Neodiplostomum spratti n. sp. (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from Antechinus spp. (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in Australia,with notes on other diplostomids from Australian mammals

Neodiplostomum spratti n. sp. is described from Antechinus stuartii and A. swainsonii (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). The status of Neodiplostomum minor, N. flabelliformis, N. intermedius, N. sarcophilus, N. diaboli and Pharyngostomoides dasyuri is reviewed. New hosts records for N. intermedius are Rattus lutreolus, R. leucopus, R. rattus (all Rodentia: Muridae) and Dasyurus maculatus (Dasyuridae). The following undescribed species are recorded: Neodiplostomum spp. from Dasyurus maculatus from Victoria, Dasyurus viverrinus from Tasmania, Perameles nasuta (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) from New South Wales, Sminthopsis leucopus (Dasyuridae) from New South Wales, and a diplostomulum from the lung of Perameles nasuta from New South Wales. The validity of Fibricola is reconsidered and it is proposed that it be considered a synonym of Neodiplostomum. The new combinations Neodiplostomum minor (Dubois, 1936), N. sarcophilus (Sandars, 1957) and N. flabelliformis (Pearson & Dubois, 1985) are proposed: all three were previously attributed to Fibricola.     

基于DNA宏条形码技术的蓝彩带蜂粉源植物多样性研究

蓝彩带蜂(Nomia chalybeate Smith, 1875)隶属隧蜂科彩带蜂属,是一种典型的广访花性野生蜜蜂,广泛分布于我国东部地区及日本、韩国、印度、缅甸等国家。本研究基于我国东部9个省份18个不同样地20份蓝彩带蜂蜂粮样本,包括安徽省(AHGZ、AHJZ)、重庆市(CQSMS、CQWS)、福建省(FJSM)、广西省(GXHP、GXLZ)、湖南省(HNHY、HNQY)、海南省(HNLS、HNWC)、江西省(JXGX、JXJG6、JXJG8、JXQY6、JXQY8、JXYZ)、山东省(SDLL)、浙江省(ZJCS)。利用DNA宏条形码研究该蜂粉源植物的多样性,为全面掌握该蜂的粉源植物及保护策略提供理论依据。结果表明该蜂粉源植物共涉及47科,99属,124种,其中黄荆(Vitex negundo)是最优势种、其次是罗伞树(Ardisia quinquegona)和山莓(Rubus corchorifolius)。Alpha多样性指数分析显示：SDLL样本的物种丰富度和多样性最高,FJSM样本的丰富度和多样性最低。不同样地的粉源植物多样性具有差异,但该蜂同一样地不同时期的粉源植物多...     

The Neotropical species of Notalina,a southern group of long-horned caddisflies (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)*

The leptocerid trichopteran genus Notalina is recorded from the South American continent for the first time. Seven new species are described in it and placed in a new subgenus, Neonotalina: N.brasiliana, N.morsei, N.cipo and N.hamiltoni from southeastern Brazil, comprise the brasiliana species-group, and N.roraima from Venezuela, N.nanay from Peru and N.matthiasi from Colombia form the roraima species-group. Notalina (Neonotalina) is identifiable by the presence of a long, slender baso-mesal process on the male inferior appendage. The two species-groups may be distinguished by the morphology of the male phallus. The historical biogeography of the genus in South America is discussed.     

Magellanic woodpecker ( Campephilus magellanicus) abundance and foraging in Tierra del Fuego, Chile

The Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) is a vulnerable and poorly studied bird in the sub-antarctic deciduous and evergreen beech (Nothofagus) forests of South America. On Tierra del Fuego island (Chile), we compared Magellanic woodpecker abundance and its foraging habitat in two forest types: pure N. pumilio and mixed forests composed by N. pumilio and N. betuloides, including managed and non managed stands. At a regional scale, abundance of woodpeckers was greater in landscapes including both forest types than in pure N. pumilio landscapes. When both forest types occurred together, woodpecker abundance did not differ between them. The number of trees with foraging signs was correlated with Magellanic woodpecker abundance and was also associated with N. betuloides and snag densities, but was not affected by forest management. Occurrence of pecking on foraging trees was greater in mixed Nothofagus than pure N. pumilio stands. Woodpeckers foraged disproportionately more on larger diameter and more decayed trees. Moreover, trees used for foraging were positively correlated with canopy cover and snag density and were negatively correlated with distance to nearby peatlands and beaver ponds. Direct observation revealed that the flying distance between trees was negatively correlated with proportion of trees with foraging signs. Woodpeckers chose trees that were visited before, suggesting a pattern of tree recognition within foraging territories.Communicated by F. Bairlein     

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN THE PREY OF THE BLACK EAGLE IN THE CAPE PROVINCE,SOUTH AFRICA

Boshoff, A.F., Palmer, N.G., Avery, G., Davies, R.A.G. & Jarvis, M.J.F. 1991. Biogeoraphical and toporaphical variation in the prey of the Black Eagle in the Cape Province, South Africa. Ostrich 62: 58–72.

Prey remains collected at or near Black Eagle Aquilu verreauxii nest sites in the Cape Province, South Africa, were analysed according to frequency of occurrence of prey scies in the samples. A total of 5748 prey individuals, collected from 73 sites, was analysed according to tree biome groups and four nest site types. The Rock Hyrax Procuvia capensis is the dominant prey species, but the eagles' diet sctrum vanestypes. The according to its availability. Indices of species richness and diversity of the prey are inverser correlated with the proportion of the prey contributed by P. capenis, which in turn is determined by topography and vegetation. Biome has a greater influence on the indices than has nest site type. The age structure of the P. capensis prey remains closely reflects the juvenile: sub- adult: adult ratios in the biomes and at the nest site tpes. hfedium-sized (aprox. 1–4,5 kg) pre is usually taken. Juvenile domestic small-stock (lambs ani goat kids) comprised onb 3,4% of the over, total.     

中国突颊剑虻属一新种（双翅目：剑虻科：剑虻亚科：塞洛提剑虻族）

突颊剑虻属Bugulaverpa首次在中国被发现,自此分布于旧世界的塞洛提剑虻族Cyclotelini的3个属(环剑虻属Procyclotelus,沙剑虻属Ammothereva和突颊剑虻属Bugulaverpa)均在中国被记录。本文记录中国突颊剑虻属1新种:海南突颊剑虻Bugulaverpa hainanensis sp. nov.。该种额为亮黑色,仅在侧缘各有1个半圆形的灰白粉斑。单眼瘤被灰白粉。中足胫节褐黄色。雌虫生殖叉前缘有2个明显的突起。     

A new species and new records of lithodid crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae) from the Crozet and Kerguelen Islands area (Subantarctica)

Four species of lithodid crabs from waters (240–2,005 m) in the Crozet and Kerguelen Islands area were studied. One new species, Neolithodes duhameli, is described. Three other species, N. capensis Stebbing, Paralomis anamerae Macpherson and P. birsteini Macpherson are reported for the first time from these localities. The new species, N. duhameli (620–1,500 m), is the fourth representative of the genus in Subantarctic waters and belongs to the group of species possessing a carapace, chelipeds and walking legs covered with numerous spinules or spiniform granules in addition to spines. However, the new species is distinguishable from others in the genus by the long, strong spines on the carapace and pereiopods. The finding of two species of Paralomis clearly extends their geographic ranges in the Southern Ocean: P. anamerae was previously known only in waters of the Falkland Islands and the circumpolar distribution of P. birsteini is supported. The observation of N. capensis also extends its previously described range from South Africa, in the Cape region, to Subantarctic waters. As a result of this study, 14 species of the family Lithodidae are now known from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters; and most can be considered endemic to these waters.     

华南国家植物园植物引种及迁地保育

基于华南国家植物园的植物引种和存活记录,该文分析了其植物引种、存活以及专类园物种保育情况。结果如下:(1)自1956年以来,共引种维管植物19 154种99亚种136变种(80 597号),隶属325科3 952属,现存活11 581种52亚种80变种(24 352号),隶属290科2 777属; 引种记录涉及国家重点保护野生植物565种(现存活421种),覆盖了华南地区国家一级重点保护野生植物物种的94.7%(36/38,存活29种)、国家二级重点保护野生植物物种的76.4%(269/352,存活229种)以及受威胁植物物种的54.3%(547/1 008,存活414种)。(2)从引种地域来看,引自广东的植物最多(7 193号2 523种),其次主要为海南(3 658号1 593种)、广西(4 744号1 559种)等周边省份,另通过与全球61个国家的引种交换,获取了一些同纬度区域的珍贵植物资源。(3)木兰园等17个以植物类群为单位进行迁地保育的专类园区在引种数量及存活率方面整体处于较高的水平。(4)物种存活数量和引种频次相关性极显著(r = 0.85^***)。(5)华南地区自然分布物种的引种存活率高于其他地区。未来,华南国家植物园在植物迁地保护工作中应注意:(1)在调查、编目、评估和研究的基础上,强化热带亚热带地区珍稀濒危植物、本土植物和经济植物的引种收集,进一步提高迁地保护的数量和质量;(2)建立华南地区植物迁地保护网络体系,有效保护区域内植物多样性;(3)进一步完善迁地保育基础设施建设和提高信息化管理水平以提升迁地保护效率;(4)加强国际科研合作和物种交换。     

SOME BIRDS OF CHICUMBANE,P.E.A.

Boshoff, A. F. &; Palmer, N. G. 1983. Aspects of the biology and ecology of the Osprey in the Cape Province, South Africa. Ostrich 54:189-204.

Information gathered opportunistically on the distribution, habitat, density, seasonality, timing of migration, food spectrum, feeding and hunting behaviour and periodicity, flight mode, influence of weather on hunting activity, interspecific and intraspecific interaction, general behaviour and conservation status of the Osprey Pandion haliaetus in the Cape Province, South Africa, is presented. The species is confined mainly to the coastal region and was recorded most frequently from the larger estuaries. Although it is basically a non-breeding migrant to the area, with peaks of occurrence during the austral summer, birds were recorded throughout the austral winter. A maximum density of 0,0028 Osprey/ha of surface water was determined; there is some evidence for an increase in the number of birds in the main study area from 1980 to 1982. The birds are persistent hunters and forage mainly in the littoral zone at water depths of up to 1,5 m, with a hunting activity peak at mid morning and at late afternoon. The food spectrum comprised 84–91% mullet (Mugilidae) of 20–700 g and 9–14% Mozambique Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Flapping flight was preferred for hunting purposes and the implications of this are discussed. The study area is considered to provide optimal foraging conditions of windspeed and cloud cover for Ospreys. There was little aggressive interaction between Ospreys and resident Fish Eagles Haliaeetus vocifer and competition between these two species was not a major factor. Kelp Gulls Larus dominicanus harassed Ospreys with grey. The conservation status of Ospreys in the Cape Province is considered to be satisfactory at present.     

The occurrence of blood-inhabiting protozoa in captive and free-living penguins

While the susceptibility to infection with blood protozoa, particularly Plasmodium spp. and Leucocytozoon, of a wide range of species of penguins held in captivity is well established, the parasitism of penguins in the wild has been less studied. It appears, however, that free-living penguins from temperate locations exhibit infrequent parasitism, with the exception of Spheniscus demersus in Southern Africa in which infection with Babesia peircei is endemic, while the few available reports suggest that Antarctic and sub-antarctic species exhibit a generalised absence of blood-borne parasites. We have extended these studies by examining 194 thin blood smears for blood protozoa obtained from 4 species of free-living penguins from 5 sites, and have detected no blood parasites in penguins from either Antarctic (Aptenodytes forsteri, Pygoscelis adeliae) or temperate (Eudyptulaminor, Spheniscus humboldti) locations. We discuss the possible reasons for the relative scarcity of blood protozoa in wild penguins, which include biting preferences or absence of suitable vectors, host specificity of the parasites, and long periods spent at sea by most penguin species, resulting in reduced opportunity for maintenance of parasite life-cycles. Accepted: 6 July 1998     

Paleofloristic assemblage from the Paleogene Río Guillermo Formation,Argentina: preliminary results of phylogenetic relationships of Nothofagus in South America

Hünicken's paleobotanical collection is one of the most important in South America because it was the first one to be related to a documented stratigraphic profile. This floristic assemblage (Oligocene) recovered from Río Guillermo Formation, at Estancia Tres Marías, Río Guillermo Valley, Santa Cruz, Argentina, is described by the first time in this paper. Five species of genus Nothofagus (N. subferruginea, N. serrulata, N. crenulata, N. elongata and N. variabilis) together with Myrcia bagualense are components of the assemblage. The presence of Acaena brandmayri is confirmed for the first time for the area. Paleoenviromental and paleoclimate implications are also discussed. Characteristic species from a temperate-cold climate such as the genus Nothofagus are present in the material studied. A phylogenetic study of the fossil species herein described and the extant South American species of Nothofagus is presented. The preliminary results support the hypothesis that fossil species of Nothogafus are closely related to the modern species.     

Avoidance and escape responses of the sub-antarctic limpet Nacella edgari (Powell) (Mollusca: Gastropoda) to the sea star Anasterias perrieri (Smith) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Summary The sub-antarctic limpet Nacella edgari (Powell) (Patellidae) has avoidance and escape responses to the sea star Anasterias perrieri (Smith) (Asteriidae) in a kelp forest and in the laboratory. Nacella edgari was preyed upon in the field by A. perrieri, but frequency of capture was low, suggesting the effectiveness of defensive behaviors. Both avoidance and escape responses by the limpet consisted of extension and waving of the pallial tentacles, mushrooming and rotation of the shell and flight. However, escape responses were characterized by greatly intensified rotation of the shell through a horizontal plane. This study extends the evaluation of defensive responses in gastropods to a species which occurs in the southern Indian Ocean.     

High‐latitude Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) brachiopods from the Eusebio Ayala Formation of Paraguay,Paraná Basin

Abstract: Examination of newly collected brachiopods from the Eusebio Ayala Formation of Paraguay reveals the occurrence of Arenorthis paranaensis sp. nov., Plectothyrella? itacurubiensis sp. nov., Hindella sp. and Eostropheodonta conradii (Harrington). Associated graptolites of the N. persculptus Zone indicate that the age of the fossiliferous beds is Hirnantian. The overall generic composition of the fauna is similar to that of the atypical Hirnantia Fauna of the Bani Province. The record in Paraguay of Arenorthis, hitherto only known from North Africa, together with species of Plectothyrella? and Eostropheodonta different from those recorded in the Kosov Province, emphasizing the affinities between the Paraguayan fauna and the low‐diversity African assemblages. Stratigraphic and faunal evidence indicates that biogeographical links between South America and Africa already existed by the end of the Ordovician when most of the intra‐cratonic basins of Gondwana were flooded during the postglacial sea level rise.     

Mapuche perceptions and conservation of Andean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus</Emphasis> forests and their medicinal plants: a case study from a rural community in Patagonia,Argentina

In a Mapuche community situated in the sub-antarctic forest of the northwest of Argentine Patagonia, analysis was carried out on forest environmental perception and its relation to the resilience of the body of traditional botanical knowledge regarding medicinal plants. Data was obtained on the ethno-classification and differential use of the forest gathering environment with respect to its practical and cultural value. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 30 randomly chosen inhabitants, and the data were analysed using qualitative methods and non-parametric statistics. Most citations (64.5%) were of species gathered in Nothofagus antarctica forest, 26.2% were of species from N. pumilio forest, and 20.3% referred to species from a mixed forest, with N. dombeyi. The forests studied have low values for similarity in terms of medicinal species richness, indicating a unique offer of therapeutic resources in each one. The use of the different forest types seems to be associated with the search for therapeutic resources for specific ailments. However, the redundancy of functions of species in each forest type can offer alternative remedies, which provides plant conservation, security and the possibility of reorganisation of their traditional medicinal knowledge. This case study showed the importance of considering folk systems and the role that this knowledge has played in plant resource management and forest protection. Different forests are used and valued differentially, not only with regard to usefulness but also in symbolic-religious terms, and together they fulfil a cushioning function, protecting holistically traditional botanical knowledge, people’s health and forests. It is of great importance, therefore, that conservation policies favouring environmental heterogeneity are implemented, and that local inhabitants participate in the development of management plans.     

Polystomatidae (Monogenea) of African Anura: Polystoma dawiekoki n. sp. parasitic in Ptychadena anchietae (Bocage)

Polystoma dawiekoki n. sp. is described as a new species of the Polystomatidae parasitic in the urinary bladder of the plain grass frog Ptychadena anchietae. This parasite was collected at Mkuze town and Mkuze Game Reserve in northern Kwazulu-Natal Province, in the Kruger National Park in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, and at Bulwa in Tanga Province, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. It is distinguished from other African Polystoma species by a combination of characters, including the body size, size and shape of marginal hooklets and the haptor length to body length ratio. The presence of adult, as well as subadult, parasites in the same individuals, as is known for Eupolystoma, represents a significant evolutionary departure from the pattern of transmission typical of Polystoma in most of the other anuran hosts.     

施氮对空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和莲子草(Alternanthera sessilis)种间关系的影响

自然界的氮素释放总是呈现出空间和时间上的异质性,但关于异质性氮释放对于入侵植物和本地植物种间关系影响的研究相对较少。将入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和同属本地植物莲子草(Alternanthera sessilis)分别进行单种种植(12株,无种间竞争)和混种种植(每种6株,有种间竞争),模拟大气氮湿沉降设置由两种不同施氮总量(15g N m~(-2)a~(-1)和30g N m~(-2)a~(-1))和两种不同施氮频率(每5天1次和每15天1次)交叉组成的4种施氮处理,并以不施氮为对照。施氮总量的增加显著促进了两种植物的生长,但对两种植物的种间竞争关系没有显著影响。施氮频率对两种植物的生长以及种间竞争关系都没有显著影响。两种植物在面对竞争时表现出不同的生物量分配策略,空心莲子草将更多的生物量分配到茎,而莲子草将更多的生物量分配到根。在全球变化的背景下,大气氮湿沉降可能会改变两种植物的种群结构和动态,但可能对这两种植物的种间关系影响较小。     

DIATOMS (BACILLARIOPHYTA) OF ISOLATED ISLANDS: NEW TAXA IN THE GENUS NAVICULA SENSU STRICTO FROM THE GALáPAGOS ISLANDS1

The diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from a coastal lagoon from the Diablas wetlands (Isla Isabela, the Galápagos Islands) were studied in material from surface samples and a sediment core spanning the past 2,700 years in order to examine evidence of diatom evolution under geographic isolation. The total number of taxa found was ～100. Ultrastructural variation in valve morphology between members of Galápagos taxa was used to describe 10 species from the genus Navicula sensu stricto, which are new to science. Four taxa: N. isabelensis, N. isabelensoides, N. isabelensiformis, and N. isabelensiminor, shared several key characteristics that may be indicative of a common evolutionary heritage; these species therefore provide possible evidence for the in situ evolution of diatoms in the Galápagos coastal lagoons. Shared morphological characteristics include: (i) stria patterning in the central area, (ii) an elevated and thickened external raphe‐sternum, (iii) external central raphe endings that are slightly deflected toward the valve primary side, and (iv) an arched valve surface. To explain these findings, two models were proposed. The first suggested limited lateral diatomaceous transport of Navicula species between the Galápagos and continental South America. Alternatively, these new species may be ecological specialists arising from the unique environmental conditions of the Galápagos coastal lagoons, which restrict the colonization of common diatom taxa and enable the establishment of novel, rare species. The Diablas wetlands are an important site for diatom research, where local‐scale environmental changes have combined with global‐scale biogeographic processes resulting in unique diatom assemblages.