景观农业研究的兴起及其实际意义

1　引　言近些年来 ,景观生态学与农学的结合出现了景观生态学在实际应用上的一个新分支景观农业 (ландшафтноеземледелие,ｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅａｇｒｉ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ)。景观农业的出现不是偶然的 ,它是农业经历了数千年的探索 ,寻找其高产、高效、持续稳定所找到的解决方法之一 ,是人类一直谋求农业生产与环境协调发展所走的一条必由之路 ,也是景观生态学迅速发展 ,在实际应用中解决农业生产问题一次成功的尝试。按现在通常的的农业生产模式 ,提高农业生产的途径总是离不开改良品种、增施肥料、改善耕作措施、使用农…     

黄土区农业景观空间格局分析

景观空间格局分析是景观生态学研究的核心问题之一。本文用地理信息系统,分维分析和统计分析相结合,以１∶１万土地利用现状图为基础,选取斑块大小、分维数、斑块伸长指数、多样性、优势度、相对丰富度、破碎度等指标,陕北米脂县泉家沟流域农业景观的空间格局。结果显示,乔木林地、坡耕地、果园、草地和梯田农地的分维数较低,坝地、水库、灌溉农田、居信用地和灌木林地的人维数较高,斑块形状较为复杂。随着斑块面积的增加,农     

沈阳市郊秋菜田的景观生态研究Ⅱ.秋菜田斑块与其它相邻景观要素间相互关系

对沈阳市郊区秋菜田斑块与相邻接的其它景观要素的某些相互关系进行了研究,得出了在某一时段内通过一秋菜田斑块和一玉米田斑块之间界面移动的节肢动物类群和数量,观测到7个目的昆虫以平均流量10.3只*m-1*d-1通过两斑块边界相互流动,以及一乡村道路交通扬尘对秋菜田上降尘率大小和范围的影响,受道路交通影响较大的范围可达菜田内14m处.并以这些观测结果为基础,讨论了农业景观中农业生态系统镶嵌的某些原理.     

生态城市建设的景观生态学思考

生态城市是基于生态学原理建立的自然和谐、社会公平和经济高效的复合系统,以景观生态学指导生态城市建设非常必要。应用景观生态学的原理和方法,评述生态城市建设中的景观生态特点,以及生态城市的建设原则,提出了一组生态城市建设建议:在生态建设方面,强调进行复合交错式发展,如构建网络式绿地发展体系,发展绿心组团网络体系的城市空间结构模式,同时要充分利用本土植物;在社会文化方面,提倡以绿色社区作为切入点,分绿色家庭、绿色小区、绿色社区和绿色社会四个层次进行建设;在经济方面,充分考虑各种景观类型的特点和发展趋势,着重生态、文化与经济的耦合。     

生态空间理论与景观异质性

概述生态空间理论的若干主要方面：尺度、空间格局、景观异质性、镶嵌与生态交错带以及干扰与景观动态等。生态空间理论是景观评价,管理和生态规划的重要基础,对于区域可持续发展和生物多样性保护等方面的研究都具有重要的指导意义。     

沈阳市郊秋菜田的景观生态研究Ⅰ.秋菜田斑块特征

对沈阳市郊区农业景观中的秋菜田斑块的大小、形状及与其它斑块或廊道的邻接情况等基本特征进行了典型调查,分析和讨论了菜田斑块在该景观中的镶嵌特征.在距城区约5km以内的近郊区,许多秋菜田斑块相互邻接,并与各类公路相邻接;距城区5～10km的中郊区,许多秋菜田斑块与玉米田斑块相邻接,并与乡村道路相邻接;在距城区10km以上的远郊区,多数秋菜田斑块被玉米田斑块所包围,并与乡村道路相邻接.     

森林景观生态研究现状与展望

综述了国内外森林景观及其动态研究的4个领域：森林景观管理与景观质量控制、森林景观格局与功能相互关系、森林景观生态过程模拟模型和决策模型、河岸景观生态的研究。并进一步指出了我国在森林景观生态研究领域中存在的问题：森林景观的研究基础不足,研究手段、方法相对落后,研究案例和成果有限。同时,还提出了森林景观生态研究的发展方向。     

三维城市景观生态研究

城市景观元素的三维分析是城市景观研究发展的重要趋势之一。城市形态的结构特征与功能的空间作用不仅体现在二维空间中,同时在三维向度上表现出城市社会经济发展态势与空间演变的相互作用,因此在城市空间格局、过程与功能的讨论中,不能局限于二维平面。首先由三维视角提出城市景观格局及功能网络特征,并结合对航空摄影测量、卫星遥测、机载激光扫描等三维信息获取方法的认识,介绍目前城市景观三维信息提取的相关方法;其次,在三维城市景观生态研究内容方面,重点介绍城市景观要素提取、格局特征及其动态变化、生态环境效应和城市景观功能等相关研究,探讨城市内部的三维建成景观以及绿地景观要素提取与应用,并在传统景观格局分析方法基础上,提出了三维城市景观格局特征测量方法、动态变化监测方法以及动态模拟等相关内容,进一步对三维城市景观在生物多样性、局部气候变化等生态环境效应方面的研究进行了归纳总结;最后借助构建三维景观功能网络的思路,以作为三维城市景观功能优化研究的切入点。     

矿区废弃地复垦的景观生态规划与设计

景观生态学属于宏观尺度生态空间研究范畴,理论信心集中表现为空间异质性和生态整体性两方面。基于景观生态规划与设计的生态重建就是使采矿废弃地具有具体利用方式和一定水平的生产力,维持相对稳定的生态平衡,与周围景观牲相协调,最终达到生态整体性目标。矿区废弃地有多种类型,冰同类型具有不同的生态重建途径。矿区废弃地隶属各种尺度的景观类型,只有按照景观生态学原理,在宏观上设计出合理的景观格局,在微观上创造出适合     

多功能农业景观:内涵、进展与研究范式

多功能农业景观是景观尺度下农业多功能性的空间表征,具有生物多样性保护、田园风光留存和地域文化传承等多种重要的非经济功能。构建多功能农业景观是促进区域农业可持续发展与人类福祉提升的重要途径,同时也是多学科交叉的综合性研究。在已有景观生态学研究范式的基础上,探讨了多功能农业景观的内涵和国内外相关研究进展,并提出了"格局-功能-需求-管理"的多功能农业景观研究范式。与此同时,绘制了新研究范式的概念框架,通过划分四大研究模块具体分析了如何基于新研究范式开展多功能农业景观的构建、评价和管理等工作。本研究为实现区域农业景观的可持续发展和阐明多功能农业景观的内在运行机制奠定理论基础提供支持,为乡村生态景观营造关键问题的解决与多功能农业景观的实际构建提供帮助。     

沈阳市郊秋菜田的景观生态研究Ⅱ．秋菜田斑块五其它相邻景观要素间相互关系

对沈阳市郊区秋菜田斑块与相邻接的其它景观要素的某些相互关系进行了研究 ,得出了在某一时段内通过一秋菜田斑块和一玉米田斑块之间界面移动的节肢动物类群和数量 ,观测到 7个目的昆虫以平均流量 10 .3只·m-1·d-1通过两斑块边界相互流动 ,以及一乡村道路交通扬尘对秋菜田上降尘率大小和范围的影响 ,受道路交通影响较大的范围可达菜田内 14m处 .并以这些观测结果为基础 ,讨论了农业景观中农业生态系统镶嵌的某些原理 .     

沈阳市郊秋菜田的景观生态研究I．秋菜田斑块特征

对沈阳市郊区农业景观中的秋菜田斑块的大小,形状及与其它斑块或廓道的邻接情况等基本特征进行了典型调查,分析和讨论了菜田斑块在景观中的镶嵌特征,在距城区约5km以内的近区,许多秋菜田斑块相互邻近,并与各类公路相邻接,距城区5－10km的中郊区,许多秋菜田斑块与玉米田斑块相邻接,并与乡村道路相邻接,在距城区10km以上的远郊区,多数秋菜田斑块被玉米田斑块所包围,并与乡村道路相邻接。     

不同模型对黄山栾树快速光曲线拟合效果的比较

用Li-6400光合仪同时测定了CO2浓度为380和600μmol·mol-1条件下黄山栾树的光响应曲线和快速光曲线,分别采用不同模型进行了拟合.结果表明:直角双曲线模型和双指数方程拟合得到的最大电子传递速率远大于实测值;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、单指数方程不能拟合黄山栾树存在PSⅡ动力学下调的快速光曲线,只有双指数方程和直角双曲线修正模型可以拟合黄山栾树存在PSⅡ动力学下调的快速光曲线,且可以计算它的饱和光强.综合拟合结果可知,直角双曲线修正模型不仅可以很好地拟合黄山栾树的快速光曲线,而且得到的最大电子传递速率和饱和光强与实测值相符合.此外,通过拟合植物的快速光曲和光响应曲线,还可以判断在饱和光强时它的电子传递速率与碳同化是否同时达到最大值.     

景观规划：概念、起源与发展

对目前地理学、景观生态学等领域中所存在的关于景观概念的多种不同解释进行了分析和总结,并将景观与土地、环境和风景等经常引起混乱的概念术语也做了分析对比．在此基础上,讨论了景观规划的概念内涵和它所基于的景观概念,并通过对景观规划的起源与发展过程的总结和分析,将景观规划的起源与发展归纳为３个阶段：１９世纪中后期到２０世纪初期的的起源阶段;５０、６０年代景观规划领域的形成阶段和７０年代以后的景观规划与景观生态学融合发展阶段     

Plant functional group composition and large‐scale species richness in European agricultural landscapes

Question: Which are the plant functional groups responding most clearly to agricultural disturbances? Which are the relative roles of habitat availability, landscape configuration and agricultural land use intensity in affecting the functional composition and diversity of vascular plants in agricultural landscapes? Location: 25 agricultural landscape areas in seven European countries. Methods: We examined the plant species richness and abundance in 4 km × 4 km landscape study sites. The plant functional group classification was derived from the BIOLFLOR database. Factorial decomposition of functional groups was applied. Results: Natural habitat availability and low land use intensity supported the abundance and richness of perennials, sedges, pteridophytes and high nature quality indicator species. The abundance of clonal species, C and S strategists was also correlated with habitat area. An increasing density of field edges explained a decrease in richness of high nature quality species and an increase in richness of annual graminoids. Intensive agriculture enhanced the richness of annuals and low nature quality species. Conclusions: Habitat patch availability and habitat quality are the main drivers of functional group composition and plant species richness in European agricultural landscapes. Linear elements do not compensate for the loss of habitats, as they mostly support disturbance tolerant generalist species. In order to conserve vascular plant species diversity in agricultural landscapes, the protection and enlargement of existing patches of (semi‐) natural habitats appears to be more effective than relying on the rescue effect of linear elements. This should be done in combination with appropriate agricultural management techniques to limit the effect of agrochemicals to the fields.     

Pervasive effects of dispersal limitation on within- and among-community species richness in agricultural landscapes

Aim To determine whether the effect of habitat fragmentation and habitat heterogeneity on species richness at different spatial scales depends on the dispersal ability of the species assemblages and if this results in nested species assemblages. Location Agricultural landscapes distributed over seven temperate Europe countries covering a range from France to Estonia. Methods We sampled 16 local communities in each of 24 agricultural landscapes (16 km²) that differ in the amount and heterogeneity of semi‐natural habitat patches. Carabid beetles were used as model organisms as dispersal ability can easily be assessed on morphological traits. The proximity and heterogeneity of semi‐natural patches within the landscape were related to average local (alpha), between local (beta) and landscape (gamma) species richness and compared among four guilds that differ in dispersal ability. Results For species assemblages with low dispersal ability, local diversity increased as the proximity of semi‐natural habitat increased, while mobile species showed an opposite trend. Beta diversity decreased equally for all dispersal classes in relation to proximity, suggesting a homogenizing effect of increased patch isolation. In contrast, habitat diversity of the semi‐natural patches affected beta diversity positively only for less mobile species, probably due to the low dispersal ability of specialist species. Species with low mobility that persisted in highly fragmented landscapes were consistently present in less fragmented ones, resulting in nested assemblages for this mobility class only. Main conclusions The incorporation of dispersal ability reveals that only local species assemblages with low dispersal ability show a decrease of richness as a result of fragmentation. This local species loss is compensated at least in part by an increase in species with high dispersal ability, which obscures the effect of fragmentation when investigated across dispersal groups. Conversely, fragmentation homogenizes the landscape fauna for all dispersal groups, which indicates the invasion of non‐crop habitats by similar good dispersers across the whole landscape. Given that recolonization of low dispersers is unlikely, depletion of these species in modern agricultural landscapes appears temporally pervasive.     

Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes can be increased with conversion of some production lands into 'more-natural'- unmanaged or extensively managed - lands. However, it remains unknown to what extent biodiversity can be enhanced by altering landscape pattern without reducing agricultural production. We propose a framework for this problem, considering separately compositional heterogeneity (the number and proportions of different cover types) and configurational heterogeneity (the spatial arrangement of cover types). Cover type classification and mapping is based on species requirements, such as feeding and nesting, resulting in measures of 'functional landscape heterogeneity'. We then identify three important questions: does biodiversity increase with (1) increasing heterogeneity of the more-natural areas, (2) increasing compositional heterogeneity of production cover types and (3) increasing configurational heterogeneity of production cover types? We discuss approaches for addressing these questions. Such studies should have high priority because biodiversity protection globally depends increasingly on maintaining biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes.     

不同农业景观结构对麦蚜种群动态的影响

研究表明农业景观结构的复杂性与害虫种群发生强度关系密切,然而在不同农业景观结构下研究麦蚜的发生、种群及寄生蜂的变化还不多。设计了不同的麦田景观结构,调查研究了不同麦田景观结构对麦蚜种群的影响。在简单与复杂两种农业景观结构下,分析了不同种类麦蚜的入田时间、入田量、种群增长率、种群密度及寄生性天敌的多样性与寄生率。结果表明:景观结构对不同种类麦蚜影响不同,但复杂农业景观下麦蚜迁飞入田时间都要晚于简单农业景观(连片种植)下的入田时间,复杂农业景观下有翅蚜的迁入量显著低于简单景观下有翅蚜的迁入量,并且复杂农业景观下麦蚜种群增长速率高于简单农业景观下的增长速率。不同种类麦蚜对景观结构的不同反应可能与形态学与生活史特征有关,两种不同农业景观结构下寄生性天敌的多样性与寄生率无显著差异。复杂景观结构下的麦蚜有翅蚜低的迁入量、高的增长速率可能与生境高度破碎化有关,其中与温室大棚塑料白色反光有的很大的影响。生境破碎化影响了麦蚜对寄主植物寻找以及天敌对猎物的寻找效应。     

Spatial dynamics of Microtus vole populations in continuous and fragmented agricultural landscapes

Small mammal populations often exhibit large-scale spatial synchrony, which is purportedly caused by stochastic weather-related environmental perturbations, predation or dispersal. To elucidate the relative synchronizing effects of environmental perturbations from those of dispersal movements of small mammalian prey or their predators, we investigated the spatial dynamics of Microtus vole populations in two differently structured landscapes which experience similar patterns of weather and climatic conditions. Vole and predator abundances were monitored for three years on 28 agricultural field sites arranged into two 120-km-long transect lines in western Finland. Sites on one transect were interconnected by continuous agricultural farmland (continuous landscape), while sites on the other were isolated from one another to a varying degree by mainly forests (fragmented landscape). Vole populations exhibited large-scale (>120 km) spatial synchrony in fluctuations, which did not differ in degree between the landscapes or decline with increasing distance between trapping sites. However, spatial variation in vole population growth rates was higher in the fragmented than in the continuous landscape. Although vole-eating predators were more numerous in the continuous agricultural landscape than in the fragmented, our results suggest that predators do not exert a great influence on the degree of spatial synchrony of vole population fluctuations, but they may contribute to bringing out-of-phase prey patches towards a regional density level. The spatial dynamics of vole populations were similar in both fragmented and continuous landscapes despite inter-landscape differences in both predator abundance and possibilities of vole dispersal. This implies that the primary source of synchronization lies in a common weather-related environment.