不同经营模式茶园土壤微生物熵对台风干扰的响应

台风干扰可能显著影响我国东南沿海山地茶园土壤有机碳稳定性和矿化过程,而土壤微生物熵（qMB）是指示土壤有机碳稳定性和矿化潜力的敏感指标。因此,研究不同经营模式茶园土壤微生物熵对台风干扰的响应,可为山地茶园土壤碳库管理提供重要科学依据。为此,以浙江省台州市天台县苍山顶传统化肥经营的纯茶园（M0）、林茶间作（M1）、茶园养鸡（M2）、施用微生物肥料的纯茶园（M3）四种经营模式茶园为研究对象,在2021年7月28日台风"烟花"（第6号台风）来临前一天（T1）、台风过境后一天（T2）和台风过境后7天（T3）,按照表层土壤（0-10 cm）和亚表层土壤（10-30 cm）采集四种经营模式的茶园土样,同步测定土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、微生物生物量碳（MBC）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量。结果表明：（1）台风干扰对M2和M3的土壤有机碳影响更显著,而且不同经营模式茶园中表层和亚表层的土壤有机碳含量对台风干扰的响应存在差异;（2）台风干扰对M2的土壤微生物熵影响更显著,对表层土壤的微生物熵影响更显著,说明台风干扰对M2土壤有机碳稳定性和矿化影响显著,M2的土壤微生物熵对台风干扰的响应显著;（3）台风干扰对M2的土壤微生物生物量碳影响最显著,对M0和M1的影响最弱,且不同经营模式茶园中不同土层的土壤微生物生物量碳对台风干扰的响应存在差异;（4）台风干扰对M0的土壤可溶性有机碳含量影响更显著,M1和M3次之,对M2的影响最弱。而且不同经营模式茶园中表层和亚表层土壤的可溶性有机碳含量对台风干扰的响应存在差异。综上,台风干扰会对不同经营模式茶园土壤微生物熵影响程度不同,说明台风干扰对不同经营模式茶园土壤有机碳稳定性具有不同程度的影响,其中M2的土壤有机碳是响应台风干扰最敏感的经营模式茶园。     

退化红壤区人工林土壤的可溶性有机物、微生物生物量和酶活性

以江西省泰和县退化红壤区18年生马尾松纯林(Ⅰ)、马尾松 枫香 木荷混交林(Ⅱ)、木荷纯林(Ⅲ)和枫香纯林(Ⅳ)4种人工林林分为对象,并以自然恢复的无林荒草地为对照(CK),研究其土壤的可溶性有机碳(SOC)、氮(SON),微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和土壤酶活性的变化.结果表明： 在0～10 cm土层,各林分类型的土壤SOC、SON含量分别为354～1007 mg·kg^-1和24～73 mg·kg^-1,MBC、MBN含量分别为203～488 mg·kg^-1和24～65 mg·kg^-1,脲酶和天门冬酰胺酶活性分别为95～133 mg·kg^-1·d^-1和58～113 mg·kg^-1·d^-1.不同林分类型之间SOC、SON含量为Ⅳ>CK > Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ,MBC、MBN含量为CK>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ,天门冬酰胺酶活性为Ⅳ>CK>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ,差异显著,而脲酶活性没有显著差异.随着土层加深,SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、脲酶及天门冬酰胺酶活性下降.在0～20 cm土层,SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、全碳和全氮两两之间达极显著相关.天门冬酰胺酶活性与SOC、SON、MBC、MBN、TSN、全碳、全氮极显著相关;而脲酶活性与SON、MBCMBN、TSN、全碳显著相关.     

不同林龄杉木+闽楠复层林土壤磷形态及微生物功能多样性变化

磷是限制亚热带地区林木生长的关键因素之一,研究土壤微生物群落功能多样性对土壤磷素的影响,对亚热带地区人工林可持续经营具有重要意义。在江西官山林场选取了3种不同林龄杉木+闽楠（4 a、7 a、11 a）复层林为研究对象,测定了土壤全磷、有效磷及无机磷组分含量,采用Biolog-ECO法研究了复层林表土层（0-20 cm）土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用特征,并分析了土壤磷素与土壤微生物功能多样性的关系。结果表明：（1）土壤全磷、有效磷及无机磷组分含量随复层林营建时间延长呈增加趋势;（2）不同林分类型土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著。土壤微生物碳源代谢活性（AWCD）以及多样性指数也均随复层林营建时间延长呈增加趋势;多聚物类是杉木纯林土壤微生物利用的主要碳源,7 a复层林对碳水化合物、羧酸和酚酸的利用强度较大,11 a复层林对氨基酸、胺类、多聚物、羧酸和酚酸的利用强度较大,并且11 a复层林土壤微生物群落代谢碳水化合物、氨基酸、羧酸、胺类和酚酸的强度显著高于4 a复层林和杉木纯林,而4 a复层林与杉木纯林土壤微生物群落对不同碳源利用率的差异较小（除多聚物外）。（3）土壤微生物多样性指数、氨基酸类、胺类和酚酸类物质与土壤全磷、有效磷、Al-P和Fe-P含量之间显著正相关,随机森林模型分析表明,氨基酸、胺类和酚酸是不同林分类型土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,杉木纯林转化为复层异龄林更有利于森林土壤磷的储存和供应,土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的增大可能是提高复层异龄林土壤磷有效性的关键调控因素。     

Spatial variability of soil nutrients and microbiological properties after the establishment of leguminous shrub Caragana microphylla Lam. plantation on sand dune in the Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China

The objective of this study is to determine the spatial variability of nutrients, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities of soil due to the establishment of shrub plantation on moving sandy dunes, as part of an effort to understand the microenvironmental factors that control the soil microbiological properties. Caragana microphylla Lam., an indigenous leguminous shrub, is the dominant plant species used to control desertification in the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China. In a 26-year-old C. microphylla plantation, soil samples were collected from three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm), three slope positions (windward slope, top slope, and leeward slope), and two microsites (under shrubs and between shrubs). The results showed significant differences in soil EC, nutrient content (except for total K), microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of dehydrogenase, urease, and protease at different slopes, soil depths, and microsites. Significant differences in pH at different microsites and slopes, soil moisture and polyphenol oxidase activity at different soil depths and slopes, and activities of phosphomonoesterase and nitrate reductase at different soil depths were also observed. The soil nutrient contents and microbiological activities were greater in the surface soil layer and decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil organic C, total N, total P, available P and K, microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of enzymes tested (except for protease) under shrubs were higher than those in between shrubs. Furthermore, significant correlations among soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, the activities of phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, urease, protease, and nitrate reductase were observed, and correlations were also found among EC, total N, total P, available P and K, enzyme (except for polyphenol oxidase) activities, and microbial biomass C and N contents. These results suggest that microenvironmental factors (slope, soil depth and microsite) have significant influences on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and microbiological properties when the C. microphylla sand-fixing plantation is established in the moving sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land.     

Improvement of soil acidification and ammonium nitrogen content in tea plantations by long-term use of organic fertilizer

• Soil acidification is common in some Chinese tea plantations, which seriously affected growth of tea trees. Hence, it is essential to explore soil remediation in acidified tea plantations for sustainable development of the tea industry. We sought to determine how different fertilizers affect acidified soil and their N transformation in tea plantations.
• Different fertilizers were used on acidified tea plantation soils for 4 years (2017–2021), and changes in soil pH, indices related to soil N transformation and tea yield were analysed to construct interaction networks of these indices and find which had the largest influence on fertilization.
• Long-term use of sheep manure reduced soil acidification, increased soil pH, enhanced the number and intensity of N-fixing and ammonifying bacteria, urease, protease, asparaginase and N-acetamide glucose ribosidase activity and nifH gene expression. This treatment reduced the number and intensity of soil nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activity, while the expression of amoA-AOA, nirK, nirS, narG and nosZ in turn increased ammonium N content of the soil, reduced nitrate N content, and enhanced tea yield. Topsis index weight analysis showed that ammonium N content in the soil had the largest impact among fertilization effects.
• Long-term use of sheep manure was beneficial in restoring the balance of the micro-ecosystem in acidified soil. This study provides an important practical basis for soil remediation and fertilizer management in acidified tea plantation soils.

     

Autotoxicity of the soil of consecutively cultured tea plantations on tea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia sinensis</Emphasis>) seedlings

The production and quality of Tie-Guan-Yin tea (Camellia sinensis) decrease with time after continuous picking over multiple years. However, it is unclear how the soils of consecutively cultured tea plantations affect the growth of tree seedlings. In this study, soil samples were collected from 4-, 9-, and 30-age Tie-Guan-Yin plantations within the original production area, Longjuan town, Anxi County, China. The toxicity of soil samples were tested by laboratory bioassay. Then, new tea seedlings were transplanted in situ into the land of three age tea plantations. One year after transplantation, the growth indexes, physiological parameters (protective enzymes and primary metabolites), photosynthesis parameters, and main tea quality indicators were measured. The results showed that the 4-, 9-, and 30-age soils inhibited lettuce root growth by 10.32, 24.19, and 48.04 %, respectively. The consecutively cultured soil negatively impacted on the growth, physiology, photosynthesis, and overall quality of transplanted tea seedlings. For example, seedlings grown in the 30-age soil had 20 % lower growth rates, 17 % less soluble sugar, 28 % less soluble protein, 37 % less polyphenol, 34 % less theanine, 25 % less amino acid, 37 % less caffeine, and 40 % less of eight catechols than tea seedlings grown in new soil with no history of tea production. These results indicated that the soils of consecutively cultured tea plantations resulted in significant autotoxicity which negatively affected tea seedling growth, metabolism, tea yield, and tea quality. Greater understanding of the causes and mechanisms of autotoxicity is critical to the reclamation of longstanding tea plantation and improvement of the yield and quality of the tea they produce.     

Short‐term soil carbon sink potential of oil palm plantations

Oil palm plantations cover ≈14.6 million ha worldwide and the total area under cultivation is expected to increase during the 21st century . Indonesia and Malaysia together account for 87% of global palm oil production and the combined harvested area in these countries has expanded by 6.5 million ha since 1990. Despite this, soil C cycling in oil palm systems is not well quantified but such information is needed for C budget inventories. We quantified soil C storage (root biomass, soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass) and losses [potential soil respiration (R_s) and soil surface CO₂ flux (F_s)] in mineral soils from an oil palm plantation chronosequence (11–34 years since planting) in Selangor, Malaysia. There were no significant effects of plantation age on SOM, microbial biomass, R_s or F_s, implying soil C was in dynamic equilibrium over the chronosequence. However, there was a significant increase in root biomass with plantation age, indicating a short‐term C sink. Across the chronosequence, R_s was driven by soil moisture, soil particle size, root biomass and soil microbial biomass N but not microbial biomass C. This suggests that the nutrient status of the microbial community may be of equal or greater importance for soil CO₂ losses than substrate availability and also raises particular concerns regarding the addition of nitrogenous fertilizer, i.e. increased yields will be associated with increased soil CO₂ emissions. To fully assess the impact of oil palm plantations on soil C storage, initial soil C losses following land conversion (e.g. from native forest or other previous plantations) must be accounted for. If initial soil C losses are large, our data show that there is no accumulation of stable C in the soil as the plantation matures and hence the conversion to oil palm would probably represent a net loss of soil C.     

黄土丘陵区人工灌木林恢复过程中的土壤微生物生物量演变

采用时空互代法,以黄土丘陵区生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工柠条和沙棘林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为对照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商(qCO₂)及土壤理化性质的演变特征.结果表明：生态恢复过程中人工柠条林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,柠条栽植7 a后微生物生物量碳较坡耕地显著增加,随后每5～7 a的变化均达到显著水平;微生物生物量氮和微生物生物量磷在前13 a无显著变化,20~30 a处于基本稳定期,较坡耕地显著增加,但明显低于天然侧柏林;呼吸强度随恢复年限的增加逐渐升高,20~25 a达到最大值,随后开始下降,30 a时达到最低值;qCO₂在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,30 a后回落至坡耕地之下,但仍显著高于天然侧柏林;不同灌木林对土壤质量的改善作用不同,恢复年限相同的沙棘林土壤微生物生物量、呼吸强度明显高于柠条林,但qCO₂无显著差异.相关性分析显示,微生物生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO₂与土壤养分和恢复年限显著相关.黄土丘陵区人工灌木林可通过生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物生物量和理化指标,必须加强林地管理,促进植物群落的拓殖与更替,且此过程相对于生态破坏过程要漫长的多.     

Dynamics of the internal soil nitrogen cycles under moder and mull forest floor types on a slope in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> D. Don plantation

To examine the influence of microbial carbon (C) availability on the internal soil nitrogen (N) cycles under moder and mull forest floor types within the same slope sequence, surface mineral soils (0–5cm depth) taken at upper (moder-type forest floor) and lower (mull-type forest floor) positions on a slope in a Cryptomeria japonica D. Don plantation were incubated for 300days. During the incubation, changes in net and gross N transformations, the organic C and N pools, and microbial respiration were monitored. Despite relatively small differences in net N mineralization in both soils, very rapid rates of gross N transformations were found in mull soil during the initial 15days of the experiment. A rapid net nitrification occurred after days 150 and 100 in moder and mull soils, respectively, presumably because of decreased microbial C availability. However, a rapid net nitrification also occurred in the mull soil during the initial 15days when microbial C availability was high, and gross nitrification was detected in both soils, except at day 0 in the moder soil. Changes in gross N transformations and in organic C and N pools over the experiment suggested that the start of rapid net nitrification might be influenced not only by microbial C availability, but also by the microbial availability of N relative to C.     

不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤肥力的重要组成部分,土壤团聚体对土壤的物理、化学和生物特性均有重要影响。试验选取了雅安市名山区中峰乡生态茶园区12—15a、20—22a、30—33a和50a的茶园,研究其土壤团聚体及其有机碳总量、储量和活性组分的分布特征,探究植茶年限对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤以2 mm粒级团聚体为主,约为70%—80%,且在0—20 cm土层植茶20—22a土壤团聚体含量最高;(2)茶园土壤团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒级的减小而增加,最大值出现在0.25 mm粒级团聚体,且在植茶50a时达最高值,0—20 cm土层团聚体有机碳含量均高于20—40 cm,土壤团聚体水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳随植茶年限的延长呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,植茶30—33a时含量最高,且小粒级团聚体水溶性有机碳含量较高而微生物量碳较低;(3)土壤团聚体对有机碳的贡献率约有70%来自2 mm粒级团聚体,团聚体有机碳储量随植茶年限延长呈增加的趋势,不同植茶年限0—20 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳储量均高于20—40 cm土层,且以0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳储量最高。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特征,可为改善区域土壤质量及实施退耕还茶工程提供理论指导。     

基于16S rDNA测序对茶园土壤细菌群落多样性的研究

土壤细菌群落组成和多样性,对茶园土壤生态系统健康和肥力可持续性具有的重要理论意义。利用Illumina高通量测序技术测定分析16S rDNA,研究云南景迈山、布朗山和南糯山的现代茶园、古茶园(林)和森林土壤的细菌群落结构与多样性。结果表明:古茶园土壤细菌的丰度和多样性高于现代茶园及森林;研究土壤样本细菌共分属47个菌门、89个目,其中变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门是优势类群,它们在森林、现代茶园和古茶园土壤中的相对丰度累计分别达91.86%、82.48%和77.08%;伯克霍尔德氏菌目、根瘤菌目是优势菌群,其平均丰度分别达13.91%和8.17%,黄单胞菌目、红螺菌目、芽孢杆菌目、放线菌目和拟杆菌目等12个目的丰度较高,达2%以上;PCA分析表明:森林、现代茶园和古茶园土壤的细菌群落结构差异明显,除景迈山外,主要优势细菌丰度依次为:古茶园现代茶园森林,古茶园土壤细菌多样性有增强趋势。     

华南典型人工林土壤有机碳库及其稳定性特征研究

研究了华南地区4种25年林龄的典型人工林土壤有机碳库及其稳定性特征。测定了林内0～10 cm和10～20 cm层土壤的有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)含量、易分解碳库/稳定性碳库大小以及土壤微生物生物量碳。结果表明,4种林型土壤TOC含量为:马占相思林大叶相思林湿地松林荷木林,其中豆科人工林(马占相思和大叶相思林)的TOC含量显著高于非豆科人工林(湿地松和荷木林)。在表土层(0～10 cm),荷木林易分解碳库最大(7.80 mg g-1),易分解性碳潜在周转时间最短(49 d),马占相思林易分解碳库最小(2.14 mg g-1),占总碳量也最小(8.63%),说明马占相思林土壤有机碳库比其它人工林具有更好的稳定性。4种人工林表土层土壤微生物量碳含量为马占相思林湿地松林大叶相思林荷木林,马占相思林显著高于其它3种人工林,表土层微生物量碳含量格局与土壤有机碳含量相似,较高的微生物量有利于更多的枯枝落叶转化为土壤有机碳。在亚表土层(10～20 cm),大叶相思林土壤微生物量碳最大,马占相思林最小,与表土层的格局相反,但亚表土层微生物碳总含量并不高。因而,人工林土壤有机碳积累水平与土壤有机碳的稳定性及表层土壤微生物量有关。     

喀斯特地区三种人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

为揭示不同人工植被修复模式对喀斯特土壤微生物群落的影响,采用氯仿熏蒸提取法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA)法研究人工构建的降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)纯林(PDOP)、顶果木(Acrocarpus fraxinifolius)纯林(PAFP)、顶果木×降香黄檀混交林(MADP)对土壤微生物生物量及土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)PDOP的土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于PAFP和MADP,PAFP显著高于MADP。(2)三种人工林土壤真菌、丛枝菌根真菌和总PLFA含量无显著差异,但PDOP土壤细菌、放线菌、丛枝菌根真菌和总PLFA含量均高于PAFP和MADP,PAFP高于MADP。PDOP的土壤细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌的PLFA含量显著高于MADP。MADP的真菌细菌比显著高于PDOP,但与PAFP无显著差异。(3)冗余分析表明,土壤阳离子交换量、pH和C:N是影响土壤微生物群落组成的最主要影响因子。从三种人工林的土壤微生物生物量及微生物群落结构来看,在喀斯特地区MADP并未显示出酸性土地区混交林提高土壤微生物生物量、改善土壤微生物群落结构的优势,但混交林的真菌细菌比最高,更有利于提高土壤生态系统的稳定性。     

岷江干旱河谷造林对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为了探讨不同造林时间和立地条件对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)法测定了岷江干旱河谷地区不同造林时间(2002、2006和2011年)及不同立地条件(退耕地和宜林荒山地)营建的岷江柏人工林土壤微生物生物量及群落结构的变化情况。结果表明:由于造林时间较短,不同造林时间的人工林间土壤化学性质没有差异,但土壤微生物生物量和各菌群生物量差异显著,且随着造林时间的增加而增加。不同立地条件下则表现为退耕还林地土壤微生物生物量和各菌群生物量较高。说明土壤微生物对外界因素变化的反映更灵敏。相关性分析结果显示土壤全氮含量与土壤微生物生物量及各菌群生物量显著相关,是影响土壤微生物群落结构的关键因素。     

坡位对东灵山辽东栎林土壤微生物量的影响

土壤微生物量是陆地生态系统中的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统养分循环和能量转化中扮演着重要的角色。坡位作为重要的地形因子,会影响土壤微环境、土壤理化性质、地上植被的生长以及地下碳输入等,从而影响着土壤微生物量。以北京东灵山海拔1000—1800 m范围内分布的辽东栎林为研究对象,分析相同植被群落中坡位对土壤微生物量空间分布的影响。方差分析结果表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮在各坡位间均无显著差异(P>0.05),而土壤理化性质在各坡位间差异显著(P<0.05),其中,下坡位的土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、土壤全氮显著高于中坡位和上坡位。偏相关分析结果表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮显著正相关(P<0.05),与草本丰富度显著负相关(P<0.05)。进一步的通径分析结果表明,在上坡位和中坡位,土壤含水量和土壤有机碳是主要的影响因素;而在下坡位,草本丰富度对土壤微生物量的负作用凸显。不同坡位上影响因素的差异可能是导致土壤微生物量在不同坡位间无显著差异的原因。     

林龄对红松和落叶松人工林土壤温室气体通量的影响

探讨人工林发育过程中土壤温室气体排放及其机制,可为森林温室气体通量估算提供理论依据.采用室内培养方法研究了黑龙江省帽儿山地区不同林龄(15、30和50年生)红松(Pinus koraiensis)和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林土壤温室气体排放/吸收速率及其调控因素.结果 表明:30年生红松和落叶松人工林...     

南亚热带3种人工林土壤微生物生物量和微生物群落结构特征

以我国南亚热带格木、红椎和马尾松人工林为对象,采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法和磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)分析了林地土壤微生物生物量和微生物群落结构组成.结果表明: 林分和季节因素均显著影响土壤微生物生物量、总PLFAs量、细菌PLFAs量和真菌PLFAs量,且干季林分下的土壤微生物生物量、总PLFAs量、单个PLFA量均大于雨季.红椎人工林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和总PLFAs量最高,而格木人工林土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)最高.土壤pH值对土壤丛枝菌根真菌(16:1ω5c)的影响达到极显著正相关水平.土壤总PLFAs量、革兰氏阳性菌(G⁺)以及腐生真菌(18:2ω6,9c)、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌(G⁺/G^-)与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷显著相关,表明土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量是影响该地区土壤微生物数量和种类的重要因素.外生菌根真菌(18:1ω9c)和丛枝菌根真菌与土壤碳氮比值呈极显著相关.     

Transgenic Tea Over-expressing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum Endo</Emphasis>-1,3-beta-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-glucanase Gene Conferred Resistance Against Blister Blight Disease

Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) plant, one of the most important plantation crops in the world, is infected by a fungus called Exobasidium vexans leading to dreaded blister blight disease. The disease may result in crop losses up to 35% which directly affect the tea industry. Solanum tuberosum endo-1,3-beta-d-glucanase was cloned into tea genome via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transformation event initially gave 32 kanamycin-resistant plantlets, out of which PCR analysis confirmed only 10 plantlets about the integration of transgene in the plant genome. Real-time PCR study detected transgene expression in six transgenic plantlets. Upregulation of endogenous C. sinensis pathogenesis-related (PR) genes like PR3 (chitinase I) gene and PR5 (thaumatin-like protein) gene also occurred in transgenic plantlets. Detached leaf infection assay showed resistance to E. vexans in greenhouse-acclimated transgenic plantlets. An inhibitory activity against E. vexans was noticed on the detached leaves of transgenic plantlets compared to control. Transgenic plantlets showed resistance to inoculated fungal pathogen by the formation of hypersensitivity reaction area unlike the formation of fungal lesion on control plantlet. Thus, it can be inferred that constitutive expression of the potato endo-1,3-beta-d-glucanase gene can be a strategy to produce blister blight-resistant tea.     

N fertilization affects on soil respiration, microbial biomass and root respiration in Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandshurica plantations in China

The response of belowground biological processes to soil N availability in Larix gmelinii (larch) and Fraxinus mandshurica (ash) plantations was studied. Soil and root respiration were measured with Li-Cor 6400 and gas-phase O₂ electrodes, respectively. Compared with the control, N fertilization induced the decreases of fine root biomass by 52% and 25%, and soil respiration by 30% and 24% in larch and ash plantations, respectively. The average soil microbial biomass C and N were decreased by 29% and 42% under larch stand and 39% and 47% under ash stand, respectively. While the fine root tissue N concentration under fertilized plots was higher 26% and 12% than that under control plots, respectively, the average fine root respiration rates were increased by 10% and 13% in larch and ash stands under fertilized plot, respectively. Soil respiration rates showed significantly positive exponential relationships with soil temperature, and a seasonal dynamic. These findings suggest that N fertilization can suppress fine root biomass at five branch orders (<2 mm in diameter), soil respiration, and soil microbial biomass C and N, and alter soil microbial communities in L. gmelinii and F. mandshurica plantations.     

热带季节雨林与人工橡胶林土壤碳氮比较

选取我国西南部西双版纳地区的热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林为对象,比较了2006—2007年两种土地利用方式下凋落物输入、土壤总碳氮含量及活性碳、氮的季节性变化.结果表明:与热带季节雨林相比,橡胶林的地上年凋落物量较低,而地面凋落物残留量较高,反映了橡胶林凋落物分解速率(凋落物消失率常数值,K )较低;橡胶林凋落物和土壤的C/N比值较高,暗示了其林内有机物的可降解性较热带季节雨林弱;橡胶林表层土壤总有机碳、生物活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量只有热带季节雨林土壤的60%～70%,硝态氮含量较少,pH 值则比热带季节雨林土壤低1.1.说明热带季节雨林转变为橡胶林后,林内地上凋落物向土壤输入的碳、氮量减少,土壤碳、氮含量和有效性降低,并且土壤呈现酸化倾向.应制定合理的橡胶林土壤管理措施,阻止土壤质量的下降趋势,以维持橡胶林的生产可持续性.