Movement of oceanic fronts south of Australia during the last 10 ka: interpretation of calcareous nannoplankton in surface sediments from the Southern Ocean

Preservation of calcareous nannoplankton in surface sediment samples from the Southern Ocean south of Australia and adjacent to New Zealand record a single assemblage. The dominant species are Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa muellerae, Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri and Coccolithus pelagicus. The assemblage varies little in abundance and diversity with minor correlation to present-day overlying surface water masses and oceanic fronts. Increase in abundance of H. carteri and C. pelagicus in the region of the Subtropical Front may reflect higher nutrients associated with this front. The assemblage, although altered by dissolution, represents a warmer climatic interval than present-day with the presence of preferentially dissolved, warm-water species preserved as far south as the Polar Front. The presence of warm-water species under sub-Antarctic waters at the Polar Front is interpreted as a relic population from the Holocene climatic optimum of 10–8 ka. The absence of coccoliths in sediments poleward of the Polar Front suggests an equatorward shift of this front following the climatic optimum, resulting in increased productivity of siliceous phytoplankton associated with the colder waters and increased dissolution of coccoliths. Movement of the Subtropical Front for the same interval is not recorded in the preserved coccoliths. The more heavily calcified form of E. huxleyi which dominates the living assemblage north of the Subtropical Front is subject to dissolution in this region and is poorly preserved in the sediment assemblage.     

Coccolithus pelagicus subsp. pelagicus versus Coccolithus pelagicus subsp. braarudii (Coccolithophore,Haptophyta): A proxy for surface subarctic Atlantic waters off Iberia during the last 200 kyr

A Multivariate Morphon Analysis (MMA) of Coccolithus pelagicus (s. l.) coccoliths was performed on 178 samples from an oceanic core recovered off the Portuguese margin (MD95-2040), in order to define the morphometric boundaries of its morphotypes and their behaviour during the last two glacial cycles. The recurrent occurrence of the smaller morphotype of this taxon, C. pelagicus subsp. pelagicus, was recognized for the first time off the Portuguese coast. Three sections, around Heinrich Layers 1 and 6 and Termination II-Eemian, were selected to establish high resolution comparisons between C. pelagicus subsp. pelagicus and C. pelagicus subsp. braarudii and two independent proxies for cold water masses: the records of the planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) and ice-rafted detritus (IRD). There is an overall negative correlation between C. pelagicus subsp. pelagicus and C. pelagicus subsp. braarudii as expressed by MMA Factor 1, the scores of which respond similarly to those of two non-cocolithophore proxies and consequently, is proposed as a calcareous nannoplankton proxy for the influence of subpolar waters in the region. Detailed analysis, however, showed occasional decoupling amongst these three proxies, which are used to highlight significant changes between the cooling–warming sequences of distinct events off Iberia.     

Subtropical Front fluctuations south of Australia (45°09′S, 146°17′E) for the last 130 ka years based on calcareous nannoplankton

Calcareous nannoplankton assemblages from a Late Quaternary deep-sea core (GC07; 46°09′S, 146°17′E) south of Australia provide information on regional palaeoceanography and palaeoclimate changes in the Southern Ocean, in particular the movement of the Subtropical Front for the past 130 ka years. Marine Isotope Stages 1–5 are identified through changes in calcareous nannoplankton assemblages, supported by ¹⁴C dates, and oxygen isotope and %CaCO data.Two distinct assemblages are recognised: a warm water assemblage with higher abundances of Calcidiscus leptoporus, Emiliania huxleyi, Helicosphaera.carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra, Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica and Gephyrocapsa oceanica; and, a cold water assemblage with higher abundances of Gephyrocapsa muellerae and Coccolithus pelagicus. Alternation between these two assemblages downcore in GC07 reflect movement of the Subtropical Front across the location and can be correlated to Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1–5. Sediments with a cold water assemblage indicate the position of the Subtropical Front equatorward of the site when transitional to sub-antarctic waters were overlying the site. Conversely sediments with a warm water assemblage indicate the Subtropical Front was poleward of GC07 when warmer, subtropical waters were over the site. MIS 1 and 5 are interpreted as warmer than MIS 3 (based on species composition) with the Subtropical Front more poleward than for MIS 3. During MIS 3 the Subtropical Front is interpreted as adjacent to or immediately poleward of GC07. Some species including C. leptoporus and C. pelagicus show negative covariance and are considered to be reliable species in identifying glacial and interglacial intervals in this region.Comparison with established biostratigraphy based on calcareous nannoplankton showed the datum event for the reversal between E. huxleyi and G. muellerae of 73 ka in transitional waters is not applicable in this region. The reversal between these two species occurs between 48 and 30 cm downcore in GC07 with a ¹⁴C date of 11 020 year BP at 49–48 cm, i.e. the reversal event is younger than this date.     

Coccolithophore (–CaCO3) flux in the Sea of Okhotsk: seasonality, settling and alteration processes

Coccolithophore fluxes were determined in the Sea of Okhotsk using samples from a 1 year experiment (12 August 1990 to 12 August 1991) with sediment traps at 258 and 1061 m depth. A special study was made on Coccolithus pelagicus, using fragmentation and the degree of etching, as indicators of transport mechanisms. A Corrosion Index for C. pelagicus is developed. The coccolithophore flux pattern at 258 m depth was characterised by a strong seasonality, with flux peaks during autumn 1990 (late November to early December) and spring 1991 (March). The assemblage consisted almost entirely of the two species C. pelagicus and Emiliania huxleyi. During autumn, coccolithophore transportation to 258 m depth mainly occurred within cylindrical fecal pellets and marine snow aggregates of silicoflagellates, and through agglutination on tintinnids. Grazing caused severe fragmentation of coccoliths and disintegration of coccospheres. Marine snow aggregates contained many intact coccospheres of C. pelagicus. During spring, coccolithophores were probably removed from the euphotic zone by the ballast effect of sinking diatoms. The coccolithophore flux peak in spring occurred immediately after the ice had retreated from the trap station, and the trapped assemblage included coccoliths of subtropical species. These features indicate drifting from an ice-free location to the south or east.The coccolith and coccosphere flux at 1061 m was respectively 7 and 12 times lower than at 258 m depth, and maximum fluxes were recorded 2 months later. Increasing carbonate dissolution from 258 to 1061 m depth is expressed in the coccolithophore–CaCO₃ flux reduction of 82%, and in the increasing percentage of etched coccoliths of Coccolithus pelagicus from 32 to >90%.     

Light-dependent coccolith formation in the two forms of Coccolithus pelagicus

Summary Two methods were employed for measuring coccolith formation and photosynthesis in coccolithophorids. The first method was based on measurements of ¹⁴C radioactivity of cells on membrane filters before and after acid treatment. The second method involved a conversion of ¹⁴C in coccoliths or whole cells to BaCO₃ prior to counting. It was observed that in determinations of photosynthetic (or total) ¹⁴C by the first method, the count rate produced by a given amount of the isotope was 30–40% lower in the non-motile and motile forms of Coccolithus pelagicus than in C. huxleyi. There was no similarly great discrepancy in determinations of coccolith ¹⁴C.Light-dependent coccolith formation was demonstrated in both forms of C. pelagicus. The non-motile form may deposit several times more carbon in its coccoliths than it assimilates photosynthetically. In the motile form, coccolith carbon amounts to less than 2% of photosynthetic carbon.     

Strontium/Calcium ratio, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in coccolith carbonate from different grain-size fractions in South Atlantic surface sediments

In this study, the Strontium/Calcium (Sr/Ca) ratio, and the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of coccoliths are investigated in three different grain-size fractions (<20 μm, 15-5 μm, <5 μm) of 17 surface sediment samples from the Equatorial and South Atlantic. The results are compared to environmental parameters in order to assess the factors controlling the observed coccolith geochemical patterns. Isotopic and geochemical composition of coccolith species in surface sediment samples from the South Atlantic greatly varies according to the different grain-size fractions. However, even if the absolute values show a great offset, the general trends are comparable. The δ¹⁸O values show a decreasing trend with increasing temperature. The δ¹³C and Sr/Ca ratio are mainly influenced by productivity of coccolithophores, which is in turn controlled by different factors, such as temperature, nutrient supply and productivity of other phytoplankton groups. Dilution and dissolution are negligible factors in these open marine samples. Therefore, coccolith abundance in bulk sediment is the best approximation for productivity of coccolithophores. The various coccolith species fractionate Sr differently, as is best shown by the 5-15 μm fraction where three species (Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri and Coccolithus pelagicus) predominantly occur.     

Seasonal occurrence of silicoflagellate morphologies in different environments of the eastern Pacific Ocean

Data on weekly to bimonthly particle flux collected by sediment traps in three environments show that forms of silicoflagellates do not have a simple and consistent relationship to either temperature or productivity of the overlying water column. Sites were located in the fjords of British Columbia, along a transect off the coast of southern Oregon, and in San Pedro Basin of the Southern California Bight. Either the “cool”Distephanus speculum or the “warm”Dictyocha messanensis may dominate at temperatures over a range from 10–19°C.D. speculum dominated high-productivity periods off Oregon, whileD. messanensis dominated during coastal upwelling events in the San Pedro Basin, regardless of surface temperature.Octactis pulchra showed no distinctive trend in the San Pedro Basin, the only locality where it was observed. The isolated presence ofD. speculum in the fjords, where mixed-zone salinity may be as low as 11‰, indicates a tolerance for hyposaline waters, but no other trends could be defined with respect to surface salinity.     

Response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to paleoenvironmental changes through the mid-Pleistocene revolution at Site 1090 (Southern Ocean)

Quantitative study on calcareous nannofossil assemblages has been performed in high time resolution (2–3 kyr) at the Ocean Drilling Program Site 1090. The location of this site in the Southern Ocean is crucial for the comprehension of thermohaline circulation and frontal boundary dynamics, and for testing the employ of nannoflora as paleoceanographical tool. The chronologically well constrained investigated record spans between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 35 and 15, through an interval of global paleoclimate and paleoceanographical modification also known as mid-Pleistocene revolution (MPR). Measures of ecological (Shannon–Weaver diversity and paleoproductivity) and dissolution indices together with spectral and wavelet analyses carried out on the acquired time series provide valuable information for interpretation of data in terms of paleoecology and paleoceanography. Assemblages are mainly represented by dominant small Gephyrocapsa, common Calcidiscus leptoporus s.l., Coccolithus pelagicus s.l., Gephyrocapsa (4-5.5 μm), the extinct Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and Reticulofenestra spp. (R. asanoi and Reticulofenestra sp.). Morphotypes discriminated within Calcidiscus leptoporus s.l. and Coccolithus pelagicus s.l., reveal that they may have had different ecological preferences during Pleistocene with respect to the present. The composition and fluctuation in nannofossil assemblage and their comparison with the available Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and C-org curves suggest a primary ecological response to paleoenvironmental changes; relationships to different surface water features and boundary dynamics, as well as to different efficiencies and motions of the intermediate and deep water masses have been inferred. A more northward position of Subantarctic Front (SAF) during most of the Early Pleistocene record has been highlighted based on assemblage composition characterised by common Calcidiscus leptoporus s.l., Coccolithus pelagicus s.l., medium Gephyrocapsa (4–5.5 μm), and by the rarity or absence of Umbilicosphaera spp., Rhabdosphaera spp., Pontosphaera spp., Oolithotus fragilis. Exceptions are the more intense interglacials MIS 31, 17, and probably MIS 15, when a southward displacement of frontal system occurred, coincident with peaks in abundance of Helicosphaera spp. and Syracosphaera spp. Higher nutrient content and more dynamic conditions occurred between MIS 32 and MIS 25, in relation to shallower location of nutrient-rich Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) core and to reduction of glacial–interglacial variability. A nannofossil barren interval is coincident with the known stagnation of South Atlantic deep water circulation during MIS 24, when North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) was reduced or suppressed and an enhanced northward deep penetration of the more corrosive Circumpolar Deep Water (CPDW) took place. An event of strong instability in nutricline dynamics characterised the transition MIS 23–22 as suggested by sharp fluctuations in paleoproductivity proxies, linked to major changes in oceanographic circulation and to the first distinct increase of larger ice volumes at this time. From MIS 21 upward the nannofossil variations seem to be primarily controlled by glacial–interglacial cyclicity and temperature fluctuations. The cyclic fluctuation recognised in nannofossil abundance seems to be linked to orbitally-forced climatic variation, primarily to the obliquity periodicity recorded in the patterns of C. leptoporus intermediate (5–8 μm) and C. pelagicus pelagicus (6–10 μm); however no obvious and linear relations may be always observed between nannoflora fluctuation and Milankovitch parameters, suggesting more complex and unclear relationships between nannofossils and environmental change.     

Dynamics of Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Gene Expression in the Coccolithophorid Coccolithus pelagicus during a Tracer Release Experiment in the Northeast Atlantic

We report a pronounced diel rhythm in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression in a natural population of the coccolithophorid Coccolithus pelagicus sampled during a Lagrangian experiment in the Northeast Atlantic. Our observations show that there is greater heterogeneity in the temporal regulation of RubisCO expression among planktonic chromophytes than has been reported hitherto.     

Shift of Bacterial Community Structures in Sediments From the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary to the East China Sea Linked to Environmental Gradients

Abstract

The Changjiang estuary and its adjacent East China Sea (ECS) have been considered as one of the most dynamic areas significantly contributing to elemental exchanges globally. The purpose of this study was to understand the alteration of microbial consortia at the interface of riverine and coastal environments in relation to environmental variations as well as their roles in biogeochemical cycling at this dynamic region. We sampled surface sediment samples at 4 stations from the estuary to coastal regions of the ECS. Along with collections of physicochemical parameters, we sequenced bacterial 16S rRNA genes of clones from each sample. Results showed a distinct transition of bacterial community from typical freshwater sediment phyla (e.g., Betaproteobacteria and Firmicutes) to those commonly inhabited in saline environments (e.g., Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria). The bacterial group at the transition zone characterized by high accumulation of organic matters and intense mixing of riverine and coastal waters was most diverse. Bacterial community structures at two ECS stations showed a similar pattern but contained different dominant taxa, shifting from Deltaproteobacteria-affiliated sulfate-reducing bacteria at the station closer to the shore to Gammaproteobacteria-affiliated nitrate-reducing bacteria further offshore. It suggested that the sedimentary bacterial community structure was related to salinity, sediment type, and substrate availability and composition.     

Holococcolithophore‐heterococcolithophore (Haptophyta) life cycles: Flow cytometric analysis of relative ploidy levels

Several coccolithophore species are known to exhibit heteromorphic life cycles. In certain species, notably Emiliania huxleyi, the heterococcolith‐bearing phase alternates with a non‐calcifying stage, whereas in others the heterococcolith‐bearing phase alternates with a holococcolith‐bearing phase. Heterococcolithophore‐holococcolithophore life cycles have previously been observed for only one species in culture, but have also been inferred from an increasing number of observations of combination coccospheres. 18S rDNA sequences from pure cultures of both the heterococcolith‐bearing and holococcolith‐bearing phases of Coccolithus pelagicus were identical, providing an additional indication of their identity as different life cycle stages of the same species. Flow cytometric analyses have been undertaken on SybrGreen‐stained nuclei isolated from pure cultures of the two phases of four coccolithophore species (Coccolithus pelagicus, Calcidiscus leptoporus, Coronosphaera mediterranea and Emiliania huxleyi) in order to determine relative DNA content. Results confirm the hypothesis that holococcolithophore‐heterococcolithophore life cycles are haplo‐diploid in nature. Light microscope observations of the processes of sexual fusion and meiosis are reported for two of the experimental species. The results are discussed in the context of the evolution of bio‐mineralization in the coccolithophores and the possible ubiquity of haplo‐diploidy in the haptophytes.     

HETEROMORPHIC LIFE HISTORIES IN ARCTIC COCCOLITHOPHORIDS (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1

During three visits to Disko Bay, West Greenland, we found four different types of prymnesiophyte flagellates with heterococcoliths from species of the genera Papposphaera Tangen and Pappomonas Manton and Oates in characteristic and consistent combinations with holococcoliths from species of the genera Turrisphaera Manton, Sutherland, and Oates and Trigonaspis Thomsen. We conclude that several taxa previously considered to be autonomous species are, in fact, part of life histories combining hetero- and holococcolithophorid forms in a manner somewhat similar to that known from studies of cultured strains of Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Schiller and Crystallolithus hyalinus (Gaarder) Markali. Similarly, Calciarcus Manton, Sutherland and Oates and Wigwamma Manton, Sutherland and Oates also may be alternate phases of a coccolithophorid life history.     

Coccolith distribution patterns in surface sediments of Equatorial and Southeastern Pacific Ocean

This study aims to contribute to a more detailed knowledge of the biogeography of coccolithophores in the Equatorial and Southeastern Pacific Ocean. Census data of fossil coccoliths are presented in a suite of core-top sediment samples from 15°N to 50.6°S and from 71°W to 93°W. Following standard preparation of smear slides, a total of 19 taxa are recognized in light microscopy and their relative abundances are determined for 134 surface sediment samples. Considering the multivariate character of oceanic conditions and their effects on phytoplankton, a Factor Analysis was performed and three factors were retained. Factor 1, dominated by Florisphaera profunda and Gephyrocapsa oceanica, includes samples located under warm water masses and indicates the occurrence of calcite dissolution in the water column in the area offshore Chile. Factor 2 is related to cold, low-salinity surface-water masses from the Chilean upwelling, and is dominated by Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa sp. < 3 μm, Coccolithus pelagicus and Gephyrocapsa muellerae. Factor 3 is linked to more saline, coastal upwelling areas where Calcidiscus leptoporus and Helicosphaera carteri are the dominant species.     

Stable isotope analyses on archived fish scales reveal the long‐term effect of nitrogen loads on carbon cycling in rivers

Stable isotope analysis of organic matter in sediment records has long been used to track historical changes in productivity and carbon cycling in marine and lacustrine ecosystems. While flow dynamics preclude stratigraphic measurements of riverine sediments, such retrospective analysis is important for understanding biogeochemical cycling in running waters. Unique collections of riverine fish scales were used to analyse δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C variations in the food web of two European rivers that experience different degrees of anthropogenic pressure. Over the past four decades, dissolved inorganic N loading remained low and constant in the Teno River (70°N, Finland); in contrast, N loading increased fourfold in the Scorff River (47°N, France) over the same period. Archived scales of Atlantic salmon parr, a riverine life‐stage that feeds on aquatic invertebrates, revealed high δ¹⁵N values in the Scorff River reflecting anthropogenic N inputs to that riverine environment. A strong correlation between dissolved inorganic N loads and δ¹³C values in fish scales was observed in the Scorff River, whereas no trend was found in the Teno River. This result suggests that anthropogenic N‐nutrients enhanced atmospheric C uptake by primary producers and its transfer to fish. Our results illustrate for the first time that, as for lakes and marine ecosystems, historical changes in anthropogenic N loading can affect C cycling in riverine food webs, and confirm the long‐term interactions between N and C biogeochemical cycles in running waters.     

Oceanographic significance of Pacific late miocene calcareous nannoplankton

An analysis of the variability in the composition and distribution of Pacific Late Miocene calcareous nannoplankton about their average biogeography shows that there are primarily two environmental factors causing that variability, climate and dissolution. Climate produces a latitudinal, biogeographic differentiation of the Late Miocene nannoflora, while selective dissolution superimposes a bathymetric differentiation of the nannoflora on that due to climate. Together, these two factors produce three distinct Late Miocene nannofloral assemblages, a high-latitude, temperate assemblage characterized by Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica and Coccolithus pelagicus, and two tropical assemblages, their differences in composition depending on water depth and surface-water productivity: (1) in shallower water and beneath areas of higher organic production and sedimentation of calcite there is an undissolved assemblage characterized by sphenoliths, small elliptical placoliths and Coccolithus pataecus; (2) in deeper water and areas of lower productivity there is a dissolved assemblage dominated by discoasters.Selective dissolution produces most of the apparent biogeographic variation in Pacific Late Miocene nannoplankton compositions, the variation in compositions observed between the seventeen sites studied. Dissolution preferentially removes the more soluble constituents of the tropical nannoflora so that increasing dissolution tends to give tropical nannoflora a cooler, more temperate aspect. At the same time, selective dissolution shifts the composition of the warmer, tropical component towards its more resistant taxa.Nannoplankton records show a period of greatly decreased calcite dissolution in deep tropical and temperate South Pacific sites between about 8 and 10 m.y. ago. This decrease is strongly correlated with a temporary increase in the ¹³C composition of Pacific deep waters. Calcite dissolution increased during this same period in the deep North Pacific.Nannoplankton records of Late Miocene climate in the tropics are distinctly different from those at higher, south temperate latitudes. Tropical records show a sharp warming in the earliest Late Miocene after a generally cool late Middle Miocene. This was followed by a temporary cooling, nearly to Middle Miocene levels, about 7 m.y. ago. Toward the end of the Late Miocene, the tropical Pacific warmed again and remained warm into the Pliocene. Warming of temperate climates occurred much later. Not until latest Miocene did the southern the Pliocene. Warming of temperate climates occurred much later. Not until latest Miocene did the southern temperate latitudes warm appreciably. Southern subpolar climate cooled continuously through the Late Miocene. We attribute the resulting increases in the latitudinal climatic contrast across the southern Pacific Ocean to the development and migration of a strong subtropical convergence.On the basis of the nannoplankton oceanographic records we postulate that beginning about 10.5 m.y. ago Pacific surface circulation became primarily zonal and the production of deep and bottom waters in the Southern Ocean increased sharply. This produced a northward decrease in calcite preservation, an increase in benthic ¹³C, and a strong climatic gradient across southern latitudes. The period of most vigorous deep Pacific circulation ended 7 m.y. ago in response, we speculate, to the reduced ocean salinities during the Messinian.     

Dinoflagellate cyst distribution in marine surface sediments off West Africa (17–6°N) in relation to sea-surface conditions, freshwater input and seasonal coastal upwelling

An organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst analysis was carried out on 53 surface sediment samples from West Africa (17–6°N) to obtain insight in the relationship between their spatial distribution and hydrological conditions in the upper water column as well as marine productivity in the study area.Multivariate analysis of the dinoflagellate cyst relative abundances and environmental parameters of the water column shows that sea-surface temperature, salinity, marine productivity and bottom water oxygen are the factors that relate significantly to the distribution patterns of individual species in the region.The composition of cyst assemblages and dinoflagellate cyst concentrations allows the identification of four hydrographic regimes; 1) the northern regime between 17 and 14°N characterized by high productivity associated with seasonal coastal upwelling, 2) the southern regime between 12 and 6°N associated with high-nutrient waters influenced by river discharge 3) the intermediate regime between 14 and 12°N influenced mainly by seasonal coastal upwelling additionally associated with fluvial input of terrestrial nutrients and 4) the offshore regime characterized by low chlorophyll-a concentrations in upper waters and high bottom water oxygen concentrations.Our data show that cysts of Polykrikos kofoidii, Selenopemphix quanta, Dubridinium spp., Echinidinium species, cysts of Protoperidinium monospinum and Spiniferites pachydermus are the best proxies to reconstruct the boundary between the NE trade winds and the monsoon winds in the subtropical eastern Atlantic Ocean. The association of Bitectatodinium spongium, Lejeunecysta oliva, Quinquecuspis concreta, Selenopemphix nephroides, Trinovantedinium applanatum can be used to reconstruct past river outflow variations within this region.     

Radiolarian-based sea surface temperatures and paleoceanographic changes during the Late Pleistocene–Holocene in the subantarctic southwest Pacific

A high-resolution record of radiolarian faunal changes from Site Y8 south of the Subtropical Front (STF), offshore eastern New Zealand, provides insight into the paleoceanographic history of the last 265 kyrs. Quantitative analysis of radiolarian paleotemperature indicators and radiolarian-based sea surface temperature (SST) estimates reveal distinct shifts during glacial–interglacial (G-I) climate cycles encompassing marine isotope stages (MIS) 8–1. Faunas at Site Y8 are abundant and diverse and consist of a mixture of species typical of the subantarctic, transitional and subtropical zones which is characteristic of subantarctic waters just south of the STF. During interglacials, diverse radiolarian faunas have increased numbers of warm-water taxa (~ 15%) while cool-water taxa decrease to ~ 11% of the assemblage. Warmest climate conditions occurred during MIS 5.5 and the early Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO) at the onset of MIS 1 where SSTs reach maxima of 12.8 and 12.9 °C, respectively. This suggests that temperatures during the HCO were comparable to the Eemian, one of the warmest interglacial intervals of the Late Quaternary. Glacials are characterized by less diverse radiolarian faunas with cool-water taxa increasing to 49% of the assemblage. Coolest climate conditions occurred in MIS 4 and 2 where SSTs are reduced to 5.4 °C and 4.3 °C, respectively. Radiolarian faunal changes and SST estimates clearly identify major water masses and oceanic fronts in the offshore eastern New Zealand area. During warmest MIS 5.5 and early MIS 1 substantial influence of northern-sourced Subtropical Surface Water (STW) is evident at Site Y8. This implies southward incursions of STW around the eastern crest of Chatham Rise with the STF displaced towards higher latitudes and spinning off eddies as far south as Campbell Plateau. Additionally, increased flow of the Southland Current (SC) might have enhanced the local occurrence of warm-water radiolarians derived from the subtropical Tasman Sea. Coolest glacials are marked by a strong inflow of cool, southern-sourced waters at Site Y8 indicating a more vigorous flow along the Subantarctic Front (SAF).     

Changes in northern Gulf of Mexico sediment bacterial and archaeal communities exposed to hypoxia

Biogeochemical changes in marine sediments during coastal water hypoxia are well described, but less is known about underlying changes in microbial communities. Bacterial and archaeal communities in Louisiana continental shelf (LCS) hypoxic zone sediments were characterized by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA V4‐region gene fragments obtained by PCR amplification of community genomic DNA with bacterial‐ or archaeal‐specific primers. Duplicate LCS sediment cores collected during hypoxia had higher concentrations of Fe(II), and dissolved inorganic carbon, phosphate, and ammonium than cores collected when overlying water oxygen concentrations were normal. Pyrosequencing yielded 158 686 bacterial and 225 591 archaeal sequences from 20 sediment samples, representing five 2‐cm depth intervals in the duplicate cores. Bacterial communities grouped by sampling date and sediment depth in a neighbor‐joining analysis using Chao–Jaccard shared species values. Redundancy analysis indicated that variance in bacterial communities was mainly associated with differences in sediment chemistry between oxic and hypoxic water column conditions. Gammaproteobacteria (26.5%) were most prominent among bacterial sequences, followed by Firmicutes (9.6%), and Alphaproteobacteria (5.6%). Crenarchaeotal, thaumarchaeotal, and euryarchaeotal lineages accounted for 57%, 27%, and 16% of archaeal sequences, respectively. In Thaumarchaeota Marine Group I, sequences were 96–99% identical to the Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1 sequence, were highest in surficial sediments, and accounted for 31% of archaeal sequences when waters were normoxic vs. 13% of archaeal sequences when waters were hypoxic. Redundancy analysis showed Nitrosopumilus‐related sequence abundance was correlated with high solid‐phase Fe(III) concentrations, whereas most of the remaining archaeal clusters were not. In contrast, crenarchaeotal sequences were from phylogenetically diverse lineages, differed little in relative abundance between sampling times, and increased to high relative abundance with sediment depth. These results provide further evidence that marine sediment microbial community composition can be structured according to sediment chemistry and suggest the expansion of hypoxia in coastal waters may alter sediment microbial communities involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling.     

Pigment carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures in euxinic basins

The carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of chloropigments and porphyrins from the sediments of redox‐stratified lakes and marine basins reveal details of past biogeochemical nutrient cycling. Such interpretations are strengthened by modern calibration studies, and here, we report on the C and N isotopic composition of pigments and nutrients in the water column and surface sediment of redox‐stratified Fayetteville Green Lake (FGL; New York). We also report δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values for pyropheophytin a (Pphe a) and bacteriochlorophyll e (Bchl e) deposited in the Black Sea during its transition to a redox‐stratified basin ca. 7.8 ka. We propose a model for evolving nutrient cycling in the Black Sea from 7.8 to 6.4 ka, informed by the new pigment data from FGL. The seasonal study of water column nutrients and pigments at FGL revealed population dynamics in surface and deep waters that were also captured in the sediments. Biomass was greatest near the chemocline, where cyanobacteria, purple sulfur bacteria (PSB), and green sulfur bacteria (GSB) had seasonally variable populations. Bulk organic matter in the surface sediment, however, was derived mainly from the oxygenated surface waters. Surface sediment pigment δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values indicate intact chlorophyll a (Chl a) was derived from near the chemocline, but its degradation product pheophytin a (Phe a) was derived primarily from surface waters. Bacteriopheophytin a (Bphe a) and Bchl e in the sediments came from chemocline populations of PSB and GSB, respectively. The distinctive δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values for Chl a, Phe a, and Bphe a in the surface sediment are inputs to an isotopic mixing model that shows their decomposition to a common porphyrin derivative can produce non‐specific sedimentary isotope signatures. This model serves as a caveat for paleobiogeochemical interpretations in basins that had diverse populations near a shallow chemocline.     

Late Quaternary biostratigraphy and paleotemperatures of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on planktonic foraminifera and pteropods

The quantitative distributions of planktonic foraminifera and pteropods were analyzed in seven Red Sea cores and two deep-sea cores from the Gulf of Aden and off Sokotra Island. Biostratigraphic intervals were distin-guished corresponding to oxygen-isotope stages 1–5 in the Red Sea and stages 1–3 in the Gulf of Aden.The faunal assemblages demonstrate that in the Red Sea hydrological conditions changed significantly during the Late Quaternary — especially at the last Glacial maximum, when water exchange at the Bab-el-Mandeb Straits was at a minimum and at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. At the end of deglaciation, water-exchange renewal and pluvial conditions resulted in surface salinity decrease and stable stratification, which was followed by a rise in planktonic fauna abundance and stagnation of bottom waters. The more constant composition of rather cold-water (subtropical) faunal assemblages in the Gulf of Aden during the last 40,000–50,000 yrs. points to more stable hydrological parameters and to local upwelling or influx of Arabian upwelling waters.During the last Stadial, mean annual sea-surface temperatures fell by at least 5°C compared to the present in the central part of the Red Sea and by 3.5°C in the western Gulf of Aden.