献
20.
Mauvis A. Gore 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(2):205-214
Theory suggests that it is in the interest of an infant to garner more care than its mother is selected to provide and that
a rival sibling would curtail care from the mother. Thus delayed conception in the mother would be of advantage to the infant.
One method of achieving this result would be to interfere with the mother's potential matings. To test this theory, the conflict
between mothers and their infants in relation to maximizing inclusive fitness has been studied inMacaca fascicularis and infant interference has been observed. Focal animal samples were taken on 8 mothers and their 13 infants. Interactions
analyzed were those between the mother and (1) an adult male, (2) her infant, (3) an adult female, (4) her infant and an adult
male, (5) her infant and an adult female. Only explicit behaviours were analyzed. The infant's interference was found to be
significantly related to its mother's mating, and this produced a deterring effect on the male. Infants did not interfere
with any female's matings other than those of their mother. The interference was related to the number of mother-male contacts.
In mothers that did subsequently conceive, infant interference at mating increased up to the mother's conception date and
decreased thereafter. By contrast to the infants direct method, mothers approached the conflict indirectly. There were significantly
more contacts and mounts with males in their infant's absence, they reacted negatively to their infant only when it had interfered,
they were more lenient in the presence of an adult female than with an adult male, and they avoided their infant's presence
at mother-male contacts. No significant sex bias in interference or the number of contacts with mother-male pairs has been
found. There are indications of a sibship pattern of interference. 相似文献