Genetic differentiation among Greek lake populations of Carassius gibelio and Cyprinus carpio carpio

The genetic structure of the Western Greece lake populations of Carassius gibelio and Cyprinus carpio carpio populations was characterized by using a PCR-based RFLP and sequencing analysis of mitochondrial rDNA genes and regions (16S rDNA, cytochrome b and D-loop). Our analysis was able to detect: (a) two haplotypes in C. c. carpio populations and two haplotypes in C. gibelio populations (b) a high nucleotide divergence between the two species and (c) two genetically distinct C. gibelio populations, one existing in the Amvrakia habitat (AMV1) with a second in Ozeros and Trichonida (OZE1 and TRI1) habitat. The present analysis indicates that genetic diversity observed was limited with a haplotype index between 0.0 and 55.6%, and a nucleotide diversity within and among populations between 0.0 and 1.27%. It also underlines a restricted mtDNA-based evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships among C. gibelio and C. c. carpio populations. In addition, the present study contributed knowledge on the genetic variation and structure of these populations which is absolutely necessary for any efficient fish management and/or conservation programme.     

Genetic divergence between Cyprinus carpio carpio and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus as assessed by mitochondrial DNA analysis,with emphasis on origin of European domestic carp

Although common carp is the major fish species in Asian and European aquaculture and many domestic varieties have occurred, there is a controversy about the origination of European domestic common carp. Some scientists affirmed that the ancestor of European domestic common carp was Danube River wild common carp, but others considered it might be Asian common carp. For elucidating origination of European domestic common carp, we chose two representative European domestic common carp strains (German mirror carp and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp) and one wild common carp strain of Cyprinus carpio carpio subspecies (Volga River wild common carp) and two Asian common carp strains, the Yangtze River wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) and traditionally domestic Xingguo red common carp, as experimental materials. ND5–ND6 and D-loop segments of mitochondrial DNA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing respectively. The results revealed that HaeIII and DdeI digestion patterns of ND5–ND6 segment and sequences of control region were different between European subspecies C. carpio carpio and Asian subspecies C. carpio haematopterus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that German mirror carp and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp belonged to two subspecies, C. carpio carpio and C. carpio haematopterus, respectively. Therefore, there were different ancestors for domestic carp in Europe: German mirror carp was domesticated from European subspecies C. carpio carpio and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp originated from Asian subspecies C. carpio haematopterus.     

Karyotypes of Cyprinus carpio and Leuciscus cephalus

Karyological investigations on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus) are described. The diploid chromosome complement in the carp was found to be 98, with 50 meta- to submetacentric chromosomes, 48 subtelo- to telocentric chromosomes, and an arm number of 148. Chromosomal studies on the chub revealed the diploid chromosome complement to be 50, with 34 meta- to submetacentric chromosomes, 16 subtelo- to telocentric chromosomes, and an arm number of 84.     

Microridges in Cyprinus carpio scale epidermis

Actin‐based microridges were evaluated in koi scale epidermis in situ. The fingerprint‐patterned microridges covered the dorsal face of superficial layer cells and were overall similar to that described in many fishes. Several other microridge patterns were observed, however, ranging from loose or tightly packed ridges, fragmented ridges, a honeycomb ridge pattern and the presence of actin‐rich puncta. Individual F‐actin‐stained microridges varied greatly in length, from a few to 30 μm or more, with a few single ridges extending the entire perimeter of a cell. Branched microridges, comprised of single ridges that appeared continuous with each other, extended to over 150 μm in some cases. The actin‐binding proteins α‐actinin and cortactin were distributed in a dot‐like pattern along the length of individual ridges, consistent with bundled actin cores described in earlier studies. Antiphosphotyrosine antibody failed to detect this signal transduction‐related amino acid modification in microridges unless tyrosine phosphatases were first inhibited, after which bright phosphotyrosine‐rich dots were detected along the microridges.     

鲤鱼cDNA-AFLP技术反应体系的建立

将cDNA扩增片段长度多态性(cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism)技术应用在鲤鱼基因的转录表达研究中,本文通过对cDNA-AFLP主要步骤的优化和改进,建立起鲤鱼cDNA-AFLP反应体系.结果表明,采用MseⅠ和 BstYⅠ酶切鲤鱼cDNA 100 ng,分别处理2 h和3 h后,以接头浓度分别为2 pmol/μL和0.2 pmol/μL、T4连接酶浓度为0.12 U/μL的反应体系进行连接.以稀释50倍的预扩增产物为模板、BstYⅠ和MseⅠ比例为1:4的引物配比进行选择扩增可得到稳定的扩增结果.本研究建立的cDNA-AFLP技术将为鲤鱼转录组研究建立基础和技术支持.     

Intraspecific cleaning behaviour in Cyprinus carpio in aquaria

Intraspecific cleaning behaviour of diseased juvenile Cyprinus carpio L, in experimental tanks in Wuxi, China has been observed and is described.     

Preparation and characterization of insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio) was isolated and crystallized. The insulin was biologically active in two tests; it decreased the blood glucose level and stimulated 14CO2-formation from glucose. The chemical properties are similar to those of insulins from other species. The insulins of carp and of mammals differ greatly immunologically. Antibodies against carp insulin crossreact with carp proinsulin.     

Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Knowledge of genetic variation and population structure of existing strains of both farmed and wild common carp Cyprinus carpio L. is absolutely necessary for any efficient fish management and/or conservation program. To assess genetic diversity in common carp populations, a variety of molecular markers were analyzed. Of those, microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA were most frequently used in the analysis of genetic diversity and genome evolution of common carp. Using microsatellites showed that the genome evolution in common carp exhibited two waves of rearrangements: one whole-genome duplication (12–16 million years ago) and a more recent wave of segmental duplications occurring between 2.3 and 6.8 million years ago. The genome duplication event has resulted in tetraploidy since the common carp currently harbors a substantial portion of duplicated loci in its genome and twice the number of chromosomes (n = 100–104) of most other cyprinid fishes. The variation in domesticated carp populations is significantly less than that in wild populations, which probably arises from the loss of variation due to founder effects and genetic drift. Genetic differentiation between the European carp C.c. carpio and Asian carp C.c. haematopterus is clearly evident. In Asia, two carp subspecies, C.c. haematopterus and C.c. varidivlaceus, seem to be also genetically distinct.     

鲤鱼mtDNA酶切图谱的构建

采用密度梯度离心法及ＲＮａｓｅ消化法制备并纯化了鲤（ＧｙｐｒｉｎｕｓｃａｒｐｉｏＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）肝脏线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）,用１０种限制性内切酶对ｍｔＤＮＡ进行了分析,鲤鱼ｍｔＤＮＡ分子量约１０．１２×１０￣６,约１６．４９ｋｂ．ＳａｌⅠ、ＰｓｔⅠ、ＢａｍＨⅠ、ＸｂａⅠ、ＢｇｌⅠ、ＰｖｕⅡ、ＸｈｏⅠ、ＥｃｏＲⅠ、ＤｒａⅠ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ分别为１、１、３、３、３、４、１、４、４、和６个切点。根据单酶解及双酶解结果,构建了鲤ｍｔＤＮＡ１０种具酶３０个切点的限制性酶切图谱。     

稀土元素对鲤鱼黏液细胞作用的时效关系研究

目的：探讨镧对鲤鱼黏液细胞的作用。方法：利用阿新蓝过碘酸雪夫试剂（AB—PAS）染色方法,研究了0．1mg/L La^3＋暴露1d、3d、6d、30d、120d时对鲤鱼黏液细胞的影响。结果表明：在La^3＋暴露1、3、6d时,口腔、鳃、中肠、后肠黏液细胞密度低于或显著低于相应对照组黏液细胞的密度。口腔和鳃在暴露3d时,中肠在暴露6d时,黏液细胞密度最低,分别比对照组降低了36．12％、48．02％和21．87％;当暴露30d和120d时,与相应对照组相比,黏液细胞密度均有大幅度提高,且显著高于对照（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。鳃和后肠在暴露30d时,口腔、前肠、中肠在暴露120d时,黏液细胞密度最高,分别比对照组提高了23．03％、24．62％、26．53％、32．07％和40．84％。结论：一定时间的镧暴露,可明显诱导黏液细胞的增殖。     

己烯雌酚及代谢物在鲤体内的组织分布及药物代谢动力学

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Genomic resources and microarrays for the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

The common carp is an important fish species satisfying ornamental, food and recreational fisheries' needs worldwide, but in common with other cyprinid fishes, it is particularly renowned for its environmental tolerance. Investigating the mechanistic basis of growth, disease and environmental tolerance is greatly enhanced by access to a comprehensive list of gene sequences and post-genomic technologies. The current status of genomic resources is described for this species including 40 k cDNA clone collections, their associated expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and a developing series of 13 k–26 k cDNA microarrays fabricated from amplicons. The arrays have been directed at questions of response to environmental stress (cold and hypoxia), viral and bacterial disease and ectoparasite infection. Consequently, clones from a wide range of tissues were prepared. The authors discuss how these resources were generated and their application. Evidence is presented supporting that the carp microarray may also be useful as a heterologous set of probes in studies of other fish species.